status paper on rice in uttar pradesh

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RICE IN UTTAR PRADESH

Status Paper on Rice in Uttar Pradesh

Dr. J.L. Dwivedi Sr. Rice Breeder & Officer Incharge

Crop Research Station, Masodha,

N.D.U.A.T, Faizabad-224133(U.P.)

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STATUS PAPER ON RICE

I. NAME OF THE STATE: Uttar Pradesh

II. INTRODUCTION: Uttar Pradesh is the fourth largest state in country. State covers an

area of about 246413 km2 and possess varied topographic features ranging from plain to

Vindhyan hills. State is divided in two physiographic regions viz. Gangetic plains and

southern plateau. From cultivation view point gangetic plains cover major portion of the

state. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous with a population density of 776 km2. State has

16.49% of the country population (U.P. population 19.95 crores, 2011 census) with 225

lakhs farm families. Agriculture is the most important in the state because about 80% of

its population resides in rural areas and 75% of the total workers are involved directly or

indirectly in cultivation/farming which accounts for 27% of state’s GDP. Agriculture is

the main source of income for families in the state. It has 11.56 million hectare of

cultivated area, constituting 70% of the total geographical area. The irrigated area is over

13.43 million hectare. The small and marginal farmers jointly contribute 19.46% of

farming household in eastern region against that of 19.11% of Uttar Pradesh.

The important crops include rice, wheat, maize, sugarcane, chick pea, pigeon pea,

mustard, lentil, Urd and moong. Majority of the agriculture land is used to grow major

cereal crops: rice & wheat. Rice is the major crop in Uttar Pradesh and is grown in about

5.90 mha which comprises of 13.5% of total rice in India. Uttar Pradesh has favourable

and suitable climate, vast areas of fertile soils, sunshine and adequate water resources.

The cropping intensity is 153%. The state ranks 3rd in the country in production of rice.

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III. RICE PRODUCTION SCENARIO IN THE STATE: OVERVIEW

Rice farming in the state is most vulnerable and risk prone due to complex

ecological situations marked by frequent flood or drought or both. The area production &

productivity during last 10 years is given in table-1. It is clear that yield is stagnating

around ≤ 2.0 t q/ha since 2001-2002 except in the year 2002-2003, 2004-2005 and 2009-

2010 due to erratic rainfall distribution causes excesss water stagnation/ drought or both in

different years.

Table – 1: Area, Production and Productivity of Rice during last ten years in Uttar

Pradesh

Year Area (m ha) Production (mmt) Productivity (Qtls/ha)

2001-02 6.07 12.85 21.17

2002-03 5.21 9.59 18.40

2003-04 5.72 12.48 21.81

2004-05 5.34 10.75 18.11

2005-06 5.57 11.12 19.96

2006-07 5.82 10.88 18.69

2007-08 5.69 11.73 20.62

2008-09 6.01 13.05 21.71

2009-10 5.14 10.71 20.81

2010-11 5.63 11.94 21.20

Rice is grown in all the 72 districts of Uttar Pradesh with low to high acreage. It is

part of the nearly every meal and it is grown on a majority of the rural farms. Uttar

Pradesh is the leading producer of rice and rank 3rd in the country. Annual rice production

is around 12 metric ton in state. Rice is cultivated mainly in Kharif season (wet season) in

around 5.90 million hectare followed by zaid (summer season) 35000-40000 hectare only.

As regards the boro rice, it is grown in only deeply flooded areas around 3000 ha or so

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mainly in the eastern districts of the Uttar Pradesh. The average productivity of the state is

around 2 t/ha.

IV. GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATOR: The fourth largest state of the country, Uttar Pradesh

lies between 23052’ and 300 16’ N latitude and 77084’ and 840 38 E longitude surrounded

by Nepal in North. The neighboring states are Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh in East;

Uttarakhand in North; Madhya Pradesh in South; Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi in West.

The state covers an area of about 24613 km2 and posses varied topographic features

spreading from plain to Vindhyan hills. Thus it has been divided into Gangetic plain and

Southern plateau. State comprises the hub of Indo – Gangetic Plains one of the most fertile

crescent of the world.

a) Climate: State climate is subtropical and congenial for agriculture. In winter the

average minimum temperature ranges from 250C in northern part of the plains to 150C

in eastern part of the state. The maximum temperature during hot season varies from

320C in Northern part to 460C in South Western part of the state. Annual relative

humidity ranges from 60 to 70% in North Eastern Tarai region to 30 – 40% in South

Western areas.

b) Rainfall: The normal annual rainfall of the state is 947.4 mm and it ranges from 710

mm to 1750 mm during 40 years. The tarai foot hill receives heavy rainfall while in

south part rainfall decreases. The large percentage of the annual rainfall over the state

is received during June to September. The winter rainfall is received during December

to February that too is more in North-West part of the Uttar Pradesh. As regards the

precipitation trend in the South West and South Eastern part of the state, it ranges from

672 to 1381 mm.

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Decadal trend of rainfall distribution indicated that there is a gradual decrease

in rainfall distribution between 1970’s and 2011. During 1971-81 average rainfall of

the decade was 1280.10 mm while in the last two decades average precipitation was

859.00 mm.

Table : 2 Decadal trend of rainfall distribution (in mm)

Year June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Total

1971-72-1980-81 144.6 403.6 345.2 246.7 41.6 5.5 5.6 17.3 20.9 10.9 8.5 29.8 1280.1

1981-82-1990-91 92.1 289.2 237.1 185.5 35.8 3.9 11.0 13.6 15.6 9.9 9.8 20.4 923.8

1991-92-2000-01 94.6 226.3 287.9 169.9 30.7 5.3 8.5 12.6 12.3 4.9 5.5 14.6 872.9

2001-02-2010-11 90.7 225.8 194.6 148.6 22.7 2.3 2.5 7.3 14.7 6.4 4.1 17.7 737.4

Average

(1971-2010-11)

105.5 286.2 266.2 187.6 32.7 4.3 6.9 12.7 15.9 8.0 7.0 20.6 957.3

1980-81 - 2010-11 93.9 253.8 245.2 168.7 29.5 3.7 7.5 11.5 13.8 7.2 6.3 17.8 859.0

Normal 95.0 280.9 275.6 178.3 35.8 4.9 6.8 17.6 19.9 10.2 7.3 15.1 947.4

The lowest average rainfall of the decade starting from 2001-2011 was recorded only

737.4 mm only.

c) Soil types: Six well defined and distinct soil groups differing from one another in their

geological formation and pedogenic characters have been recognized. These are

Bhabar soils, Tarai soils, Vindhyan soils, Bundelkhand soils, Aravali soils and

Alluvial soils. Each of these soil groups have developed under the combined influence

of a wide range of soil forming factors including climate, vegetation and parent

materials. The major coverage of alluvial soil in further grouped as saline alkaline-

soils, Karail soils and Bhatt soils. Again saline alkaline soils is divided in three groups

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i.e. Saline soils, Saline alkaline soils and alkali soils. The major soil types, area and

their coverage is depicted in table 3.

