outline of environmental problems in arkhangelsk...
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Outline of Environmental Problems in Arkhangelsk Region
Nikolay Larionov
Oulanka research station, 03.05.2012
Arkhangelsk Region. Statistics
Area: 589 913 km2 --> 8th position Population (2010): 1 185 400 --> 41st position Density: 2,14 persons/km2 Urban v.s. Rural = 74% : 26%
Territory: flatland with a gradient towards Barents Sea . Rivers and lakes: belong to the Arctic ocean basin. Largest rivers are Severnaya Dvina, Onega, Mezen, Pechora. There are about 2,5 thousand lakes existing Climate: temperate continental of the major part , subarctic at North-Eastern part, arctic one at islands. Temperatures: Winters are cold, average temperatures are −12°С (South-West), and −18°С (North-East). Summer is short and not warm, average temperatures are 16°С (South) and 8-10°С (North) Vegetation: 50-60 days (North), and 150—155 days(South). Precipitation: 300 - 500 mm/year. North-West part of the region is covered by permafrost.
Index
Landscapes
Cold Desert (Tundra)
Northern boreal zone
(Northern taiga)
Middle boreal zone
(Middle Taiga)
1 . Average temperature of the year’s coldest month
-18,8 -12,8 -13,8
2. Average temperature of the year’s warmest month
12,1 15,2 16,6
3. Annual range of monthly average temperatures
30,9 28,0 30,4
4. Duration of the frost-free period, days - 85 102
5. Year average precipitation, mm 363 459 546
6. snow cover occurrence, days 216 172 174
7. Absolutely minimal air temperatures -52,0 -49,0 -51,0
Arkhangelsk region. Landscapes
Climate : Arctic (islands and Nenets region and North-Eastern part of the region) and Subarctic (the rest area). Landscapes : cold desert and boreal zones. Main soil types : podzol, gley-podzol soils, peats. Wetlands are mainly located in Northern part of the region and along Onega river basin (up to 25%) due to the valley type of the territory, slow drainage and presence of the clay layers. Severnaya Dvina River’s basin bogginess is 8,5%.
Arkhangelsk region. Mineral resources
Vast forest recourses: capacity - 2,5 bln. m3, area covered - 23 mln. ha (coniferous – 80%, deciduous -20%) Minerals: oil, gas, bauxite, diamonds, limestone, dolomite, building stones, mineral water, manganese and copper ores, zinc, lead, etc Agriculture: under risk, major activities – Southern part of the region Main disadvantage: remoteness and harsh climate conditions
Arkhangelsk region. Regional climate change
Shift of the temperature frontiers within the forest line of Russian Plain during 1999-2003 as compared to year 1975
Degradation of permafrost in XIX-XX centuries
Shifts in ranges (areals) of polecat and arctic fox in XX century
Examples of prolonged affect of temperature change:
Climate change as a cyclic process
Long-term (from hundreds to thousands years)
Short-term (from year to
thens of years)
Period is from 0,95 to 1,6 thousand
years
Period is 2, 5, 9, 11, 23 years or 60-
90 yers
Arkhangelsk region. Seismicity
105 nature protected areas – total area 7 882 269 ha
(1 wildlife reserve + 3 natural parks + 2 sanctuaries) = 6 – under State jurisdiction
(32 nature reserves + 67 natural monuments ) = 99 - under Region’s jurisdiction
Arkhangelsk region. Nature protected areas
Arkhangelsk region. Nature protected areas
“Hot spots”: Pulp and paper industry , wood processing industry Oil and gas production Radiation pollution and nuclear activities Shipbuilding and machinery Heat and power plants, boiler-house plants Space rocket launching activities SDW and industrial landfills Motor vehicles Fishery
Arkhangelsk region. “Hot spots”
39,0%
25,0%
19,3%
8,5%
4,8% Timber, wood processingand pulp and paper industry
Oil and gas industry
Machinery and shipbuilding
Heat and power supply
Food industry
Arkhangelsk region. “Hot spots” 1-2: - 83% of urban population; - Industrial potential of the region; - Environmental load is caused by the
emission and discharge of the pollutants by pulp and paper industry, heat and power industry, motor vehicles, shipbuilding industry
3: - Environmental load is caused by the
space rockets launching site; “Plesetsk” , mining industry, asphalt and cement plants.
