Outline of Environmental Problems in Arkhangelsk Region

Nikolay Larionov

Oulanka research station, 03.05.2012

Arkhangelsk Region. Statistics

Area: 589 913 km2 --> 8th position Population (2010): 1 185 400 --> 41st position Density: 2,14 persons/km2 Urban v.s. Rural = 74% : 26%

Territory: flatland with a gradient towards Barents Sea . Rivers and lakes: belong to the Arctic ocean basin. Largest rivers are Severnaya Dvina, Onega, Mezen, Pechora. There are about 2,5 thousand lakes existing Climate: temperate continental of the major part , subarctic at North-Eastern part, arctic one at islands. Temperatures: Winters are cold, average temperatures are −12°С (South-West), and −18°С (North-East). Summer is short and not warm, average temperatures are 16°С (South) and 8-10°С (North) Vegetation: 50-60 days (North), and 150—155 days(South). Precipitation: 300 - 500 mm/year. North-West part of the region is covered by permafrost.

Index

Landscapes

Cold Desert (Tundra)

Northern boreal zone

(Northern taiga)

Middle boreal zone

(Middle Taiga)

1 . Average temperature of the year’s coldest month

-18,8 -12,8 -13,8

2. Average temperature of the year’s warmest month

12,1 15,2 16,6

3. Annual range of monthly average temperatures

30,9 28,0 30,4

4. Duration of the frost-free period, days - 85 102

5. Year average precipitation, mm 363 459 546

6. snow cover occurrence, days 216 172 174

7. Absolutely minimal air temperatures -52,0 -49,0 -51,0

Arkhangelsk region. Landscapes

Climate : Arctic (islands and Nenets region and North-Eastern part of the region) and Subarctic (the rest area). Landscapes : cold desert and boreal zones. Main soil types : podzol, gley-podzol soils, peats. Wetlands are mainly located in Northern part of the region and along Onega river basin (up to 25%) due to the valley type of the territory, slow drainage and presence of the clay layers. Severnaya Dvina River’s basin bogginess is 8,5%.

Arkhangelsk region. Mineral resources

Vast forest recourses: capacity - 2,5 bln. m3, area covered - 23 mln. ha (coniferous – 80%, deciduous -20%) Minerals: oil, gas, bauxite, diamonds, limestone, dolomite, building stones, mineral water, manganese and copper ores, zinc, lead, etc Agriculture: under risk, major activities – Southern part of the region Main disadvantage: remoteness and harsh climate conditions

Arkhangelsk region. Regional climate change

Shift of the temperature frontiers within the forest line of Russian Plain during 1999-2003 as compared to year 1975

Degradation of permafrost in XIX-XX centuries

Shifts in ranges (areals) of polecat and arctic fox in XX century

Examples of prolonged affect of temperature change:

Climate change as a cyclic process

Long-term (from hundreds to thousands years)

Short-term (from year to

thens of years)

Period is from 0,95 to 1,6 thousand

years

Period is 2, 5, 9, 11, 23 years or 60-

90 yers

Arkhangelsk region. Seismicity

105 nature protected areas – total area 7 882 269 ha

(1 wildlife reserve + 3 natural parks + 2 sanctuaries) = 6 – under State jurisdiction

(32 nature reserves + 67 natural monuments ) = 99 - under Region’s jurisdiction

Arkhangelsk region. Nature protected areas

Arkhangelsk region. Nature protected areas

“Hot spots”: Pulp and paper industry , wood processing industry Oil and gas production Radiation pollution and nuclear activities Shipbuilding and machinery Heat and power plants, boiler-house plants Space rocket launching activities SDW and industrial landfills Motor vehicles Fishery

Arkhangelsk region. “Hot spots”

39,0%

25,0%

19,3%

8,5%

4,8% Timber, wood processingand pulp and paper industry

Oil and gas industry

Machinery and shipbuilding

Heat and power supply

Food industry

Arkhangelsk region. “Hot spots” 1-2: - 83% of urban population; - Industrial potential of the region; - Environmental load is caused by the

emission and discharge of the pollutants by pulp and paper industry, heat and power industry, motor vehicles, shipbuilding industry

3: - Environmental load is caused by the

space rockets launching site; “Plesetsk” , mining industry, asphalt and cement plants.

