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PhonologyPracticeExercisesLinguistics201
TonganTonganisanAustronesianlanguagewhichisspokenbyabout100,000people,primarilyinthesouthPacific,inplacessuchasTonga,AmericanSamoaandFiji.TherearealsoafewspeakersinNorthAmerica,AustraliaandNewZealand.ConsidertheTongandatabelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.1.[fata] 'shelf' 5.[sisi] 'grand'2.[motu] 'island' 6.[mosimosi] 'todrizzle'3.[motomoto] 'unripe' 7.[fesi] 'tobreak'4.[movete] 'tocomeapart'Whatisthedistributionofthephones[s]and[t]inTongan?Aretheyseparatephonemes,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Ifyouthinktheyareseparatephonemes,statetheevidenceshowingthatthetwosoundsarecontrastive.Ifyouthinktheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,writeaphonologicalrulethataccountsfortheirdistribution.SindhiSindhiisanIndo‐EuropeanlanguagewhichisspokenprimarilyinPakistanbyabout21millionpeople.1.[pәnu] ‘leaf’ 7.[tәru] ‘bottom’2.[vәdʒu] ‘opportunity’ 8.[khәto] ‘sour’3.[ʃeki] ‘suspicious’ 9.[bәdʒu] ‘run’4.[gәdo] ‘dull’ 10.[bәnu] ‘forest’5.[dәru] ‘door’ 11.[bәtʃu] ‘besafe’6.[phәnu] ‘hoodofsnake’ 12.[dʒәdʒu] ‘judge’Whatisthedistributionofthephones[p],[b]and[ph]inSindhi?Aretheyseparatephonemes,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Giveevidenceforyouranswerbyeitherprovidingaruleforthedistributionoftheallophonesoraminimalpairforthephonemes.
MicmacMicmacisanAlgonquianlanguagewhichisspokenbyabout7,000peopleineasternCanada,inplacessuchasCapeBretonIsland,NewBrunswick,andtheGaspéPeninsulaofQuebec.Infact,thenameGaspécomesfromtheMicmacwordgespeg,meaning"land'send".1.[pis] 'flea' 7.[sipsulk] 'tocausetrembling'2.[sabus] 'pierced' 8.[tibol] 'itfalls'3.[talsip] 'when' 9.[sebai] 'tohunt'4.[walpok] 'pool' 10.[alispei] 'tobewet'5.[ababo] 'thread' 11.[pabi] 'play'6.[kalibu] 'caribou' 12.[apsem] 'towarm'Are[p]and[b]separatephonemesinMicmac,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Giveevidenceforyouranswerbyeitherprovidingaruleforthedistributionoftheallophonesoraminimalpairforthephonemes.MokileseMokileseisanotherAustronesianlanguage,whichisspokenonapairofsmallislandsintheFederatedStatesofMicronesia,byabout1,000people.ExaminetheMokilesedatabelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
Phonetically,Mokilesehasvoicelessvowels(whicharedenotedwiththediacriticforvoicelessnessunderneaththem).WhatisthenaturalclassofvowelsthatcanbedevoicedinMokilese?Whatisthephoneticenvironmentwhichdetermineswhenthesevowelsbecomevoiceless?