Table 3: Soil types of Uttar Pradesh and their area

Soil types Area (ha) Districts covered

Bhabar soils 510510 Saharanpur, Bijnour

Tarai soils 1686740 Pilibit, Bareilly, Rampur, Bahraich,

Sarawasti, Balrampu, Siddharth nagar,

Kushinagar, Maharajganj, Deoria

Alluvial soils 18185300 Central, eastern, western, south western part

of the state

Vindhyan soils 1501290 Mirzapur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Sonbhadra

Bundelkhand soils 3192440 Jhansi, Jalaun, Hamirpur, Banda, Lalitpur,

Mahoba, Chitrakoot

Aravali soils 63290 South western area of Agra

d) Agroclimatic Zones: Based on rainfall, terrain and soil characteristics, 9 agro climatic

zones have been recognized in the state of Uttar Pradesh. These include Tarai Western

Plain, Central Western Plain, South Western Semi Arid, Central Plain, Bundelkahnd,

North Eastern Plain, Eastern Plain and Vindhyan hills zones as shown in figure-1.

Agro climatically the south plateau is most erratic and diversified as it lies between

Bundelkhand and Vindhyan agroclimatic zones.

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V. RICE PRODUCTION SCENARIO:

The overall production and productivity of the state is highly influenced by rainfall

and its distribution during crop growth period. The drought year affects the production and

productivity by reducing the area as well as yield. Area, production and productivity of

rice of the state as influenced by rainfall is given in figure-2. It is observed that high

production was achieved in the years where adequate rainfall was received. During 2003-

04 and 2008-09 high rice production was achieved due to normal rainfall and its proper

distribution. During drought years 2002-03 and 2009-10, drastic area in reduction in the

area as well as yield was realized. In the year 2009-10 alone there was reduction in the

area to the tune of ten lakhs and production has gone down by 1.07 million metric ton.

Figure-1: Nine Agroclimatic Zones of Uttar Pradesh

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a) Area: Rice is cultivated in Uttar Pradesh in about 5.90 mha covering five major

ecological conditions including favourable irrigated; unfavourable rainfed upland;

rainfed lowland; deep water and flood prone and inland salinity condition. Exact

extent and area distribution, ecosystemwise is not known.

b) Production: Rice production in Uttar Pradesh is stagnating between 11-12 million

metric tons since 1990 onwards with slightly low or high production in

unfavourable rainfall years and normal rainfall years. During these decades the

highest rice production 13.05 million metric ton was achieved in 2008-09 which

was most favourable year.

c) Productivity: The average productivity of the state is almost equal to the national

average i.e. ≤ 2.0 t/ha. However, natural hazards including submergence or drought

or both adversely affect the productivity. The average productivity of favourable

irrigated areas is more than 3.0 t/ha while rainfed lowland and upland area’s

average productivity are 1.50 t/ha & 1.00 t/ha respectively.

d) Contribution to the GDP: Uttar Pradesh has major share in rice area around

13.51% of the total rice grown in the country. It contributes about 18-20% to the

national pool. As regards the percent share of SDP to gross state domestic product,

it is around 29.10%.

The details of area, production and productivity of last 30 years i.e. 1979-80 to

2010-2011 is given in Table-4.

Figure-2: Area, production and productivity of rice as influenced

by rainfall

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Table 4: Area, Production & productivity during 1979-80 to 2010-2011

Year Area (hectare) Production (quintals) Productivity (q/ha) 1979-80 4771140 2230233 5.06

1980-81 5014679 5126677 10.53

1981-82 5120175 5478354 10.70

1982-83 4787674 5233134 10.93

1983-84 5082167 6320258 12.66

1984-85 5225206 6662587 13.00

1985-86 5319654 7857601 11.32

1986-87 5261487 6982115 13.55

1987-88 4518012 6040970 13.54

1988-89 5112221 8896593 17.52

1989-90 5120932 8895225 17.47

1990-91 5327047 9668710 18.27

1991-92 5409704 9404255 17.38

1992-93 5193060 9143421 17.61

1993-94 5080778 9635570 18.96

1994-95 5280502 9778369 18.52

1995-96 5278812 9783559 18.53

1996-97 5276843 11191321 21.21

1997-98 5438809 11670220 21.46

1998-99 5573067 10821093 19.42

1999-20 5778812 12625566 21.85

2000-01 5904128 11672250 19.77

2001-02 6068496 12849116 21.17

2002-03 5209137 9586935 18.40

2003-04 5719933 12476923 21.81

2004-05 5934405 10749989 18.11

2005-06 5868870 11707282 19.95

2006-07 5820022 10876390 18.69

2007-08 5756233 11829177 20.55

2008-09 6011761 13051365 21.71

2009-10 5148046 10714990 20.81

2010-11 5631949 11938078 21.20

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VI. DISTRICT WISE RICE ECOSYSTEM OF THE STATE:

As such, no recent information on district wise rice ecosystems of the Uttar

Pradesh is available. However, during 1996-97, Huke and Huke, 1997 estimated the area

under different ecosystem in the state is reproduced below:

S.No. Ecosystems Area (ha 1 Upland 549463

2 Irrigated 2570000

3 Deep water (>100 cm) 218000

4 Rainfed shallow lowland 1352415

5 Intermediate 1069261

Total 5729880

The major area under lowland and flood prone is located in eastern part of Uttar

Pradesh covering 15 districts which constitutes about 30% area of total rice cultivated in

the state. As regards the favourable irrigated area it is more than 50% while upland and

very deep water and flood prone areas are restricted to 10% and 4% only. The rice areas

where salts are problem is estimated to be ≤ 2%. Inland salinity areas are mainly

concentrated in Raibarelly, Azamgarh, Sultanpur, Faizabad, Lucknow, Unnao and

Pratapgarh districts. In western and central part of the states majority of the rice cultivated

in favourable irrigated condition. Lowest rainfall coupled with low acreage of rice is

reported in Jhansi and Chitrakoot divisions where water scarcity leads to cultivate only

short and medium duration varieties.

