scott foresman science, grade 3, leveled...
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by Lisa Oram
Scott Foresman Science 3.2
Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content
Nonfi ction Sequence Captions
Glossary
Animals
ISBN 0-328-13811-8
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Vocabularyadaptation
hibernate
inherited
larva
migrate
pupa
trait
vertebrate
What did you learn?1. What are animals that do not have backbones
called?
2. Name two animals that are vertebrates.
3. What does camouflage do?
4. You have read about behaviors that help animals. Write to explain how an animals instincts and learned behaviors affect its survival. Use examples from the book as you write.
5. Sequence Name the four steps of a butterflys life cycle in order.
Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Cover: Barbara Von Hoffmann/Animals Animals/Earth ScenesTitle Page: The Image Bank/Getty Images; 6 DK Images 8 (Bkgd) George Grall/NGS Image Collection, (BR) Danny Lehman/Corbis; 9 Robert Pickett/Corbis; 12 (T, CL) DK Images, (BL) Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 13 (TR) Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake, (BR) Randy M. Ury/Corbis; 14 Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 15 (TR) Kevin Schafer/Corbis, (CR) Gary W. Carter/Corbis, (BR) DK Images; 16 (CL) Rolf Kopfle/Bruce Coleman Inc., (CR) Michael Quinton/Minden Pictures, (BR) The Image Bank/Getty Images; 17 (T) Suzanne L. & Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers, Inc., (BL) Tim Laman/NGS Image Collection, (BL) E. R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 18 Jeff L. Lepore/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19 Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; 21 James L. Amos/Photo Researchers, Inc.
ISBN: 0-328-13811-8
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.
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How Animals Live by Lisa Oram
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How are animals grouped?What All Animals Need
Almost all animals need water, food, oxygen, and
shelter to live.
Animals get water from drinking or eating food.
They get food by eating plants or other animals.
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Animals get oxygen from air or water. Many land
animals breathe with lungs. Many water animals
breathe with gills.
Animals need shelter. Some animals find or build
shelter. Other animals grow hard shells to protect
themselves.
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Ways Of Grouping Animals
Animals can be grouped by their traits. A trait
is the way an animal looks or acts. Animals get
traits from their parents. Traits can be used to group
animals.
Animals with Backbones
Animals with backbones belong to one group.
A vertebrate is an animal with a backbone.
Vertebrates backbones grow as they get older. Fish,
snakes, and cats are all vertebrates. Vertebrates can
look very different.
This lynx is a vertebrate.
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Fish are vertebrates that live in water. Fish have
scaly skin. They breathe through gills.
Amphibians are vertebrates. They can live in water.
They can also live on land. Amphibians breathe
through gills when they are young. They also get
oxygen through their skin. As they grow, they develop
lungs. Toads and frogs are amphibians.
Fish are vertebrates.
A frog is an amphibian.
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Reptiles are vertebrates with scaly skin. Crocodiles
and alligators are reptiles. They breathe through
lungs. Snakes, lizards, and turtles are reptiles too.
Birds are vertebrates that breathe through lungs.
They have bills instead of teeth. Wings and light bones
help most birds fly. Their feathers keep them warm.
These owls and this snake are both vertebrates. How are they different?
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Mammals are vertebrates. Mammals have hair on
their bodies. This keeps them warm. They breathe
through lungs. Mammals feed milk to their young.
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These koalas are mammals.
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Animals Without Backbones
Most animals do not have backbones. These
animals are called invertebrates.
Most invertebrates do not grow as big as vertebrates.
Invertebrates make up most of the animals on Earth.
A butterfly is an invertebrate.
The body of this sea jelly is soft. Most of it is water.
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There are many more invertebrates than vertebrates.
Sea jellies, butterflies, and clams are all invertebrates.
Worms are invertebrates. They have long, soft
bodies. Worms do not have legs. They slide and wiggle
through the ground to move. Earthworms live in soil
and keep it healthy.
Insects, spiders, and crabs are arthropods.
Arthropods are the largest group of invertebrates.
They have skeletons on the outsides of their bodies.
They also have legs with joints.
Does this worm have a backbone?
This snail is a mollusk. Many mollusks have hard shells and soft bodies.
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How do animals grow and change?Life Cycles
All animals grow and change over time. These
changes are called a life cycle. Animals start as an
egg. Some animals lay their eggs. The eggs hatch
when the young animals are ready. Other animals
grow from eggs inside their mothers body. Those
mothers give birth to live young. Some animals begin
life looking like their parents. Others look different.
A butterfly changes a lot during its life.
Laying new eggs
Egg
Butterfly
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A Butterflys Life Cycle
A butterfly begins life as an egg. A caterpillar,
or larva, hatches from the egg. A larva is a young
insect. The caterpillar eats and grows. Soon it spins a
hard covering, or chrysalis, around itself. The larva
is now a pupa. It grows and changes. It becomes an
adult butterfly. The butterfly breaks open the chrysalis
and crawls out. Butterflies lay eggs. After laying eggs,
butterflies die. Then the life cycle of the butterfly
is complete.
Pupa
Larva
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Some Vertebrate Life Cycles
Vertebrate life cycles can be different. Some
vertebrates go through many changes as they
grow. Others hardly change at all.
A Frogs Life Cycle
Frogs go through many changes.
They start life in the water as
eggs. Tadpoles hatch from
the eggs. They breathe with
gills and live underwater.
The tadpole grows
lungs and legs, and
turns into an adult.
Most adult frogs live
near water.
A frog must change a lot before it looks like its parents.
