principles of fumigation (basic) - cts

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Principles ofPrinciples of FUMIGATIONFUMIGATION

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BENEFITSBENEFITSto the Clientto the Client

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BenefitsBenefits

1. Penetrates everywhere

2. 99% destruction of target pests

3. Little chemical residue left behind

4. Little inconvenience to the client

5. If carried out correctly, no physical damage inflicted on goods

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Commonly Commonly UsedUsed

FUMIGANTSFUMIGANTS

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1. Methyl bromide CH3Br Buildings, container boxes, commodities

2. Phosphine PH3

Infested tobacco, commodities

3. Hydrogen Cyanide HCN

Used mainly on ships to destroy rats

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Methyl BromideCH3 Br

PhosphinePH3

methyl bromide

phosphine

Molecular StructureMolecular Structure

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1. Carbon Dioxide CO2

2. Nitrogen N2

3. Formaldehyde HCHO

Other FumigantsOther Fumigants

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Nitrogen in a Bubble.Cutting edge fumigation technology

Available only from Rentokil

Bubble + N2

historical items awaiting fumigation in a Singapore museum

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Characteristics Characteristics ofof

FUMIGANTSFUMIGANTS

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Important Parameters of Important Parameters of FumigantsFumigants

Smell

Boiling Point

SG

Flammability

Action against metals

Colour

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Usage Usage of of

FUMIGANTSFUMIGANTS

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Type formulation Packing Quantity Fumigant release

Phostoxin Tablet 3 gm 1 gm

Degesch Plate 117 gm 33 gm

Degesch Strip (117 x 20) gm 33 x 20 gm

Methyl Bromide

(liquid phase)

450 gm cans

35 kg cylinders

450 gm (gaseous

35 kg phase)

Common fumigants are supplied in either solid or liquid form. But the final phase is always gaseous.

FormulationsFormulations

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Fumigant

No. of hours / days holding

Methyl Bromide Normally 24 hrs

Phosphine 5 – 10 days

A quality fumigation requires time to give the best results.

The duration of gas holding depends on the type of fumigant used.

Holding periodsHolding periods

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Measuring Measuring EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT

for Fumigatorsfor Fumigators

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Types of InstrumentsTypes of Instruments

There are 2 categories:

1. Those that measure gas leaks.

2. Those that measure gas concentration.

Professional Fumigators use both.

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Fumigant Equipment

Phosphine Riken PH3 Checker

M Bromide Riken Leak Checker

Leak DetectionLeak Detection

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Riken PH3

Checker

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Riken Leak Checker

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Fumigant Equipment

Phosphine + Draeger Pump

M Bromide Kitagawa Pump

Draeger Multiwarn

Riken IF-18

Measuring ConcentrationMeasuring Concentration

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Draeger Pump

Kitagawa Pump

Detection tubes

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Riken IF-18

Draeger Multiwarn

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Fumigant OES (ppm)

Phosphine, Hyd. Cyanide 0

Methyl Bromide 5

Carbon Dioxide 5,000

Occupational Exposure Std (OES)Occupational Exposure Std (OES)(previously called TLV)(previously called TLV)

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Respiratory Respiratory PROTECTIONPROTECTION

EquipmentEquipment(RPE)(RPE)

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Why required ?Why required ?

1. Humans require 40 litres air / minute

2. Toxic effect of fumigants ( when accidentally inhaled ) is felt within minutes / seconds !

3. Law requires all Fumigators to use RPE for their personal protection

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The Full Face The Full Face Mask (FFM)Mask (FFM)

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SBA has 30 minutes of “breathable air” in a cylinder

The Self The Self Breathing Breathing

Apparatus (SBA)Apparatus (SBA)

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Stack Stack FUMIGATIONFUMIGATION

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Stack FumigationStack Fumigation

Sometime or other, many industries will experience a sudden increase in pest insect population.

The quick solution: Stack Fumigation.