VII. RICE PRODUCTION ANALYSIS IN THE STATE:

A critical perusal of productivity at division level during 2010-2011 showed a

wide range of variability from 11.02 q/ha Chitrakoot division to 24.11 q/ha Faizabad

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division. The average productivity of the state during 2010-11 was 21.21 q/ha.

Considering the overall productivity division wise there is substantial difference among

the 17 divisions. The relatively high productivity was recorded during 2010-11 in

Faizabad, Devipatan and Kanpur divisions while low productivity was reported in

Chitrakoot and Jhansi divisions. A positive growth rate was witnessed in the districts of

Ambedkar Nagar, Balrampur, Chandauli and Kushinagar falling in eastern part of the state

while Auraiya, Kannauj, Etawah, Bijnour, Firozabad, Mainpuri and Mathura districts have

shown better productivity in central and western regions of the state table-5.

Table-5: Current status of Area, Production Productivity of rice during 2010-2011

Area- 000 ha Production- 000 mt

Productivity- q/ha

District Name Total Area Production Productivity

1 2 3 4

Saharanpur 54.830 120.023 21.89

Muzaffarnagar 37.128 82.944 22.34

Saharanpur div. 91.958 202.967 22.07

Meerut 17.605 36.608 21.93

Bagpat 4.575 10.756 23.51

B.shahar 74.827 168.885 22.57

Ghaziabad 30.102 76.730 25.49

G.buddha ngr. 23.459 48.701 20.76

Meerut div. 150.568 343.680 22.83

Aligarh 64.485 131.614 20.41

Hatharas 17.158 30.044 17.51

Etah 21.823 45.872 21.02

Kashiram nagar 17.901 37.216 20.79

Aligarh Division 121.367 244.746 20.17

Mathura 47.142 9.413 21.68

Agra 4.342 101.167 21.46

Firozabad 19.919 54.976 27.60

Mainpuri 49.602 120.434 24.28

Agra div. 121.005 285.990 23.63

Bareilly 163.015 270.279 16.58

Budaun 84.311 158.167 18.76

Shahjahanpur 211.075 430.171 20.38

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1 2 3 4

Pilibhit 149.172 370.692 24.85

Bareilly div. 607.573 1229.309 20.23

Bijnor 55.816 131.000 23.47

Moradabad 125.006 224.136 17.93

J.B.fule nagar 24.355 47.127 19.35

Rampur 140.906 267.580 18.99

Moradabad div. 346.083 669.843 19.35

Farrukhabad 14.963 24.075 16.09

Kannauj 15.388 42.933 27.90

Etawah 43.727 108.224 24.75

Auraiya 37.124 99.641 26.84

Kanpur city 31.353 70.638 22.53

Kanpur dehat 43.449 99.976 23.01

Kanpur div. 186.004 445.487 23.95

Fatehpur 63.527 134.105 21.11

Allahabad 141.316 328.560 23.50

Kaushambi 40.103 79.965 19.94

Pratapgarh 96.664 193.811 20.05

Allahabad div. 341.610 736.441 21.56

Jhansi 2.067 4.738 22.92

Lalitpur 2.833 1.856 6.55

Jalaun 0.339 0.458 13.51

Jhansi div. 5.239 7.052 13.46

Hamirpur 0.159 0.177 11.15

Mahoba 0.076 0.085 11.15

Banda 47.536 54.761 11.15

Chitrakut 7.506 5.892 7.85

Chitrakut div. 55.277 60.915 11.02

Varanasi 42.021 84.882 20.20

Chandauli 98.325 270.984 27.56

Ghazipur 149.321 314.321 21.05

Jaunpur 139.885 292.220 20.89

Varanasi div. 429.552 962.407 22.40

Mirzpur 64.224 132.879 20.69

Sonbhadra 27.442 42.014 15.31

S. Ravi das ngr 22.116 44.918 20.31

Mirzapur div. 113.782 219.811 19.32

Azamgarh 203.577 417.536 20.51

Mau 84.040 155.894 18.55

Ballia 108.568 206.931 19.06

Azamgarh div. 396.185 780.361 19.70

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1 2 3 4

Gorakhpur 153.977 312.111 20.27

Mharajganj 167.451 363.536 21.71

Deoria 128.344 256.303 19.97

Kushi nagar 125.415 292.844 23.35

Gorakhpur div. 575.187 1224.794 21.29

Basti 102.314 215.473 21.06

Siddharth nagar 175.157 415.297 23.71

Sant kabir ngr 90.035 173.768 19.30

Basti div. 367.506 804.538 21.89

Lucknow 48.833 93.320 19.11

Unnao 81.000 138.186 17.06

Raebareli 80.776s 172.941 21.41

Sitapur 156.947 310.441 19.78

Hardoi 130.217 265.252 20.37

Kheri 181.676 393.329 21.65

Shahu Ji Maharaj Nagar 113.314 236.940 20.91

Lucknow div. 792.763 1610.409 20.31

Faizabad 97.099 214.200 22.06

Ambedkar nagar 113.002 298.099 26.38

Sultanpur 90.048 216.836 24.08

Barabanki 176.864 420.936 23.80

Faizabad div. 477.013 1150.071 24.11

Gonda 117.388 263.888 22.28

Balrampur 105.641 230.192 21.79

Bahraich 159.111 329.519 20.71

Shravasti 71.137 135.658 19.07

Devi Patan Div. 453.277 959.257 21.16

Uttar Pradesh 5631.949 11938.078 21.20

VIII. CROPPING SYSTEM ZONE WISE:

The cropping system has many dimensions and are product of many factors in

combinations. These include physical environment production technology, resource

constraints and socio economic conditions. Wheat and rice are the major cereal crops

grown in Uttar Pradesh. Majority of the area is covered with rice wheat cropping system.

