remediation technologies for soils and groundwater || front matter

REMEDIATION

TECHNOLOGIES FORSOILS AND

GROUNDWATER

SPONSORED BYRemediation Technologies for Soils and Groundwater Task Committee

of the Environmental Council

Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI)of the American Society of Civil Engineers

EDITED BYAlok Bhandari

Rao Y. SurampalliPascale Champagne

Say Kee OngR. D. Tyagi

Irene M. C. Lo

Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Remediation technologies for soils and groundwater / sponsored by RemediationTechnologies for Soils and Groundwater Task committee of the Environmental Council,Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) of the American Society of CivilEngineers ; edited by Alok Bhandari ... [et al.].

p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13: 978-0-7844-0894-0ISBN-10: 0-7844-0894-7

1. Soil remediation. 2. Groundwater-Purification. I. Bhandari, Alok. II. Environmentaland Water Resources Institute (U.S.) Environmental Council III. Environmental and WaterResources Institute (U.S.) Remediation Technologies for Soils and Groundwater TaskCommittee.

TD878.R47 2007628.5'5-dc22 2007001848

American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia, 20191-4400

www.pubs.asce.org

Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do notnecessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statementmade herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product,process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warrantythereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent astandard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts,regulations, statutes, or any other legal document. ASCE makes no representation orwarranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness,suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in thispublication, and assumes no liability therefor. This information should not be used withoutfirst securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specificapplication. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use,including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.

ASCE and American Society of Civil Engineers—Registered in U.S. Patent and TrademarkOffice.

Photocopies and reprints.You can obtain instant permission to photocopy ASCE publications by using ASCE'sonline permission service (www.pubs.asce.org/authors/RightslinkWelcomePage.htm).Requests for 100 copies or more should be submitted to the Reprints Department,Publications Division, ASCE, (address above); email: permissions@asce.org. A reprintorder form can be found at www.pubs.asce.org/authors/reprints.html.

Copyright © 2007 by the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved.ISBN 13: 978-0-7844-0894-0 ISBN 10: 0-7844-0894-7Manufactured in the United States of America.

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Preface

The value of our limited natural resources continues to appreciate as they areexploited to support and indulge the human species. The ever-growing demands forenergy, security, food, healthcare and consumables have placed unprecedentedpressure on our ecosystem and accentuated the need for sustainable management ofthe environment. Contamination of natural resources, including soils andgroundwater, remains a major global ecological concern in the 21st century. It cannotbe underemphasized that the health of our soils and groundwater is intimately tied toour well-being and to the wellness of other species that share our ecosystem.

This book presents a discussion of approaches and technologies that are mostcommonly deployed for the restoration of contaminated soils and groundwater. Aneed for an up-to-date text that summarized these technologies in an easy-to-readformat was identified by the ASCE's Technical Committee on Hazardous, Toxic andRadioactive Waste in 2003. The committee envisioned a book prepared by a team ofexperts that would serve a reference for practicing professionals and could be equallyeffective as a text in an undergraduate or graduate classroom.

The organization of this book is based on the types of technologies used in theremediation of soils and groundwater. Chapter 1 introduces the topic of soil andgroundwater remediation and summarizes the contents of the book. Chapter 2presents a brief discussion of the fundamental physical, chemical and biologicalprocesses that are at play at a contaminated site and during site cleanup. Chapters 3and 4 explore and analyze conventional physical and chemical site remediationtechnologies, respectively. Chapter 5 focuses on redox and precipitation processes,and associated engineering applications, and Chapter 6 takes a closer look at theconcept and application of chemical reactive barrier technology.

Chapter 7 describes the processes and factors responsible for biotransformationof soil and groundwater contaminants. Chapters 8 and 9 discuss a variety ofbioremediation technologies based on biotransformations mediated by bacteria,enzymes and fungi. Chapter 10 focuses on the application of phyto-processes to thecleanup of contaminated sites. Chapter 11 takes a closer look at processes andtechnologies used to remediate metal-contaminated soils. Finally, Chapter 12discusses commonly followed approaches for long-term monitoring of contaminatedand treated sites.

The editors acknowledge the hard work and patience of the all authors who havecontributed to this book.