PhonologyPracticeExercisesLinguistics201
TonganTonganisanAustronesianlanguagewhichisspokenbyabout100,000people,primarilyinthesouthPacific,inplacessuchasTonga,AmericanSamoaandFiji.TherearealsoafewspeakersinNorthAmerica,AustraliaandNewZealand.ConsidertheTongandatabelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.1.[fata] 'shelf' 5.[sisi] 'grand'2.[motu] 'island' 6.[mosimosi] 'todrizzle'3.[motomoto] 'unripe' 7.[fesi] 'tobreak'4.[movete] 'tocomeapart'Whatisthedistributionofthephones[s]and[t]inTongan?Aretheyseparatephonemes,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Ifyouthinktheyareseparatephonemes,statetheevidenceshowingthatthetwosoundsarecontrastive.Ifyouthinktheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,writeaphonologicalrulethataccountsfortheirdistribution.Answer:Theyareallophonesofthesamephoneme.[s](therestrictedallophone)isonlyfoundbefore[i],and[t](thebasicallophone)isfoundbeforealltheothervowels.Rule: /t/→[s]/___[i]
SindhiSindhiisanIndo‐EuropeanlanguagewhichisspokenprimarilyinPakistanbyabout21millionpeople.1.[pәnu] ‘leaf’ 7.[tәru] ‘bottom’2.[vәdʒu] ‘opportunity’ 8.[khәto] ‘sour’3.[ʃeki] ‘suspicious’ 9.[bәdʒu] ‘run’4.[gәdo] ‘dull’ 10.[bәnu] ‘forest’5.[dәru] ‘door’ 11.[bәtʃu] ‘besafe’6.[phәnu] ‘hoodofsnake’ 12.[dʒәdʒu] ‘judge’Whatisthedistributionofthephones[p],[b]and[ph]inSindhi?Aretheyseparatephonemes,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Giveevidenceforyouranswerbyeitherprovidingaruleforthedistributionoftheallophonesoraminimalpairforthephonemes.Answer:[p],[b]and[ph]arecontrastivephonemesinSindhi.Thereisaniceminimalsetforallthree:1.[pәnu] ‘leaf’6.[phәnu] ‘hoodofsnake’10.[bәnu] ‘forest’
MicmacMicmacisanAlgonquianlanguagewhichisspokenbyabout7,000peopleineasternCanada,inplacessuchasCapeBretonIsland,NewBrunswick,andtheGaspéPeninsulaofQuebec.Infact,thenameGaspécomesfromtheMicmacwordgespeg,meaning"land'send".1.[pis] 'flea' 7.[sipsulk] 'tocausetrembling'2.[sabus] 'pierced' 8.[tibol] 'itfalls'3.[talsip] 'when' 9.[sebai] 'tohunt'4.[walpok] 'pool' 10.[alispei] 'tobewet'5.[ababo] 'thread' 11.[pabi] 'play'6.[kalibu] 'caribou' 12.[apsem] 'towarm'Are[p]and[b]separatephonemesinMicmac,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Giveevidenceforyouranswerbyeitherprovidingaruleforthedistributionoftheallophonesoraminimalpairforthephonemes.Answer:[p]and[b]areallophonesofthesamephonemeinMicmac.[b](therestrictedallophone)onlyappearsbetweentwovowels,and[p](thebasicallophone)appearseverywhereelse(withoneortwoconsonantsoneitherside,orattheedgeofaword)./p/→[b]/V____V
MokileseMokileseisanotherAustronesianlanguage,whichisspokenonapairofsmallislandsintheFederatedStatesofMicronesia,byabout1,000people.ExaminetheMokilesedatabelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.
Phonetically,Mokilesehasvoicelessvowels(whicharedenotedwiththediacriticforvoicelessnessunderneaththem).WhatisthenaturalclassofvowelsthatcanbedevoicedinMokilese?Whatisthephoneticenvironmentwhichdetermineswhenthesevowelsbecomevoiceless?Answer:Onlyhighvowels([i],[u])canbedevoicedinMokilese.Theybecomevoicelessiftheyaresurroundedbyvoicelessconsonants.