The kharif pulses; and rabi pulses & oil seeds crops are also important. However their area

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is relatively low. The other major crops include sugarcane, maize, chick pea, pigeon pea

etc. in kharif and rabi seasons. Ground nuts, smaller millets, sorghum, potato and mustard

are also cultivated in different districts of the state. The major cropping systems followed

in different zones are presented in table-6.

Table 6: Cropping systems zonewise

S.No. Zones 1st year 2nd year 1- Tarai Rice – Wheat Rice – Sugarcane

2- Western plain Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Sugarcane

3- Central western plain Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Sugarcane

4- South western plain Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Sugarcane-Pulse

5- Central palin Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse -

6- Bundelkhand Rice –oil seed/pulse

7- North eastern plain Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse Rice – Sugarcane-Pulse

8- Eastern plain Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse -

9- Vindhyan Rice – Wheat/oil seed/pulse -

IX. RICE GROWING SEASONS & REGIONS:

There are three rice growing seasons in the state. These are Wet season (Kharif),

Winter season (Boro) and Summer season (Zaid). The growing period of rice in difference

seasons are Kharif – June – July to October- November; Boro – October- November to

April – May and Zaid – February to May- June

Kharif is the main rice growing season in the state and more than 98% rice (around

5.9 mha) is cultivated during this season covering early, medium and long duration

varieties. A Limited rice area around 35000-40000 ha in Zaid and hardly 3000 – 3500 ha

area in boro season is being cultivated. During kharif season rice is cultivated in all the

regions of the state while Boro rice is restricted to deeply flooded area of the eastern U.P.

covering different districts viz. Gorakhpur, Basti, Deoria, Ballia, Ghazipur, Mirzapur and

Varanasi. As regards the cultivation of Zaid rice in the state it is grown only in tarai

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regions covering Pilibhit, Bareilly, Rampur, Bahraich, Sarawasti, Balrampur, Siddharth

nagar, Kushinagar, Maharajganj and Deoria districts of the state.

a) Season wise varieties /hybrids: Most of the rice varieties developed by different

institutions and universities are cultivated in kharif season. Mega varieties cultivated

during kharif season are NDR -359, Narendra 97, Sarjoo-52, Kalanamak, Pusa

basmati-1, BPT-5204, Swarna, Narendra -118 and Shushk Samrat. Details of the

varieties grown in different ecosystems is given below in table-7.

Table 7: Lists of rice varieties/hybrids grown in kharif season

Rice ecosystems Suitable varieties

Upland Baranideep, Jawahar Dhan 75, Nagina 22, Narendra Dhan

118, Narendra Dhan 80, Narendra Dhan 1, Renu, Sudha, Shushk Samrat, Narendra Lalmati, Narendra -97

Low land & Flood prone Swarna (MTU 7029), Sambha Mahsuri (BPT 5204), Jalpriya, Jalnidhi, and Jallahri

Swarna Sub-1, Barh Avrodhi (Intemittent flooding)

Irrigated

Malviya Dhan 2, Narendra Dhan 2026, Saket 4, Ashwani, NDR 2064 , Malviya Dhan 36, Narendra Sankar Dhan 2,

Narendra 3112-1, Sarjoo 52, NDR 359, Type -21,

Hybrids Narendra Sankar Dhan 2, PHB -71, KRH-2, Arize 6444,

Arize 6201, PRH-10

Varieties for Boro season: Traditional boro rice varieties including China 4, Sarraiya,

Jharanga, Kalaboro are still cultivated only in certain pocket of these districts. NDR 97,

Baranideep, Gautham, Prabhat, Richhariya, Saroj, Dhanlaxmi, Joymati, Krishna Hamsa,

Pant Dhan 12 have been found suitable for boro rice areas.

Varieties for Zaid season: Only short duration rice varieties are preferred for Zaid

season. NDR 97, NDR 118, Pant Dhan -12, Govinda, Manhar, Shushk Samrat etc are

popular varieties for this season.

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X. RECOMMENDED PACKAGE OF PRACTICES:

As regards the cultural practices direct seeding is done in rainfed areas while

transplanting is practiced in irrigated and favourable lowland.

a. Traditional:

1. Varieties: Sarjoo-52, Pant Dhan 110, Pant Dhan-12, Lalmati, Badshahpasand,

Basmati-370, Pusa Basmati-1, Kalanamak, Narendra -97, Shakkarchini etc.

2. Sowing & Seed rate: a. Broadcasting & ploughing with planking b. Sowing

behind plough and planking and c. Sowing in puddle condition, 75 to 80 kg/ha

seeds is required for direct seeding

3. Beusheninh/Bidahani: After 25 to 30 days after sowing-ploughing at 50 cm

distance by desi plough and planking in rain flooded field condition is done to

have better crop establishment and weed control.

4. Fertilizer management: Low dose of fertilizer without proper soil testing is

applied. By and large farmers uses only nitrogenous fertilizers.

5. Weed management: One hand weeding is done to control the weeds. Virtually no

weedicides is used by the farmers.

6. Plant protection: Application of 10% BHC @ 20 kg/ha after flowering is used to

control Gundhi bug etc.

7. Harvesting-threshing: Crop is harvested and threshed at maturity

8. Post harvest operations: Produce is dried upto 14% moisture, bagged and

stocked.

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b. Modern package of practices:

1. Selection of varieties: Based on ecological conditions prevailed in the area rice

varieties are being selected for cultivation.

By and large farmers are using improved high yielding short duration rice

varieties namely Narendra -97, Baranideep, Shushk Samrat, Pant Dhan -12,

Manhar etc. for rainfed upland direct seeded and transplanted. Sarjoo – 52,

Narendra – 359, Malviya -36, Pusa Basmati-1 and Kalanamak in favourable

irrigated and Usar Dhan-1, CSR – 10, Narendra Usar Dhan -3 and Narendra Usar

Dhan 2008 are preffered in inland salinity areas.