4-9: - May be considered as moderately

polluted; - affected by the “background”

pollution by the small-scale cities, small wood-processing industries and pipelines.

Other: - do not suffer from the man-caused

load; - affected by the rockets’ fuel tanks

occasionally.

Arkhangelsk industrial hub

Kotlas industrial hub

Plesetsk industrial hub

1

2

3

6

4

8

5

7 9

Arkhangelsk Region. Pulp and paper production

Steam part (1-15 mm)

Wood cell (20-40 µm)

Alcohols (0,3-1 nm)

Wood cell fragment (1-10 µm)

Micro fibrils of cellulose (> 4-60 nm)

Micro fibrils of cellulose = crystal cellulose (2-4nm)

Molecule of cellulose (< 1 nm)

Hard solution hemicellulose-lignin (10-100nm)

Molecule of hemicellulose (< 1 nm)

Macromolecule of lignin (10-100 nm)

Dilignols, polylignols (1-10 nm)

Cellulose micro fibrils Hemicelluloses

Lignin’s solution in hemicelluloses

Hemicellulose’s solution in lignin

Arkhangelsk Region. Pulp and paper production

PPM’s in Arkhangelsk region: bleached and unbleached sulphate cellulose, that is treated to obtain paper and cardboard

Pulp cooking

Pulp bleaching

Recuperation of chemical agents

Treatment of lignin-containing

waste

Treatment of effluents and wastewaters

Lignin content = 3-4%

Lignin content = 1%

AIR (cooking and bleaching + type of fuel used (gas, wood and bark waste, mazut): sulphur and chlorine containing contaminants: suspended solids, sulphur

dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon oxide (CO), formaldehyde (H2C=O), benzpyrene (C20H12), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptane = methyl hydrosulphide (CH3SH) -> Arkhangelsk, Novodvinsk, Koryazhma.

!!! Challenge: PPMs are to reach threshold concentrations for H2S , CH3SH.

Priority indices to be controlled:

CO CO2 Suspended solids Sulphur components -> recalculate to total S (smell)

!!! EU: best available techniques (BAT) = technological regulation. Others pollutants – to be “caught and treated”

Arkhangelsk Region. Pulp and paper production

WATER (it’s amount and quality is defined by the type of production manufactured, type of raw materials, capacity of the industry, technological process and equipment) : iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), organic substances (COD), lignin substances, phenols and oil products.

Wastewaters are multi component systems, including: suspended solids (particles of sludge, cellulose fibers) non-organic components (sulphur and chlorine-containing substances) organic components (lignin substances, phenols and their derivatives, hydrocarbons, fatty acids,

sulphur and chlorine organic compounds, methanol, formaldehyde, etc.)

Priority indices to be controlled: COD (before treatment: non-organic < organic , after biological treatment: non-organic >

organic ) BOD5 Suspended solids (before biological treatment – 35-40%, after 1 stage – 40-43%%, after

treatment – 3-9%) Total Nitrogen (N) Total Phosphorous (P)

!!! EU: best available techniques (BAT) = technological regulation

Arkhangelsk Region. Pulp and paper production

lignin substances; 19% volatile

substances; 8% Non-volatile

phenols; 3%

others; 3%

Clorides and - Chlorine derivatives

; 67%

Mathematical balance for COD value of the P&P

effluents (after the biological treatment)

Arkhangelsk Region. Pulp and paper production Dioxins and furans – persistent organic pollutants, have a tendency towards global transport

Pulp production = Dioxin emission

Wastewaters

Sludge

Incineration of black liquor

during recuperation

Incineration of bark and sludge 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

АОХ

, кг/т

0,1780,137

норматив Европейского союза

0,250

0,1000,135

Decrease in discharge of AOX with the treated wastewaters

Congener profiles of dioxins and furans in bleached wastewaters before and after the

modernization of industry

Pollution due to development of oil and gas: - Mechanical pollution - Chemical pollution - Radiation pollution - Biological pollution - Noise pollution - Thermal pollution