4-9: - May be considered as moderately
polluted; - affected by the “background”
pollution by the small-scale cities, small wood-processing industries and pipelines.
Other: - do not suffer from the man-caused
load; - affected by the rockets’ fuel tanks
occasionally.
Arkhangelsk industrial hub
Kotlas industrial hub
Plesetsk industrial hub
1
2
3
6
4
8
5
7 9
Arkhangelsk Region. Pulp and paper production
Steam part (1-15 mm)
Wood cell (20-40 µm)
Alcohols (0,3-1 nm)
Wood cell fragment (1-10 µm)
Micro fibrils of cellulose (> 4-60 nm)
Micro fibrils of cellulose = crystal cellulose (2-4nm)
Molecule of cellulose (< 1 nm)
Hard solution hemicellulose-lignin (10-100nm)
Molecule of hemicellulose (< 1 nm)
Macromolecule of lignin (10-100 nm)
Dilignols, polylignols (1-10 nm)
Cellulose micro fibrils Hemicelluloses
Lignin’s solution in hemicelluloses
Hemicellulose’s solution in lignin
Arkhangelsk Region. Pulp and paper production
PPM’s in Arkhangelsk region: bleached and unbleached sulphate cellulose, that is treated to obtain paper and cardboard
Pulp cooking
Pulp bleaching
Recuperation of chemical agents
Treatment of lignin-containing
waste
Treatment of effluents and wastewaters
Lignin content = 3-4%
Lignin content = 1%
AIR (cooking and bleaching + type of fuel used (gas, wood and bark waste, mazut): sulphur and chlorine containing contaminants: suspended solids, sulphur
dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon oxide (CO), formaldehyde (H2C=O), benzpyrene (C20H12), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptane = methyl hydrosulphide (CH3SH) -> Arkhangelsk, Novodvinsk, Koryazhma.
!!! Challenge: PPMs are to reach threshold concentrations for H2S , CH3SH.
Priority indices to be controlled:
CO CO2 Suspended solids Sulphur components -> recalculate to total S (smell)
!!! EU: best available techniques (BAT) = technological regulation. Others pollutants – to be “caught and treated”
Arkhangelsk Region. Pulp and paper production
WATER (it’s amount and quality is defined by the type of production manufactured, type of raw materials, capacity of the industry, technological process and equipment) : iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), organic substances (COD), lignin substances, phenols and oil products.
Wastewaters are multi component systems, including: suspended solids (particles of sludge, cellulose fibers) non-organic components (sulphur and chlorine-containing substances) organic components (lignin substances, phenols and their derivatives, hydrocarbons, fatty acids,
sulphur and chlorine organic compounds, methanol, formaldehyde, etc.)
Priority indices to be controlled: COD (before treatment: non-organic < organic , after biological treatment: non-organic >
organic ) BOD5 Suspended solids (before biological treatment – 35-40%, after 1 stage – 40-43%%, after
treatment – 3-9%) Total Nitrogen (N) Total Phosphorous (P)
!!! EU: best available techniques (BAT) = technological regulation
Arkhangelsk Region. Pulp and paper production
lignin substances; 19% volatile
substances; 8% Non-volatile
phenols; 3%
others; 3%
Clorides and - Chlorine derivatives
; 67%
Mathematical balance for COD value of the P&P
effluents (after the biological treatment)
Arkhangelsk Region. Pulp and paper production Dioxins and furans – persistent organic pollutants, have a tendency towards global transport
Pulp production = Dioxin emission
Wastewaters
Sludge
Incineration of black liquor
during recuperation
Incineration of bark and sludge 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
АОХ
, кг/т
0,1780,137
норматив Европейского союза
0,250
0,1000,135
Decrease in discharge of AOX with the treated wastewaters
Congener profiles of dioxins and furans in bleached wastewaters before and after the
modernization of industry
Pollution due to development of oil and gas: - Mechanical pollution - Chemical pollution - Radiation pollution - Biological pollution - Noise pollution - Thermal pollution
Sources of pollution: - Drilling and emergency flowing of oil and gas wells - Crashes of transportation vehicles - Crashes of oil, gas , gasoline and water pipelines - Crashes of storage tanks - Discharge of untreated wastewaters into the water streams
Sources of pollution: - Point-like (wells, storages) - Linear (oil, gas and water pipelines) - Areal (oil and gas development fields and deposits)
Pollution takes place at every stage of oil and gas development: - Exploration activities - Development - Treatment and transportation
Arkhangelsk Region. Oil and gas development Oil and gas
development On-shore Of-shore
Hydrocarbons pollution: 75% - air pollution 20% - surface and underground pollution 5% - soil pollution
Specific composition of the hydrocarbons -> unknown ways of pollution + lack of knowledge on it Pollutants: - Crude oil – specific composition. Crude oil with a lack of aromatic hydrocarbons is almost like a gasoline.