2. Seed rate: 30-35 kg/ha based on grain types are being used for Nursery seeding in

open pollinated varieties; 12-15 kg/ha for hybrid rice varieties and only 6 kg/ha for

SRI cultivation.

3. Fertilizer management: Balance use of fertilizer after proper soil testing is being

followed. Accordingly NPK: 120:60:60 kg/ha, FYM: 10-12 t/ha and ZnSO4: 20

kg/ha has been advocated for use. Nitrogen is applied in 3 split doses namely 50%

at time of land preparation and remaining 25% each at maximum tillering stage

and flowering stage is top dressed.

As per requirement hybrid rice varieties are fertilized with 150:75:75 NPK

with 20 kg ZnSO4. Farmers have been advocated to use more of FYM and least

chemical fertilizers in SRI method of rice cultivation.

4. Transplanting: 21-25 days old seedling are transplanted at 20 X 15 cm spacing in

open pollinated varieties and in hybrids transplanting is done at 15 X 15 cm

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spacing. However spaced planting i.e. 25X25 cm and only 12-14 days old

seedlings are being used in SRI technique.

5. Weed management: Butachlor 50EC 3-4 ltr or 30-40 kg granule/ 2-4D Na salt

625 g/ha is being applied as pre emergence herbicide which is very effective. No

or little weedicide is used in SRI technique where conoweeder is used to control

the weeds.

6. Plant protection: Need based judicious application of fungicides/insecticides have

been advocated. Farmers follow IPM and IDM to control insect and disease

respectively.

7. Harvesting and threshing: Mature crop is harvested and threshed after at least 3

days of harvesting and produce is dried upto 14% moisture for bagging and

stocking.

c. Most popular varieties: MTU 7029, BPT 5204, Sarjoo 52, NDR 359, Narendra Dhan

118, Narendra -97, Shushk Samrat, Narendra Lalmati, Narendra Dhan 2026, NDR 2064,

Narendra 3112-1, Malviya-36, NDR 8002, Jal Lahari, Jalpriya, Barah Avarodhi, Swarna

Sub -1, Narendra Usar Dhan3, Pusa Basmati-1, Shakarrchini and Juhi Bengal.

Hybrids: Pant Shankar Dhan -1, Narendra Shankar Dhan -2, Arize 6111, Arize 6201,

Arize 6444, PHB 71, KRH-2 and Pusa RH-10

d. Post Harvest Operations: The Post harvesting technology affects not only quantity of the

produce but also quality of rice and finished product of it. The loss estimated due to poor

harvesting operation may go upto 10%. Therefore post harvesting operations of raw paddy

and the storage of grains are very important. By and large farmers follow traditional

methods of drying the paddy grain i.e. sun drying. The major quantity of produce is being

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dried in the state by this method. Mechanical drying is done only by big farmers and

limited quantity of produce is dried.

The grains are stored at three different level viz producers land, traders level and

urban organizational storage level.

e. Rice milling: In Uttar Pradesh, there are two types of paddy milling, either raw or

parboiled paddy to convert into edible rice. Traditional method of rice milling i.e. hand

poundering was practiced before the advent of mechanical milling. At present 95%

produce is milled mechanically. The conventional mills in use can be categorized into

three main types i.e. huller mills, sheller-huller mills and sheller-cone polisher mills.

Nearly 50% of the total rice produced in the state is subjected to paraboiling. It is

very common in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Three major steps in paraboiling is soaking,

streaming and drying have a great influence on the quality of rice. The loss of nutrient is

less in paraboiled rice. Sela rice is well known in western Uttar Pradesh.

XI. TRADITIONAL CULTIVARS/VARIETIES GROWN, IF ANY IN THE STATE:

Traditional varieties are disappearing from the scene. However in certain pockets

of Uttar Pradesh short grain aromatic rices are being cultivated in tarai, eastern and central

plain, Vindhyan and Ganga basin regions of Uttar Pradesh. Few varieties which are still in

cultivation include Kalanamk, Lalmati, Shakkar chini, Adamchin, Badshah Pasand,

Vishnu Parag, Type-9 etc.

a. Indigenous technical knowledge (ITKs): Double transplanting (Sanda )method of rice

cultivation in eastern part of the state viz. Ballia, Gazipur, Mau and Chandauli, this

method is most popular. In this crop establishment method, 20-25 days old seedlings are

densely transplanted in nearby area of the field with judicious fertilization. On the onset of

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monsoon 40-45 days old seedlings are transplanted in water logged areas. If nursery is not

sufficient to cover the area tillers may be separated and then again transplanted.

Beushining system is a traditional practice of rice cultivation common throughout

the rainfed and upland ecosystem of the Gangetic plain and tarai zone of eastern Uttar

Pradesh. Beushining facilitates stable rice yield under low input management and

uncertain climatic conditions through effective weed control, optimum plant stand and

stimulated root growth with enhanced tillering.

b. Germplasm resources: No systematic collection of traditional rices/ land races has been

done in Uttar Pradesh to conserve the rice genetic wealth. However, surveys of different

rice growing areas especially eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh which is also called ‘rice

bowl’ and hilly areas have been done in piece meal. A good number of accessions have

been lost due to improper management and non availability of regeneration of the

accessions and lack of proper storage facilities. However, current status of working

germplasm accessions maintained at different Agriculture Universities/Institutes of Uttar

Pradesh appear in Table-7.

Table-7: Current Status of working germplasm in Uttar Pradesh

S.No. University/Institution No. accessions

(traditional + exotic)

1. NDUAT, Kumarganj, Faizabad

Masodha 1100

Ghagharaghat 525

2. BHU, Varanasi 200

3. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Univ. of Agri. & Tech., Merrut 300

4. C.S.A. University of Agri. & Tech., Kanpur 200

Total 2320

These germplasm have been evaluated and categorized for different traits. Many

donors tolerant to pest and diseases, abiotic stresses and quality rices have been identified

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and utilized in rice improvement programme. Among the donors identified N-22, Kalkari,

Saria and Dular have high degree of drought tolerance while Madhujkar and Jalmagna

posses submergence tolerance and elongation ability respectively and is being used in rice

improvement programme. Recently in 2010 short grain aromatic rices have been

catalogued by joint efforts of NDUAT, BHU and PRDF.

c. Medicinal value: No information is available on medicinal value of the traditional rices

grown in the state. But local/traditional short grain aromatic rices have maintained their

supremacy over other rice varieties. Local scented varieties including Kalanamak,

Badshahbhog, Adamchini, Lalmati, Vishnu Parag posses not only high degree of scent but

better eating and cooking quality as well. These rices are easily digestible. Jalmagna, NDR

6279 and Shushk Samrat have high Fe and Zn content.

