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PhonologyPracticeExercisesLinguistics201

TonganTonganisanAustronesianlanguagewhichisspokenbyabout100,000people,primarilyinthesouthPacific,inplacessuchasTonga,AmericanSamoaandFiji.TherearealsoafewspeakersinNorthAmerica,AustraliaandNewZealand.ConsidertheTongandatabelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.1.[fata] 'shelf' 5.[sisi] 'grand'2.[motu] 'island' 6.[mosimosi] 'todrizzle'3.[motomoto] 'unripe' 7.[fesi] 'tobreak'4.[movete] 'tocomeapart'Whatisthedistributionofthephones[s]and[t]inTongan?Aretheyseparatephonemes,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Ifyouthinktheyareseparatephonemes,statetheevidenceshowingthatthetwosoundsarecontrastive.Ifyouthinktheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,writeaphonologicalrulethataccountsfortheirdistribution.SindhiSindhiisanIndo‐EuropeanlanguagewhichisspokenprimarilyinPakistanbyabout21millionpeople.1.[pәnu] ‘leaf’ 7.[tәru] ‘bottom’2.[vәdʒu] ‘opportunity’ 8.[khәto] ‘sour’3.[ʃeki] ‘suspicious’ 9.[bәdʒu] ‘run’4.[gәdo] ‘dull’ 10.[bәnu] ‘forest’5.[dәru] ‘door’ 11.[bәtʃu] ‘besafe’6.[phәnu] ‘hoodofsnake’ 12.[dʒәdʒu] ‘judge’Whatisthedistributionofthephones[p],[b]and[ph]inSindhi?Aretheyseparatephonemes,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Giveevidenceforyouranswerbyeitherprovidingaruleforthedistributionoftheallophonesoraminimalpairforthephonemes.

MicmacMicmacisanAlgonquianlanguagewhichisspokenbyabout7,000peopleineasternCanada,inplacessuchasCapeBretonIsland,NewBrunswick,andtheGaspéPeninsulaofQuebec.Infact,thenameGaspécomesfromtheMicmacwordgespeg,meaning"land'send".1.[pis] 'flea' 7.[sipsulk] 'tocausetrembling'2.[sabus] 'pierced' 8.[tibol] 'itfalls'3.[talsip] 'when' 9.[sebai] 'tohunt'4.[walpok] 'pool' 10.[alispei] 'tobewet'5.[ababo] 'thread' 11.[pabi] 'play'6.[kalibu] 'caribou' 12.[apsem] 'towarm'Are[p]and[b]separatephonemesinMicmac,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Giveevidenceforyouranswerbyeitherprovidingaruleforthedistributionoftheallophonesoraminimalpairforthephonemes.MokileseMokileseisanotherAustronesianlanguage,whichisspokenonapairofsmallislandsintheFederatedStatesofMicronesia,byabout1,000people.ExaminetheMokilesedatabelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

Phonetically,Mokilesehasvoicelessvowels(whicharedenotedwiththediacriticforvoicelessnessunderneaththem).WhatisthenaturalclassofvowelsthatcanbedevoicedinMokilese?Whatisthephoneticenvironmentwhichdetermineswhenthesevowelsbecomevoiceless?

PhonologyPracticeExercisesLinguistics201

TonganTonganisanAustronesianlanguagewhichisspokenbyabout100,000people,primarilyinthesouthPacific,inplacessuchasTonga,AmericanSamoaandFiji.TherearealsoafewspeakersinNorthAmerica,AustraliaandNewZealand.ConsidertheTongandatabelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.1.[fata] 'shelf' 5.[sisi] 'grand'2.[motu] 'island' 6.[mosimosi] 'todrizzle'3.[motomoto] 'unripe' 7.[fesi] 'tobreak'4.[movete] 'tocomeapart'Whatisthedistributionofthephones[s]and[t]inTongan?Aretheyseparatephonemes,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Ifyouthinktheyareseparatephonemes,statetheevidenceshowingthatthetwosoundsarecontrastive.Ifyouthinktheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,writeaphonologicalrulethataccountsfortheirdistribution.Answer:Theyareallophonesofthesamephoneme.[s](therestrictedallophone)isonlyfoundbefore[i],and[t](thebasicallophone)isfoundbeforealltheothervowels.Rule: /t/→[s]/___[i]