PhonologyPracticeExercises,part2Linguistics201
DistinctiveFeaturesandRulesBelowaresome(formalandinformal)descriptionsofphonologicalrules.Writeouteachruleinformalnotation,usingtheappropriatedistinctivefeaturesforeachsegmentinvolvedintherule.Youmayfindthefeaturetableattheendofsection3.3inyourtextbooktobeofuseincompletingthisexercise.Onestrategyyoucanusefortheseproblemsistothinkfirstofthephoneticdescriptionsofeachsegment(voicing,placeandmannerforconsonants,andheight,front/backness,roundingandtense/laxforvowels)andjustconvertthoseintothecorrespondingphonologicalfeatures.Ultimately,yourgoalshouldbetotrytoincludeonlythosefeatureswhicharenecessarytospecifytheidentityofthesegments("naturalclasses")involvedintherule.Example:Tongan:/t/becomes[s]before[i]FeatureNotation:
€
+consonantalCORONAL−voice+anterior−continuant
→
€
+continuant+strident
/_____
€
−consonantalDORSAL+high+ front−round+tense
(NotethatCrepresentsanyconsonant,Vrepresentsanyvowel,and#isawordboundary.)1.Micmac:/p/becomes[b]betweentwovowels2.Mokilese:[i]+[u]becomevoicelessinbetweentwovoicelessconsonants3.Japanese:/s/becomes[ʃ]before[i]4.Japanese:/h/becomes[f]before[u]5./n/→[m]/____[b]6./l/→[o]/[i]____#7./t/→[tʃ]/____[r]
PhonologyPracticeExercises,part2Linguistics201
DistinctiveFeaturesandRulesBelowaresome(formalandinformal)descriptionsofphonologicalrules.Writeouteachruleinformalnotation,usingtheappropriatedistinctivefeaturesforeachsegmentinvolvedintherule.Youmayfindthefeaturetableattheendofsection3.3inyourtextbooktobeofuseincompletingthisexercise.Onestrategyyoucanusefortheseproblemsistothinkfirstofthephoneticdescriptionsofeachsegment(voicing,placeandmannerforconsonants,andheight,front/backness,roundingandtense/laxforvowels)andjustconvertthoseintothecorrespondingphonologicalfeatures.Ultimately,yourgoalshouldbetotrytoincludeonlythosefeatureswhicharenecessarytospecifytheidentityofthesegments("naturalclasses")involvedintherule.Example:Tongan:/t/becomes[s]before[i]FeatureNotation:
€
+consonantalCORONAL−voice+anterior−continuant
→
€
+continuant+strident
/_____
€
−consonantalDORSAL+high+ front−round+tense
(NotethatCrepresentsanyconsonant,Vrepresentsanyvowel,and#isawordboundary.)1.Micmac:/p/becomes[b]betweentwovowels
€
+consonantalLABIAL−voice−continuant
→
€
+voice[ ] /
€
−consonantal+syllabic
_____
€
−consonantal+syllabic
2.Mokilese:[i]+[u]becomevoicelessinbetweentwovoicelessconsonants
€
−consonantal+syllabicDORSAL+high+voice
→
€
−voice[ ]/
€
+consonantal−voice
_____
€
+consonantal−voice
3.Japanese:/s/becomes[ʃ]before[i]
€
+consonantalCORONAL+anterior−voice+continuant+strident
→
€
−anterior[ ] /_____
€
−consonantal+syllabicDORSAL+high−back+tense
4.Japanese:/h/becomes[f]before[u]
€
−consonantal+spreadglottis+continuant
→
€
+consonantalLABIAL−round−spreadglottis
/_____
€
−consonantal+syllabicDORSAL+high+backLABIAL+round+tense
5./n/→[m]/____[b]
€
+consonantalCORONAL+anterior+voice+nasal
→
€
LABIAL−round
/_____
€
+consonantalLABIAL−round+voice−nasal−continuant
6./l/→[o]/[i]____#
€
+consonantalCORONAL+anterior+continuant+lateral+voice
→
€
−consonantal+syllabicDORSAL+backLABIAL+round−high−low+tense−lateral
/
€
−consonantal+syllabicDORSAL+high−back+tense
_____#
7./t/→[tʃ]/____[r]
€
+consonantalCORONAL+anterior−voice−continuant−delayedrelease
→
€
−anterior+delayedrelease+strident
/_____
€
+consonantalCORONAL−anterior+sonorant+continuant+voice
Phonology Practice Exercises, part 3 Linguistics 201