XII. BY PRODUCT OF RICE SPECIFIC TO THE STATE:

By products of rice milling industries include rice husk, rice bran, rice straw and

broken rice.

a. Usage: These by product are being used in better and profitable manner both for industrial

and feed purposes. These by products are used as follows:

• Rice husk is used as boiler fuel wherever paraboiling is practiced. Rice husk is

tough because of its silica cellulose content.

• Rice bran is the most valuable by-product of the rice milling industry. Rice bran

consists of pericarp, aleurone layer, germ and a part of endosperm. Rice bran is a

potential source of vegetable oil. Refined oil can be a supplementary source of

edible oil. Crude bran oil contains high free fatty acids and is used for manufacture

of soap and fatty acids. Deoiled/ defatted bran is used as fertilizer.

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• Broken rice is another by-product of rice milling industry. Nutritionally there is no

difference between whole rice and broken rice. But quality wise, broken rice

becomes poor due to admixture with grit, stones and clay particles. It is being

utilized for preparation of Idli, Dosa and other such preparation in which rice flour

or wet-ground rice paste is needed.

• Rice straw is used as cattle feed, thatching roofs, cottage industry etc.

• Rice grain is also used for many local preparations including puffed rice. Chura,

roasted rice locally called ‘Laiya’ and in spiritual occasions.

b. Market value: Rice by products in the state have reasonable market demand but due to

poor industry growth of the state to utilize by products of the rice, there is improper

marketing management. Accordingly appreciable prices of the by products are not being

realized by the growers.

c. Milling industry: In Uttar Pradesh there are two types of paddy milling, either paraboiled

or raw paddy to convert into edible rice. Four types of rice mills exit in state are hullers,

shellers, hullers cum shellers and modern rice mills. Among these hullers are prevalent in

rural and urban areas. Modern mills are few in the state which produce better head rice

and quality bran oil after processing.

XIII SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME IN THE RICE SECTOR OF THE

STATE:

In order to increase the production & productivity of the state, Government of Uttar

Pradesh under guidance of Government of India is implementing special development

programmes in the state. These are:

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1. National Food Security Mission: Under this project all together 27 districts have been

covered. These are Azamgarh, Badaun, Bahraich, Ballia, Balrampur, Banda, Barely, Basti,

Devaria, Fatehpur, Gonda. Gorakhpur, Gajipur, Hardoi, Mainpuri, Mau, Mirzapur,

Raibarely, Rampur, Sahjhapur, Sarawasti, Sidharthnagar, Sitapur, Sonbhadra, Sultanpur &

Unnao. The objective of this programme include promotion and extension of improved

technologies i.e. quality seeds, INM, IPM and resource conservation technologies

alongwith capacity building of the farmers to produce more rice to strengthen food

security of the state.

2. Macro – Managements of Agriculture project: Under the guidance of Govt. of India,

integrated rice development programme has been implemented in 45 districts of Uttar

Prades. The districts are Gaziabad, Pilibhit, Kannauj, Lalitpur, Kaushambi, Allahabad,

Kushinagar, Jaunpur, Muzaffar Nagar, Aligarh, Eta, Muradabad, Itawa, Jalaun, Gautam

Budha Nagar, Chandauli, Paratapgarh, Meerut, Mathura, Bijnore, Kanpur Sahar, Kanpur

Dehat, Chitrakoot, Hathras, St. Kabir Nagar, Varanasi, Faizabad, Barabanki, Baghpat,

Agra, Hamirpur, J.P. Nagar, Ambedkar Nagar, St. Ravidas Nagar, Maharajganj, Lucknow,

Lakhimpur Kheri, Bulandshar, Firozabad, Shahjhapur, Farukhabad, Jhansi, Mahoba,

Auraiya & Kanshi Ram Nagar. The major activities under the project are crop production

technology demonstration, farmers field school training, subsidy provision on seed, micro

nutrient, insecticides and biopesticides etc.

XIV Status of recent methods/technologies

a. SRI: System of rice intensification is being adopted/demonstrated in 13 districts of the

state. Preliminary results indicated that short duration varieties, optimum irrigation

coupled with spaced spacing and use of cono weeder may give better results. However its

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adoption is very slow due highly technical nursery management and use of young

seedlings (12 days) for transplanting.

b. Hybrid rice: Eastern part of the state is considered a hub of hybrid rice cultivation. Hybrid

rice cultivation in the state is getting momentum during last few years. Expansion of hybrid

rice is depicted in figure -3.

At present around 1.0 mha area is covered with different hybrids of rice. Among

the most popular hybrids Pant Shankar Dhan-1, Narendra Shankar Dhan-2, Arize 6444,

Pusa RH 10, PHB-71, Arize-201, Ganga, Sahayadri -4, KRH-2 and DRR-3 have major

share in the area coverage as well as production. During WS 2011, Government of U.P.

have a provision of 25% subsidy on hybrid seeds in order to promote hybrid rice in the

state. State government is targeting to increase 1.5 lakhs hectare area every year under

hybrid rice varieties.

c. Aerobic rice: Demonstration/validation of aerobic rice is only at the stage of

experimentation at on station. So far none of the aerobic rice variety is under commercial

cultivation. However results obtained at Crop Research Station (NDUAT), Masodha,

Faizabad shows promise for areas where limited water facility exists.

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d. Breeder Seed Production: During WS 2010 altogether 231.80 quintals breeder seed was

produced as against indent of 117.00 quintals of DAC. In addition to this 622.00 q

breeder seeds and 15.00 q nucleus seeds of different mega varieties and new promising

varieties popularly grown in the state, were also produced. The average seed replacement

rate of the state is 25%. Efforts are being made to raise the seed replacement rate as high

as 33%. In order to meet this challenge quality breeder and foundation seeds of all the

mega varieties are being produced.