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Conditions for Clients to achieve a Conditions for Clients to achieve a successful Stack Fumigationsuccessful Stack Fumigation

A. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

1. Level floor surface

2. Concrete floor surface

3. Height < 6 m ( = 4 pallet height)

4. Goods on pallets

5. 1m free surrounding space

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A. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

6. Protection from rain,

direct sunshine & wind

7. Sufficient space within for gas circulation

8. A stable & safe pallet stacking

configuration

Conditions for Clients to achieve a Conditions for Clients to achieve a successful Stack Fumigationsuccessful Stack Fumigation

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B. SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

9. Stack sufficient distance from humans ( Rentokil’s risk assesment )

10. A safe, secure site; with controlled access

Conditions for Clients to achieve a Conditions for Clients to achieve a successful Stack Fumigationsuccessful Stack Fumigation

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FumigatingFumigatingCONTAINERSCONTAINERS

for Exportfor Export

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Types of Container Types of Container boxesboxes

The common box types used are :

20 ft or 40 ft in lengthLength of

Box (ft)

Dimension

(ft)

Volume (m3)

20 20 x 8 x 8.5 32.0

40 40 x 8 x 8.5 64.0

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Why fumigate ?Why fumigate ?

1. Insect pests, rodents can infest container boxes. Spread plant & animal diseases across borders. Harm human health , economies & world trade.

2. Strict National Quarantine Laws, ensure containers are suitably treated before being permitted to enter the destination country e.g. Australia

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Why fumigate at the source Why fumigate at the source country located in Asia ?country located in Asia ?

Cheaper !

Example: Malaysia RM (120 – 180)

Indonesia RM (130 – 150)

Singapore S$ (90 – 110)

Hong Kong HK$ ( 2,000)

UK GBP (200 – 250)

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Container Box

Trailer

Weighing scale

35 kg MB cylinder

Application Line

Danger sign

A Trained Rentokil Fumigator

Preparing a containerPreparing a container

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A Checklist for ExportersA Checklist for ExportersTo make an informed judgement before quoting the cost of a container

fumigation , Exporters must give Rentokil the following information :

1. Nature of the cargo to be fumigated

2. Container box size

3. Is ventilation required upon arrival ?

4. Port of Destination

5. Where is the fumigation site ?

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Ventilating ContainersVentilating Containers2 types of container fumigations – from the viewpoint of ventilation:

Type Ventilation ? Destination

A. No ventilationNo ventilation before loading onto ships( container fumigation-in-transit)

Most countries.

But trend is rapidly changing to Type B.

B. Compulsory ventilationCompulsory ventilation before loading onto ships

1. Singapore

2. Netherlands

3. Upon special customer request

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MB dosage for containers – MB dosage for containers – depends on destination !depends on destination !

Type Dosage Destination

1. 48 gm / m3 1. Australia (excl. Darwin)2. Malaysia + most countries

2. 80 gm / m3 1. New Zealand

2. Malaysia – Khapra beetle in an empty container box

3. 128 gm / m3 1. Only Darwin (Australia)

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Health & SafetyHealth & Safetyinin

FUMIGATIONFUMIGATION

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Objective of H & Safety Objective of H & Safety in Fumigationin Fumigation

1. Protect Fumigator

2. Protect Client’s staff, property, products

3. Comply with local laws

4. Comply with Rentokil’s internal standards & international best practices

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Rentokil manages Fumigation Rentokil manages Fumigation Safety in several waysSafety in several ways

1. Written Risk Assessments (Rentokil)

2. Warning Notices (by Law)

3. Warning Signage (by Law)

4. Training Fumigators (Rentokil + Law)

5. Right equipment (Rentokil)

6. Internal Safety Audits (Rentokil)

:

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Conducting a Written Risk Conducting a Written Risk AssessmentAssessment

a. Site inspection, & assessing on a case-by-case basis.

b. Before job is confirmed.

c. Client cooperation essential.

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1. Require Licensed Fumigator

2. Issuance of Notices prior to commencement of fumigation , clearing gas, keeping records

The LawThe Law HYDROGEN CYANIDE HYDROGEN CYANIDE (Fumigation) ACT, 1953(Fumigation) ACT, 1953

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Using Warning SignsUsing Warning Signs

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Training Fumigators in-houseTraining Fumigators in-house

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Using the Right EquipmentUsing the Right Equipment

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Thank You !