1. Syllable Structure For each of the following words, (i) give an appropriate broad phonetic transcription and then (ii) show how the word is syllabified by clearly labeling the segments in the onset, nucleus and coda of each syllable. a. Election b. Frisbee c. Advertise d. Demonstrate e. Confusing
2. Quebec French In the Quebec French data below, consider the distribution of [t] and [ts] (a voiceless alveolar affricate). State their distribution and determine if they are allophones of one phoneme or of separate phonemes. If you think they contrast, provide evidence that they do. Otherwise, state the environment in which each allophone appears. Note that Quebec French includes two vowels which are not found in English: [y] a high, front, tense, rounded vowel [ʏ] a high, front, lax, rounded vowel (Also-‐-‐the French /r/ is phonetically different from English /r/, but that fact is irrelevant to the solution of this problem.) [tu] 'all' [telegram] 'telegram' [abutsi] 'ended' [trɛ] 'very' [tɛl] 'such' [kʏltsyr] 'culture' [tab] 'stamp' [minʏt] 'minute' [tsimɪd] 'timid' [tsy] 'you' [tsɪt] 'title' [tsʏb] 'tube' 3. Korean Consider the sounds [l] and [r] in the data from Korean below and then answer the questions that follow. Note that Korean [l] and [r] are phonetically different from their English counterparts, but this fact is irrelevant to the solution of this problem. [mul] 'water' [mal] 'horse' [mulkama] 'place for water' [malkama] 'place for horse' [mure] 'at the water' [mare] 'at the horse' [pal] 'foot' [pari] 'of the foot' [səәul] 'Seoul' [rupi] 'ruby' [ilkop] 'seven' [ratio] 'radio' Are [l] and [r] contrastive sounds, or are they allophones of the same phoneme? If you think they contrast, provide evidence that they do. Otherwise, state the environment in which each allophone appears.
PhonologyPracticeExercises,part3Linguistics201
1.QuebecFrenchIntheQuebecFrenchdatabelow,considerthedistributionof[t]and[ts](avoicelessalveolaraffricate).Statetheirdistributionanddetermineiftheyareallophonesofonephonemeorofseparatephonemes.Ifyouthinktheycontrast,provideevidencethattheydo.Otherwise,statetheenvironmentinwhicheachallophoneappears.NotethatQuebecFrenchincludestwovowelswhicharenotfoundinEnglish:[y] ahigh,front,tense,roundedvowel[ʏ] ahigh,front,lax,roundedvowel(Also‐‐theFrench/r/isphoneticallydifferentfromEnglish/r/,butthatfactisirrelevanttothesolutionofthisproblem.)[tu] 'all' [telegram] 'telegram' [abutsi] 'ended' [trɛ] 'very' [tɛl] 'such' [kʏltsyr] 'culture' [tab] 'stamp' [minʏt] 'minute' [tsimɪd] 'timid' [tsy] 'you' [tsɪt] 'title' [tsʏb] 'tube' Answer:[t]and[ts]areallophonesofthesamephoneme.Distribution:[ts]appearsbefore[i],[ɪ],[y]and[ʏ],while[t]appearseverywhereelse.Rule:/t/changesinto[ts]infrontofhigh,frontvowels.
2.KoreanConsiderthesounds[l]and[r]inthedatafromKoreanbelowandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.NotethatKorean[l]and[r]arephoneticallydifferentfromtheirEnglishcounterparts,butthisfactisirrelevanttothesolutionofthisproblem.[mul] 'water' [mal] 'horse'[mulkama] 'placeforwater' [malkama] 'placeforhorse'[mure] 'atthewater' [mare] 'atthehorse'[pal] 'foot' [pari] 'ofthefoot'[sәul] 'Seoul' [rupi] 'ruby'[ilkop] 'seven' [ratio] 'radio'Are[l]and[r]contrastivesounds,oraretheyallophonesofthesamephoneme?Ifyouthinktheycontrast,provideevidencethattheydo.Otherwise,statetheenvironmentinwhicheachallophoneappears.AnswerInKorean,[l]and[r]areallophonesofthesamephoneme.[l]appearsonlyinsyllablecodas,while[r]onlyappearsinsyllableonsets.