XV INSTITUTES INVOLVED IN RICE DEVELOPMENT IN THE STATE AND THEIR

CONTRIBUTION:

At present, three Agriculture universities viz. N.D. University of Agriculture &

Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad (NDUAT), C.S. Azad University of Agriculture &

Technology, Kanpur and Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel Univ. of Agriculture & Technology,

Meerut (SBPUAT) are involved in the rice research and development programme. NDUAT

has contributed substaintly in rice development of the state. Being responsible for eastern part

of the state where rice is grown in all type of unfavourable ecological conditions viz. rainfed

upland, flood affected situation and inland salinity condition its responsibility becomes most

crucial. BHU, Varanasi and SAM Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture Technology &

Sciences (Deemed university), Allahabad has little share in the rice development. The rice

research centres in the state categorized in two groups:

1. Funded centres: Masodha, Ghaghraghat in NDUAT, Nagina, (SBPUAT, Meerut),

Kanpur (CSAUAT) and Varanasi (BHU) have been funded by ICAR.

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2. Voluntary centres: SAM Higginbottom Instute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences

(Deemed university), Allahabad and Meerut (SBPUAT) are partially financially supported

centres.

Contributions: As regards the contribution, NDUAT, Faizabad has major share in rice

development followed by CSAUAT and BHU. Remaining two universities SBPUAT and :

SAM Higginbottom Instute of Agriculture Technology & Sciences (Deemed university),

Allahabad are in initial stage of rice development.

NDUAT has developed 30 rice varieties covering all the ecosystems viz. upland, lowland

and flood prone, irrigated and inland salinity and hybrid rice. The specific features of these

varieties are furnished below:

Variety Parentage/

Designation

Year of

release

Maturity

(days)

Yield

(q/ha)

Grain

Type

A. Upland drought prone very early

Narendra Dhan - 1 Belle PatnalL.8 1981 105 35-40 MB

Narendra Dhan - 118 IR 36/Hansraj A 1987 85 35-40 MS

Narendra Dhan - 97 N agina-22/Ratna 1992 90 35-40 LS

Barani Deep C1064-5!IR9129 - 120-3-

3-3/fR 54

2001 100 35-40 LS

Shushk Samrat C 1064-5/Kalkari//IR 54 2007 105 35-40 LS

Narendra Lalmati

Selection from local

Lalmati

2009 105 30-35 SS

B. Irrigated Ecology

Early(l00-l15d)

Narendra Dhan - 2 IR 8/Tadukan / (TKM6

/TNI )/ /IR8/IR24

1982 115 40-45 LS

NarendraDhan - 80 Nagina-22/IR 36 1986 115 40-45 MS

NDR 2026 SIPI 632063

/CHLANING SENYU47/ ITAICH UNG SEN 12

2005 115 40-45 MS

NDR 2064 Pant Dhan 4/Saket4 //

NDR 2017

2007 115 50-55 MS

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Medium Duration (120-130d)

Sarjoo-52 TNl/Kashi 1980 130 60-65 LB

Narendra Dhan -359 BG90-2-4/OYE77 1993 130 60-65 LS

Narendra Dhan 3112-1 NDR 313-1/NDR 359 2009 125-130 50-55 LB

Hybrid Rice

Narendra Shankar Dhan-2 IR58025A/NDR3026- 3-1 1998 130 65-70 LS

C. Rainfed Lowland Shallow Deep (30-50cm)

NDR 8002 IR 67493-M – 2 2004 140 40-45 LS

Jal Lahri Pankaj/Mahsuri// TKM6 1993 145 40-50 MS

D. Deep Water & Flood Prone

Jalpriya IET 4060 / Jalmagna 1993 160-170 35-40 LS

Barah Avarodhi Madhukar / Sona 1995 155 30-35 LB

Jalnidhi Sel. From Goanth 1993 180-200 35-40 MB

E. Usar/Problem Soil

Narendra Usar Dhan - 2 IR1814/IR1366- 120 -3-

1//IR1539- 37-3-1 1995 125 30-40 LS

NarendraUsar Dhan -3 LeungYAI 148/IR 9129-209-2-2-1 //IR 18272-27-

3-1

1999 130 45-50 LS

NDURH-3 IR58025A/NDRK5026 -1

R 2005 130 50-55 LS

Narendra Usar Dhan 2008 TCCP 266-249-B-B-

3/IR 262-43-8-1

2009 120-125 45-50 LB

The impact of green revolution is yet to be realized in fragile ecologies specially rainfed

lowland, flood prone and rainfed upland due to non availability of suitable high yielding varieties

suitable for target environments. The varieties namely Jalnidhi, Jalpriya and Barh Avrodhi have

shown stable and potential yield under deep water, semi deep water and intermittent flash flooded

situations. These varieties have been liked by the farmers and have contributed substantially in

increasing the production and productivity of the area of this fragile ecology in addition to living

status of the fragile farmers.

Jallahari is suitable for lowland and shallow water situation. NDR 8002 is spreading in rainfed

low land and water logged areas of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal due its quality grain

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and high yield potential. The adoption of the variety in this fragile situation will boost up the

productivity of the area.

Shusk Samrat (NDR 1045-2) is the recent release for direct seeded upland areas of Uttar

Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa where low productivity is a rule due to unpredictable drought. It is

anticipated that this variety will replace the most popular varieties of the states including NDR 97,

Vandana, Narendra 118 and Manhar etc. This will serve as boon to resource poor farmers as it

does well in low input management and moisture stress condition.

Among the new releases, NDR 2026, NDR 2064 and NDR 3112-1 will replace popular

varieties of irrigated areas being different maturity groups. Narendra Lalmati will be a boon for

double cropping specially potato growing areas.

Narendra Usar Dhan 2008 (NDRK 5088) will enhance the production productivity of

coastal salinity areas of West Bengal, Orissa & Andhra Pradesh; and inland salinity/usar areas of

Uttar Pradesh.