Tadpole
Growing tadpole
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A Mammals Life Cycle
Most mammals develop inside
their mothers body. Young
mammals drink milk from
their mothers. They have
either hair or fur. Many young
mammals look a lot like their
parents soon after they are born.
Eggs
Adult frog
This panda cub looks a lot like its parents.
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How do adaptations help animals?Adaptations
An adaptation is a trait that helps an animal
meet its needs in the place where it lives. Adaptations
are inherited, or passed on, from parents to
their young.
A pelican is a bird that
lives near water. It needs
to swim to find food.
A pelicans webbed
feet help it swim.
Its webbed feet are
an adaptation.
A pelican has a special bill. It acts like a net to help the pelican catch fish.
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Adaptations for Getting Food
Animals have many adaptations for getting food.
An eagles feet can hold food while it flies.
Deer have sharp front teeth to help cut plants. They
also have flat back teeth to help grind plants.
A cardinal eats seeds. It uses its short, strong bill
to break open the seeds. Each adaptation fits an
animals needs.
These birds all have different bills. They all eat something different.
Flamingos filter food from the water.
Cardinals break open seeds.
Warblers pick out insects.
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Adaptations for Protection
All animals need ways to stay safe. Some animals
can quickly run away from enemies.
Other animals are colored in a way that makes
them hard to see. This is called camouflage.
Camouflage helps some animals stay alive.
Arctic fox
Crab spider
Fish
Do these animals have camouflage? Yes! They are hard to see.
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Some animals have spikes or horns for protection.
The porcupine has hundreds of sharp quills. This
adaptation is called armor.
Other animals mimic, or look like, a different
animal. The king snake mimics the coral snake,
which is poisonous. Other animals then avoid the
king snake.
How have these animals protected themselves? Cassowary
Coral snake
King snake
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Behaviors That Help Animals
Behaviors are things that animals do. Some
behaviors are inherited. Other behaviors that animals
need are learned. These behaviors can be learned
from parents or other animals. The ability to learn is
inherited, however.
These geese are migrating.
These bats are hibernating.
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Instincts
A behavior an animal is born with is an instinct.
Instincts help some animals survive during winter.
Many animals know to migrate, or move long
distances, to find more food.
Other animals know to hibernate or sleep,
during winter. Their bodies slow down so they dont
need much food.
Learning
Animals learn some behaviors by watching
parents or other animals. Adult chimpanzees show
their young how to find and get food. The young
learn which foods are good to eat.
This young chimpanzee is learning how to find food.
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How are animals from the past like todays animals?Animals That Lived Long Ago
Signs of past life are called fossils. A fossil can be an
animal track or print hardened into rock. This is called
a fossil mold. A fossil mold can be filled with rock.
Then it is called a cast.
Spider trapped in amber
Fossil cast of a dinosaur skull
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Ancient Insects
Tiny insects caught in sticky tree sap have become
fossils. Fossils of larger animals, such as saber-toothed
tigers, have been found in tar pits.
We can learn about animals from the past by studying fossils, fossil molds, and fossil casts.
Trilobite fossil cast
Bird-like dinosaur fossil cast
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How Animals Today Compare to Those of Long Ago
Fossils help people learn about animals and plants
that lived long ago. They help us tell what Earth was
like and how it has changed. Some animals that lived
in the past are extinct. That means they no longer live
on Earth.
Animals have found ways to live in many places
on Earth. Their adaptations keep them alive. Animals
have found incredible ways to keep living!
This T. rex dinosaur is extinct.
This collared lizard looks like dinosaurs from long ago. But it is much smaller.
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Glossary
adaptation a trait that helps an animal survive in
the place where it lives
hibernate to spend the winter in a way that
doesnt require a lot of food
inherited passed on from parents to their young
larva the early form of an insect
migrate to move from one region to another
when the seasons change
pupa the stage of an insects life between
larva and adult
trait the way an animal looks or acts
vertebrate an animal with a backbone
13811_01-24_FSD 2413811_01-24_FSD 24 5/31/05 12:11:00 PM5/31/05 12:11:00 PM
Vocabularyadaptation
hibernate
inherited
larva
migrate
pupa
trait
vertebrate
What did you learn?1. What are animals that do not have backbones
called?
2. Name two animals that are vertebrates.
3. What does camouflage do?
4. You have read about behaviors that help animals. Write to explain how an animals instincts and learned behaviors affect its survival. Use examples from the book as you write.
5. Sequence Name the four steps of a butterflys life cycle in order.
Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Cover: Barbara Von Hoffmann/Animals Animals/Earth ScenesTitle Page: The Image Bank/Getty Images; 6 DK Images 8 (Bkgd) George Grall/NGS Image Collection, (BR) Danny Lehman/Corbis; 9 Robert Pickett/Corbis; 12 (T, CL) DK Images, (BL) Breck P. Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; 13 (TR) Carolina Biological Supply Company/Phototake, (BR) Randy M. Ury/Corbis; 14 Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures; 15 (TR) Kevin Schafer/Corbis, (CR) Gary W. Carter/Corbis, (BR) DK Images; 16 (CL) Rolf Kopfle/Bruce Coleman Inc., (CR) Michael Quinton/Minden Pictures, (BR) The Image Bank/Getty Images; 17 (T) Suzanne L. & Joseph T. Collins/Photo Researchers, Inc., (BL) Tim Laman/NGS Image Collection, (BL) E. R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman Inc.; 18 Jeff L. Lepore/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 19 Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; 21 James L. Amos/Photo Researchers, Inc.
ISBN: 0-328-13811-8
Copyright Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
13811_CVR_FSD Sec1:213811_CVR_FSD Sec1:2 05/11/2005 16:06:5505/11/2005 16:06:55
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