Vapours of crude oil are non-toxic. Liquid crude oil affects the skin that leads to irritations and de-fatting. - Gasoline – is coming to the human’s body through the respiratory way or is adsorbed in the stomach. Affects
the central nervous system and skin. May be extremely toxic and lead to death. - Oil gas – is a mixture of gases. Toxicity is ruled by the gases in its composition (flares)
- H2S - CS2 - CO - Hydrocarbons (propane, butane, hexane, heptane, octane) - NO - NO2 - etc. - Danger decreases in the row: H2S -> CnH2n+2 ->SO2 -> SO3 -> NO -> NO2 -> CO -> NH3 -> CO2
- Drilling cuttings (8 – 85% of oil, 15% of organic chemical agents, 50% of mechanical enclosures, 65% of mineral saults, 4% surfactants)
- Wastewaters , aquifer waters and drainage waters (methanol – gas development)
Arkhangelsk Region. Oil and gas development
Arkhangelsk Region. Radiation pollution
Sampling: Gamma-radiation Sampling: radioactive aerosols Sampling: radioactive precipitates
Annual average exposure per 1 citizen of Arkhangelsk region – 2,5 mSv Radiation pollution: satisfactory mark IRS = ionizing radiation source
Exposure of population of Arkhangelsk region
82,8%
16,7%
0,3% 0,2%
Natural IRS
Medical IRS
Man-induced IRS
Man-iduced backgroundpollution
5,8%
19,1%
29,6%
8,1%
37,4%
Food and drinking water
Space radiation
External gamma-radiation
K-40
Radon
Natural exposure of population of Arkhangelsk region
Arkhangelsk Region. Air pollution
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
To
tal
emis
sio
n o
f p
oll
uta
nts
, th
ou
san
d t
on
es
Year
Предприятия ТЭК
Машиностроение
Целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность
Химическая промышленность
Автотранспорт (легковые, грузовые, автобусы)
Heat and Power Supply
Machinery
Pulp and Paper industry
Chemical industry
Transport
Arkhangelsk Region. Heat and power plants
Main pollutants: • dust • CO • CO2 • SО2 • NО • NО2 • Heavy metals(Mn, Hg, V, Al, Fe • Radioactive syubstances (from raw material) • Heat • Noise
Arkhangelsk Region. Heat and power plants 1 mln. kWt of energy produced means: Al: 100 mln. lethal doses Fe: 400 mln. lethal doses Mg: 1,5 mln. lethal doses
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Архангельская ТЭЦ
Северодвинская ТЭЦ-1
Северодвинская ТЭЦ-2
Arkhangelsk HPP
Severodvinsk HPP #1
Severodvinsk HPP #2
Arkhangelsk Region. Radiation pollution
Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities
Rocket type L, m D, m Start
mass, t Dry mass, t
Fuel mass, t
Oxidizer Fuel -
heptyle
«Cosmos-3M» 32,4 2,4 105- 108 7 70,9 HNO3
29
«Rokot» 28,5 2,5 Up to
107,5
7,5 69,7 N2O4
27.2
«Cyclon-3» 39,3 3 Up to 189 About 11 123,9 N2O4
49,5
Rockets’ starts (middle class),
years 1966 - 2007
Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Launching
Rockets’ starts (light class),
years 1966 - 2007
Total number of starts – about 1500. Fuel = 60% of start mass
Зенит
Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Launching
Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Impact areas
Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Impact areas
Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities
Assymetric 1,1- dimethilhydrazine
Extreme danger:
Toxic
Delayed action
Variety of toxic products due to degradation Threshold concentrations (according to Russian regulations):
Water (communal)- 0,02 mg/l
Water (fisheries) - 0,0005 mg/l
Soil - 0,1 mg/kg
NH2
NCH
3
CH3
NH2
NH
CH3
NH2
NH2
NH
NCH
3
CH3
CH3
N N NNCH
3
CH3
CH3
CH3
N NCH
3
O
CH3
CH3
NH
CH3
1,1-димeтилгидразин (НДМГ)
мeтилгидразин (МГ)
гидразин
мeтилдимeтилгидразин (МДМГ)
тeтрамeтилтeтразeн (ТМТ) Нитрозодимeтиламин (НДМА)
димeтиламин (ДМА)
methylhydrazine
hydrazine
methyl-dimethylhydrazine