Sources of pollution: - Drilling and emergency flowing of oil and gas wells - Crashes of transportation vehicles - Crashes of oil, gas , gasoline and water pipelines - Crashes of storage tanks - Discharge of untreated wastewaters into the water streams

Sources of pollution: - Point-like (wells, storages) - Linear (oil, gas and water pipelines) - Areal (oil and gas development fields and deposits)

Pollution takes place at every stage of oil and gas development: - Exploration activities - Development - Treatment and transportation

Arkhangelsk Region. Oil and gas development Oil and gas

development On-shore Of-shore

Hydrocarbons pollution: 75% - air pollution 20% - surface and underground pollution 5% - soil pollution

Specific composition of the hydrocarbons -> unknown ways of pollution + lack of knowledge on it Pollutants: - Crude oil – specific composition. Crude oil with a lack of aromatic hydrocarbons is almost like a gasoline.

Vapours of crude oil are non-toxic. Liquid crude oil affects the skin that leads to irritations and de-fatting. - Gasoline – is coming to the human’s body through the respiratory way or is adsorbed in the stomach. Affects

the central nervous system and skin. May be extremely toxic and lead to death. - Oil gas – is a mixture of gases. Toxicity is ruled by the gases in its composition (flares)

- H2S - CS2 - CO - Hydrocarbons (propane, butane, hexane, heptane, octane) - NO - NO2 - etc. - Danger decreases in the row: H2S -> CnH2n+2 ->SO2 -> SO3 -> NO -> NO2 -> CO -> NH3 -> CO2

- Drilling cuttings (8 – 85% of oil, 15% of organic chemical agents, 50% of mechanical enclosures, 65% of mineral saults, 4% surfactants)

- Wastewaters , aquifer waters and drainage waters (methanol – gas development)

Arkhangelsk Region. Oil and gas development

Arkhangelsk Region. Radiation pollution

Sampling: Gamma-radiation Sampling: radioactive aerosols Sampling: radioactive precipitates

Annual average exposure per 1 citizen of Arkhangelsk region – 2,5 mSv Radiation pollution: satisfactory mark IRS = ionizing radiation source

Exposure of population of Arkhangelsk region

82,8%

16,7%

0,3% 0,2%

Natural IRS

Medical IRS

Man-induced IRS

Man-iduced backgroundpollution

5,8%

19,1%

29,6%

8,1%

37,4%

Food and drinking water

Space radiation

External gamma-radiation

K-40

Radon

Natural exposure of population of Arkhangelsk region

Arkhangelsk Region. Air pollution

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

To

tal

emis

sio

n o

f p

oll

uta

nts

, th

ou

san

d t

on

es

Year

Предприятия ТЭК

Машиностроение

Целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность

Химическая промышленность

Автотранспорт (легковые, грузовые, автобусы)

Heat and Power Supply

Machinery

Pulp and Paper industry

Chemical industry

Transport

Arkhangelsk Region. Heat and power plants

Main pollutants: • dust • CO • CO2 • SО2 • NО • NО2 • Heavy metals(Mn, Hg, V, Al, Fe • Radioactive syubstances (from raw material) • Heat • Noise

Arkhangelsk Region. Heat and power plants 1 mln. kWt of energy produced means: Al: 100 mln. lethal doses Fe: 400 mln. lethal doses Mg: 1,5 mln. lethal doses

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Архангельская ТЭЦ

Северодвинская ТЭЦ-1

Северодвинская ТЭЦ-2

Arkhangelsk HPP

Severodvinsk HPP #1

Severodvinsk HPP #2

Arkhangelsk Region. Radiation pollution

Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities

Rocket type L, m D, m Start

mass, t Dry mass, t

Fuel mass, t

Oxidizer Fuel -

heptyle

«Cosmos-3M» 32,4 2,4 105- 108 7 70,9 HNO3

29

«Rokot» 28,5 2,5 Up to

107,5

7,5 69,7 N2O4

27.2

«Cyclon-3» 39,3 3 Up to 189 About 11 123,9 N2O4

49,5

Rockets’ starts (middle class),

years 1966 - 2007

Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Launching

Rockets’ starts (light class),

years 1966 - 2007

Total number of starts – about 1500. Fuel = 60% of start mass

Зенит

Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Launching

Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Impact areas

Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Impact areas

Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities

Assymetric 1,1- dimethilhydrazine

Extreme danger:

Toxic

Delayed action

Variety of toxic products due to degradation Threshold concentrations (according to Russian regulations):

Water (communal)- 0,02 mg/l

Water (fisheries) - 0,0005 mg/l

Soil - 0,1 mg/kg

NH2

NCH

3

CH3

NH2

NH

CH3

NH2

NH2

NH

NCH

3

CH3

CH3

N N NNCH

3

CH3

CH3

CH3

N NCH

3

O

CH3

CH3

NH

CH3

1,1-димeтилгидразин (НДМГ)

мeтилгидразин (МГ)

гидразин

мeтилдимeтилгидразин (МДМГ)

тeтрамeтилтeтразeн (ТМТ) Нитрозодимeтиламин (НДМА)

димeтиламин (ДМА)

methylhydrazine

hydrazine

methyl-dimethylhydrazine

1,1-dimethylhydrazine

dimethyl amine

Tetramethyltetrazene Nitrous dimethyl amine !!! Air pollution: CO (partly oxidized to CO2), Nopartly oxidized to NO2) + heptyle and its derivatives

Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Sampling

Detection: ion chromatography technique has been modified in order to fractionate the hydrazines more efficiently .

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 мин

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

нА

ток

1

НД

МГ

0.0

90

3

Testing heptyle’s concentration in the snow using the ion chromatography with an amperometric detection (concentration is mg/kg)

Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Detecting

Express and less labor intensive (absence of derivatization) Possibility to detect the degradation products at the same time High sensitivity and selectivity due to amperometric detection Simplicity and possibility to perform automatic concentrating of the sample

Arkhangelsk Region. Rocket launching activities. Detecting 1,39

00,03

0,0080

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Расстояние от эпицентраК

он

це

нтр

ац

ия

, м

г/кг

Diffusion of asymmetric dimethyl hydrazine (ADH) through the soil layer

Deduction:

-Low distribution of hydrazine

horizontally through the soil layer

-Local type of a contamination of the

area by rocket fuel

0,000 0,200 0,400 0,600 0,800 1,000

до 20 см

20 - 40 см

40 - 60 см

60 - 80 см

80 - 100 см

Concentration, mg/kg

Dep

th, c

m

!!! One of the most acute problems in the modern society is WASTE

Hierarchy of waste management procedures in Russian Federation:

81% - landfilling

13% - incineration

6% - recycling

!!! Being added to modernization of waste processing system, assessing and monitoring the state of the landfills and bordering territories is one of the most important parts of the WASTE PROBLEM

Arkhangelsk region -> 480 disposal sites (capacity 42 mln. t) -> 1 858 ha:

Communal waste

Hazardous waste

Medical waste

Industrial waste

Properties of waste after disposal at the landfills:

Consolidation

(ability to produce leachate without the impact from outside).

!!!►200 liters of leachate are produced under the natural consolidation of 1 tone of solid communal waste .

Causing corrosion effect

(caused by high humidity and presence of different salt solutions in the leachate)

Abrasive effect

(Caused by hard fractions of solid communal waste cause)

High concentration of carbon-bearing materials

(paper, polyethylene, plastic)

Different/unpredictable chemical composition

Arkhangelsk Region. Waste management

Arkhangelsk Region. Waste management

SDW landfill Heat and power generators

Electricity

Biogas pumping system

Leachate drainage

Arkhangelsk Region. Waste management

Engineering-geological profile of Arkhangelsk city landfill Arkhangelsk city landfill

Distribution of pollutants and mapping Sampling

THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION!

REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

1). Institute of Environmental Problems of the North, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences

- Laboratory of Complex Analysis of Land and Space Based Information for Environmental Purposes

- Laboratory of Ecoanalytical Studies

- Laboratory of Chemistry of Plant Biopolymers

- Laboratory of Nature Protected Areas and Ecology of Culture

- Laboratory of Environmental Radiology

- Laboratory of Environmental Seismology and Geochemistry

2). Administration of Arkhangelsk Region

3). Northern (Arctic) Federal University

- Department of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry

- Department of Geology, Basis and Foundations