SindhiSindhiisanIndo‐EuropeanlanguagewhichisspokenprimarilyinPakistanbyabout21millionpeople.1.[pәnu] ‘leaf’ 7.[tәru] ‘bottom’2.[vәdʒu] ‘opportunity’ 8.[khәto] ‘sour’3.[ʃeki] ‘suspicious’ 9.[bәdʒu] ‘run’4.[gәdo] ‘dull’ 10.[bәnu] ‘forest’5.[dәru] ‘door’ 11.[bәtʃu] ‘besafe’6.[phәnu] ‘hoodofsnake’ 12.[dʒәdʒu] ‘judge’Whatisthedistributionofthephones[p],[b]and[ph]inSindhi?Aretheyseparatephonemes,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Giveevidenceforyouranswerbyeitherprovidingaruleforthedistributionoftheallophonesoraminimalpairforthephonemes.Answer:[p],[b]and[ph]arecontrastivephonemesinSindhi.Thereisaniceminimalsetforallthree:1.[pәnu] ‘leaf’6.[phәnu] ‘hoodofsnake’10.[bәnu] ‘forest’

MicmacMicmacisanAlgonquianlanguagewhichisspokenbyabout7,000peopleineasternCanada,inplacessuchasCapeBretonIsland,NewBrunswick,andtheGaspéPeninsulaofQuebec.Infact,thenameGaspécomesfromtheMicmacwordgespeg,meaning"land'send".1.[pis] 'flea' 7.[sipsulk] 'tocausetrembling'2.[sabus] 'pierced' 8.[tibol] 'itfalls'3.[talsip] 'when' 9.[sebai] 'tohunt'4.[walpok] 'pool' 10.[alispei] 'tobewet'5.[ababo] 'thread' 11.[pabi] 'play'6.[kalibu] 'caribou' 12.[apsem] 'towarm'Are[p]and[b]separatephonemesinMicmac,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Giveevidenceforyouranswerbyeitherprovidingaruleforthedistributionoftheallophonesoraminimalpairforthephonemes.Answer:[p]and[b]areallophonesofthesamephonemeinMicmac.[b](therestrictedallophone)onlyappearsbetweentwovowels,and[p](thebasicallophone)appearseverywhereelse(withoneortwoconsonantsoneitherside,orattheedgeofaword)./p/→[b]/V____V

MokileseMokileseisanotherAustronesianlanguage,whichisspokenonapairofsmallislandsintheFederatedStatesofMicronesia,byabout1,000people.ExaminetheMokilesedatabelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.

Phonetically,Mokilesehasvoicelessvowels(whicharedenotedwiththediacriticforvoicelessnessunderneaththem).WhatisthenaturalclassofvowelsthatcanbedevoicedinMokilese?Whatisthephoneticenvironmentwhichdetermineswhenthesevowelsbecomevoiceless?Answer:Onlyhighvowels([i],[u])canbedevoicedinMokilese.Theybecomevoicelessiftheyaresurroundedbyvoicelessconsonants.

PhonologyPracticeExercises,part2Linguistics201

DistinctiveFeaturesandRulesBelowaresome(formalandinformal)descriptionsofphonologicalrules.Writeouteachruleinformalnotation,usingtheappropriatedistinctivefeaturesforeachsegmentinvolvedintherule.Youmayfindthefeaturetableattheendofsection3.3inyourtextbooktobeofuseincompletingthisexercise.Onestrategyyoucanusefortheseproblemsistothinkfirstofthephoneticdescriptionsofeachsegment(voicing,placeandmannerforconsonants,andheight,front/backness,roundingandtense/laxforvowels)andjustconvertthoseintothecorrespondingphonologicalfeatures.Ultimately,yourgoalshouldbetotrytoincludeonlythosefeatureswhicharenecessarytospecifytheidentityofthesegments("naturalclasses")involvedintherule.Example:Tongan:/t/becomes[s]before[i]FeatureNotation:

€

+consonantalCORONAL−voice+anterior−continuant

→

€

+continuant+strident

/_____

€

−consonantalDORSAL+high+ front−round+tense

(NotethatCrepresentsanyconsonant,Vrepresentsanyvowel,and#isawordboundary.)1.Micmac:/p/becomes[b]betweentwovowels2.Mokilese:[i]+[u]becomevoicelessinbetweentwovoicelessconsonants3.Japanese:/s/becomes[ʃ]before[i]4.Japanese:/h/becomes[f]before[u]5./n/→[m]/____[b]6./l/→[o]/[i]____#7./t/→[tʃ]/____[r]

PhonologyPracticeExercises,part2Linguistics201

DistinctiveFeaturesandRulesBelowaresome(formalandinformal)descriptionsofphonologicalrules.Writeouteachruleinformalnotation,usingtheappropriatedistinctivefeaturesforeachsegmentinvolvedintherule.Youmayfindthefeaturetableattheendofsection3.3inyourtextbooktobeofuseincompletingthisexercise.Onestrategyyoucanusefortheseproblemsistothinkfirstofthephoneticdescriptionsofeachsegment(voicing,placeandmannerforconsonants,andheight,front/backness,roundingandtense/laxforvowels)andjustconvertthoseintothecorrespondingphonologicalfeatures.Ultimately,yourgoalshouldbetotrytoincludeonlythosefeatureswhicharenecessarytospecifytheidentityofthesegments("naturalclasses")involvedintherule.Example:Tongan:/t/becomes[s]before[i]FeatureNotation:

€

+consonantalCORONAL−voice+anterior−continuant

→

€

+continuant+strident

/_____

€

−consonantalDORSAL+high+ front−round+tense

(NotethatCrepresentsanyconsonant,Vrepresentsanyvowel,and#isawordboundary.)1.Micmac:/p/becomes[b]betweentwovowels

€

+consonantalLABIAL−voice−continuant

→

€

+voice[ ] /

€

−consonantal+syllabic

_____

€

−consonantal+syllabic

2.Mokilese:[i]+[u]becomevoicelessinbetweentwovoicelessconsonants

€

−consonantal+syllabicDORSAL+high+voice

→

€

−voice[ ]/

€

+consonantal−voice

_____

€

+consonantal−voice

3.Japanese:/s/becomes[ʃ]before[i]

€

+consonantalCORONAL+anterior−voice+continuant+strident

→

€

−anterior[ ] /_____

€

−consonantal+syllabicDORSAL+high−back+tense

4.Japanese:/h/becomes[f]before[u]

€

−consonantal+spreadglottis+continuant

→

€

+consonantalLABIAL−round−spreadglottis

/_____

€

−consonantal+syllabicDORSAL+high+backLABIAL+round+tense

5./n/→[m]/____[b]

€

+consonantalCORONAL+anterior+voice+nasal

→

€

LABIAL−round

/_____

€

+consonantalLABIAL−round+voice−nasal−continuant

6./l/→[o]/[i]____#

€

+consonantalCORONAL+anterior+continuant+lateral+voice

→

€

−consonantal+syllabicDORSAL+backLABIAL+round−high−low+tense−lateral

/

€

−consonantal+syllabicDORSAL+high−back+tense

_____#

7./t/→[tʃ]/____[r]

€

+consonantalCORONAL+anterior−voice−continuant−delayedrelease

→

€

−anterior+delayedrelease+strident

/_____

€

+consonantalCORONAL−anterior+sonorant+continuant+voice

Phonology  Practice  Exercises,  part  3  Linguistics  201  

 1.  Syllable  Structure    For  each  of  the  following  words,  (i)  give  an  appropriate  broad  phonetic  transcription  and  then  (ii)  show  how  the  word  is  syllabified  by  clearly  labeling  the  segments  in  the  onset,  nucleus  and  coda  of  each  syllable.   a.  Election          b.  Frisbee          c.  Advertise          d.  Demonstrate          e.  Confusing  