1,1-dimethylhydrazine
dimethyl amine
Tetramethyltetrazene Nitrous dimethyl amine !!! Air pollution: CO (partly oxidized to CO2), Nopartly oxidized to NO2) + heptyle and its derivatives
Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Sampling
Detection: ion chromatography technique has been modified in order to fractionate the hydrazines more efficiently .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 мин
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
нА
ток
1
НД
МГ
0.0
90
3
Testing heptyle’s concentration in the snow using the ion chromatography with an amperometric detection (concentration is mg/kg)
Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Detecting
Express and less labor intensive (absence of derivatization) Possibility to detect the degradation products at the same time High sensitivity and selectivity due to amperometric detection Simplicity and possibility to perform automatic concentrating of the sample
Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Detecting 1,39
00,03
0,0080
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Расстояние от эпицентраК
он
це
нтр
ац
ия
, м
г/кг
Diffusion of asymmetric dimethyl hydrazine (ADH) through the soil layer
Deduction:
-Low distribution of hydrazine
horizontally through the soil layer
-Local type of a contamination of the
area by rocket fuel
0,000 0,200 0,400 0,600 0,800 1,000
до 20 см
20 - 40 см
40 - 60 см
60 - 80 см
80 - 100 см
Concentration, mg/kg
Dep
th, c
m
!!! One of the most acute problems in the modern society is WASTE
Hierarchy of waste management procedures in Russian Federation:
81% - landfilling
13% - incineration
6% - recycling
!!! Being added to modernization of waste processing system, assessing and monitoring the state of the landfills and bordering territories is one of the most important parts of the WASTE PROBLEM
Arkhangelsk region -> 480 disposal sites (capacity 42 mln. t) -> 1 858 ha:
Communal waste
Hazardous waste
Medical waste
Industrial waste
Properties of waste after disposal at the landfills:
Consolidation
(ability to produce leachate without the impact from outside).
!!!►200 liters of leachate are produced under the natural consolidation of 1 tone of solid communal waste .
Causing corrosion effect
(caused by high humidity and presence of different salt solutions in the leachate)
Abrasive effect
(Caused by hard fractions of solid communal waste cause)
High concentration of carbon-bearing materials
(paper, polyethylene, plastic)
Different/unpredictable chemical composition
Arkhangelsk Region. Waste management
Arkhangelsk Region. Waste management
SDW landfill Heat and power generators
Electricity
Biogas pumping system
Leachate drainage
Arkhangelsk Region. Waste management
Engineering-geological profile of Arkhangelsk city landfill Arkhangelsk city landfill
Distribution of pollutants and mapping Sampling
THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION!
REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:
1). Institute of Environmental Problems of the North, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
- Laboratory of Complex Analysis of Land and Space Based Information for Environmental Purposes
- Laboratory of Ecoanalytical Studies
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Biopolymers
- Laboratory of Nature Protected Areas and Ecology of Culture
- Laboratory of Environmental Radiology
- Laboratory of Environmental Seismology and Geochemistry
2). Administration of Arkhangelsk Region
3). Northern (Arctic) Federal University
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry
- Department of Geology, Basis and Foundations
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