- AB, RS, PC, SKO, RDT and IL

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Contributing Authors

Shankha Banerji, University of Missouri - Columbia

Alok Bhandari, Kansas State University

J. F. Blais, Institut National de la Recherche Scientiflque

Satinder K. Brar, Institut National de la Recherche Scientiflque

Pascale Champagne, Queens University

Ravi Dam era, ENSR Corporation

Angela Kolz, Iowa State University

Keith Lai, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology

Irene Lo, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology

G. Mercier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique

N. Meunier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientiflque

Kshipra Mishra, Institut National de la Recherche Scientiflque

Say Kee Ong, Iowa State University

S. Bala Subramaniam, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique

Rao Surampalli, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

R. D. Tyagi, Institut National de la Recherche Scientiflque

Mausam Verma, Institut National de la Recherche Scientiflque

S. Yan, Institut National de la Recherche Scientiflque

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Contents

V

Chapter 11.11.21.3

Chapter 22.12.22.32.42.5

Chapter 33.13.23.33.43.53.63.73.83.9

3.10

Chapter 44.14.24.34.44.54.64.74.84.9

4.10

Chapter 55.15.2

IntroductionBackgroundDevelopment and Use of Effective Remediation TechnologiesTypes of Remediation Technologies for Soils and Groundwater

Fundamental ProcessesIntroductionSolute Transport in Porous MediaPhysicochemical ProcessesBiological ProcessesConclusion

Physical Treatment TechnologiesIntroductionFree Product RecoveryPump-and-TreatSoil Vapor ExtractionAir SpargingGroundwater Circulation WellsMulti-Phase ExtractionInduced FracturingSoil HeatingConclusion

Chemical Treatment TechnologiesIntroductionPrecipitationChemical Oxidation and ReductionStabilization/SolidificationAdsorption and Ion ExchangeElectrochemical ProcessesChemical Leaching and Solvent ExtractionSoil FlushingSoil WashingConclusion

Redox and Precipitation TechnologiesIntroductionRedox Reaction

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7979798394100105110115123126

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5 . 3 Definition - Precipitation5.4 Contaminants Amenable to Redox Processes and Precipitation5.5 Redox and Precipitation in Natural Systems5.6 Conclusion

Chapter 6 Chemical Reactive Barriers6.1 Introduction6.2 Mechanisms of Groundwater Remediation by PRBs6.3 Geochemical and Hydraulic Behaviors of PRBs6.4 Conclusion

Chapter 7 Biodegradation7.1 Introduction7.2 Definitions7.3 Degradation Pathways and Mechanisms7.4 Rates and Transformation7.5 Case Studies7.6 Conclusion

Chapter 8 Bioremediation with Bacteria and Enzymes8.1 Introduction8.2 Biosparging8.3 Bioventing8.4 Biostimulation8.5 Bioaugmentation8.6 Anaerobic Biotransformation8.7 Aerobic Biotransformation8.8 Biological Fixation8.9 Enzyme-Catalyzed Treatment

8.10 Biological Reactors8.11 Monitored Natural Attenuation8.12 Conclusion

Chapter 9 Bioremediation with Fungi9.1 Introduction9.2 Saprotrophic Fungal Processes9.3 Mycorrhizal Fungal Processes9.4 Conclusion

Chapter 10 Phytoremediation10.1 Introduction10.2 Elements of Phytoremediation10.3 Phytoremediation Applications10.4 Phytoremediation of Inorganic Contaminants10.5 Phytoremediation of Organic Contaminants10.6 Design Considerations

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10.7 Potential and Limits of Phytoremediation Technologies10.8 Conclusion

Chapter 1 1 Metal Removal11.1 Introduction11.2 Metal Contaminants in Soil and Groundwater11.3 Regulations Concerning Metal Contamination1 1 .4 Treatability of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals11.5 Restoration of Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals11.6 Treatment of Groundwater Polluted with Heavy Metals11.7 Conclusion

Chapter 12 Long-Term Monitoring12.1 Introduction12.2 Remediation Objectives12.3 Performance Metrics and Monitoring Parameters12.4 Groundwater Sampling for Performance Monitoring12.5 Key Monitoring Parameters for Remediation Technologies12.6 Conclusion

Editor BiographiesIndex

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