2.  Quebec  French    In  the  Quebec  French  data  below,  consider  the  distribution  of  [t]  and  [ts]  (a  voiceless  alveolar  affricate).    State  their  distribution  and  determine  if  they  are  allophones  of  one  phoneme  or  of  separate  phonemes.  If  you  think  they  contrast,  provide  evidence  that  they  do.  Otherwise,  state  the  environment  in  which  each  allophone  appears.    Note  that  Quebec  French  includes  two  vowels  which  are  not  found  in  English:    [y]   a  high,  front,  tense,  rounded  vowel  [ʏ]   a  high,  front,  lax,  rounded  vowel    (Also-­‐-­‐the  French  /r/  is  phonetically  different  from  English  /r/,  but  that  fact  is  irrelevant  to  the  solution  of  this  problem.)    [tu] 'all' [telegram] 'telegram' [abutsi] 'ended' [trɛ] 'very' [tɛl] 'such' [kʏltsyr] 'culture' [tab] 'stamp' [minʏt] 'minute' [tsimɪd] 'timid' [tsy] 'you' [tsɪt] 'title' [tsʏb] 'tube'        3.  Korean    Consider  the  sounds  [l]  and  [r]  in  the  data  from  Korean  below  and  then  answer  the  questions  that  follow.    Note  that  Korean  [l]  and  [r]  are  phonetically  different  from  their  English  counterparts,  but  this  fact  is  irrelevant  to  the  solution  of  this  problem.    [mul]     'water'         [mal]       'horse'  [mulkama]   'place  for  water'     [malkama]     'place  for  horse'  [mure]     'at  the  water'       [mare]       'at  the  horse'  [pal]     'foot'         [pari]       'of  the  foot'  [səәul]     'Seoul'         [rupi]       'ruby'  [ilkop]     'seven'         [ratio]       'radio'    Are  [l]  and  [r]  contrastive  sounds,  or  are  they  allophones  of  the  same  phoneme?  If  you  think  they  contrast,  provide  evidence  that  they  do.  Otherwise,  state  the  environment  in  which  each  allophone  appears.          

PhonologyPracticeExercises,part3Linguistics201

1.QuebecFrenchIntheQuebecFrenchdatabelow,considerthedistributionof[t]and[ts](avoicelessalveolaraffricate).Statetheirdistributionanddetermineiftheyareallophonesofonephonemeorofseparatephonemes.Ifyouthinktheycontrast,provideevidencethattheydo.Otherwise,statetheenvironmentinwhicheachallophoneappears.NotethatQuebecFrenchincludestwovowelswhicharenotfoundinEnglish:[y] ahigh,front,tense,roundedvowel[ʏ] ahigh,front,lax,roundedvowel(Also‐‐theFrench/r/isphoneticallydifferentfromEnglish/r/,butthatfactisirrelevanttothesolutionofthisproblem.)[tu] 'all' [telegram] 'telegram' [abutsi] 'ended' [trɛ] 'very' [tɛl] 'such' [kʏltsyr] 'culture' [tab] 'stamp' [minʏt] 'minute' [tsimɪd] 'timid' [tsy] 'you' [tsɪt] 'title' [tsʏb] 'tube' Answer:[t]and[ts]areallophonesofthesamephoneme.Distribution:[ts]appearsbefore[i],[ɪ],[y]and[ʏ],while[t]appearseverywhereelse.Rule:/t/changesinto[ts]infrontofhigh,frontvowels.

2.KoreanConsiderthesounds[l]and[r]inthedatafromKoreanbelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.NotethatKorean[l]and[r]arephoneticallydifferentfromtheirEnglishcounterparts,butthisfactisirrelevanttothesolutionofthisproblem.[mul] 'water' [mal] 'horse'[mulkama] 'placeforwater' [malkama] 'placeforhorse'[mure] 'atthewater' [mare] 'atthehorse'[pal] 'foot' [pari] 'ofthefoot'[sәul] 'Seoul' [rupi] 'ruby'[ilkop] 'seven' [ratio] 'radio'Are[l]and[r]contrastivesounds,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Ifyouthinktheycontrast,provideevidencethattheydo.Otherwise,statetheenvironmentinwhicheachallophoneappears.AnswerInKorean,[l]and[r]areallophonesofthesamephoneme.[l]appearsonlyinsyllablecodas,while[r]onlyappearsinsyllableonsets.