Recently three rice varieties viz. value added scented NDR 6093 for favourable irrigated,

NDR 2065 for irrigated mid early and NDR 50002 for inland salinity have been released by State

Variety Release Committee under the Chairmanship of Principal Secretary, Agriculture on

12.10.2010 for Uttar Pradesh. These varieties are becoming popular in their respective ecology

and areas.

Seed production technology of rice hybrid Narendra Shankar Dhan 2 has been worked out,

standardized and demonstrated. Trained a large number of officers of university, line departments

and farmers have been trained. This resulted in adoption of hybrid rice varieties in larger acreage

probably the highest in eastern region.

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CSSRI, Lucknow is focusing on testing and evaluation of inland salinity genotypes for

their tolerance against salts. In addition state department of agriculture also helps in testing of

genotypes in target environments through its Regional Agriculture Testing and Demonstration

Stations located in different regions.

XVI Constraints in rice production: Overall productivity of the state is low, not only due to the

major share of rainfed rice but also frequent occurrence of biotic and abiotic streses

a) Biotic Stress: The biotic stresses that impose limitations on rice productivity in the state

include diseases, insect – pests and weeds.

Diseases: The major diseases are Blast, Bacterial leaf blight, Brown spot, Sheath blight

and Neck blast in order of their occurrence.

Insect-pests: Insect-pests pose serious threats to the rice crop by attacking every part of

the plant at all the growth stages. The most severe damage is caused by pink stem borer

and yellow stem borer. Stem borer accounts for 40% of loss under severe infestation. The

other insects including leaf folder, white grub, gundhi bug and termite also limits the rice

productivity of the state.

Weeds: The heavy weed infestation ranks only second to moisture stress in reducing

grain yield of rainfed rice in the state. Echinochloa crusgalli, E. colonum, Cyperus iria, C.

rotundus, Cloeme viscosa, Eclipta alba and Fimbristylis dichotoma were common weeds.

b) Abiotic stress: By and large rainfed rice suffers from three major abiotic stresses namely

drought, submergence and Salinity. Besides nutrient deficiency (Zinc, Iron, Boron etc.)

and iron toxicity limits the rice production. Cold is another stress severely affects the boro

rice nursery performance and late duration rice varieties.

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In addition to these biotic and abiotic stresses low rice productivity may be

ascribed to deteriorating soil health conditions due imbalance use of fertilizers, less use of

organic manures, secondary and micro nutrients and soil ameliorants, poor seed

replacement rate, lack of farm mechanization, mismanagement of water resources, large

no. of resource poor farmers (92 % small & marginal), poor dissemination of appropriate

and location specific technologies specially for rainfed environments and lack of efficient

drawn extension system.

c) Institutional constraints: The major constraints faced by different institutions located in

the state are as follows:

• Poor infrastructure, Laboratory and field facilities available in different institution

of state restricts the progress of the quality research.

• Paucity of fund is one of the major constraints in conducting the research and

development activities at the institution.

• Coordination among the different institutions is also at low key which directly

affects the sharing of valuable knowledge and technical information generated by

them.

• Weak institutional finance system.

• Problem of marketing for rice hybrids.

• Poor institutional coordination for ensuring facilities to the farmers.

XVII Strategies and modern techniques to enhance rice production

The impact points adopted by the state for increasing the productivity or to fill the gaps of

rice crop are as follows:

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• Thrust on maximizing area under hybrid rice through popularizing high yielding hybrids

and extending subsidy on costly seeds.

• Spreading of suitable varieties for water logged/flood affected area: Ambitious

programme of covering SWARNA Sub-1 variety in 0.5 mha water logged area of the

state.

• Spreading of suitable varieties for drought prone area through promotion of Shushk

Samrat, Sahbhagi Dhan and Narendra 97.

• Promotion of varieties tolerant to sodicity specially Naredra Usar Dhan-3, Naredra Usar

Dhan-2008 and CSR-36 in the problem soil areas of the state.

• By incorporating Dhaincha as green manure in the crop cycle.

• In non –monetary inputs, timely completition of the planting and adoption of SRI

techniques are being encouraged.

• Improvement of soil health by use of green manure and compost for sustainability of rice

productivity of the state.

XVIII Conclusion & Way forward

Climate change brings new problems for the sustainability of rice production not only in

state but globally. Efforts will be made to improve germplasm adaptation to cope up with the

prevailing unfavourable rice environments. Development of aerobic rice, drought tolerant,

submergence tolerant and efficient problem soil tolerant genotypes & hybrids will be our main

focus of rice improvement research in future following both conventional as well as marker

assisted backcross breeding techniques.

Under IRRI – NDUAT collaborative project entitled “Stress Tolerant Rice for Poor

Farmers of Africa and South Asia” and DBT funded project on abiotic stress ““From QTL to

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Variety: Marker Assisted Breeding of Abiotic Stress Tolerant Rice Varieties with Major QTLs for

Drought, Submergence and Salt Tolerance” efforts are being made to transfer the submergence

tolerant gene, drought tolerant gene & salt tolerant genes in mega rice varieties through Marker

Assisted Backcross Breeding (MABC). Development of Swarna Sub-1 by IRRI, Manila,

Philippines is good beginning. Field evaluation/testing is progress with IR 64 Sub-1 and Sambha

Mahsuri Sub-1 at our university. Similarly drought tolerant gene from Ajucena (a drought tolerant

japonica rice variety) is being introgressed in IR 64 and IR 64 isogenic lines possessing relatively

higher degree of drought tolerance have been identified. In order to develop salt tolerant genotype

for inland salinity areas, efforts are being made to transfer ‘Saltol’ gene in popular varieties

following marker assisted backcross breeding. Phenotyping of these introgressed lines developed

by MABC will be done in target environments to identify tolerant varieties to various abiotic

stresses.

Integrated crop management needs emphasis in future in order to increase production and

productivity of rainfed rice besides developing short duration drought tolerant stable varieties

responsive to low input for drought prone areas and high yielding submergence & salt tolerance

rice genotypes for flood prone and inland salinity conditions.

Keeping in the view the global warming photo and thermo insensitive varieties need to be

develop for future.

To refine and develop simple and holistic IPM, IDM and INM approach for increasing

production and productivity of rice areas.

status paper on rice in uttar pradesh

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