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Embracing New Frontiers:Approaches to Meet the Challenge of
Arctic Conditions
John Gallagher, ABS
4th Annual OSJ ConferenceStrategic and operational
challenges facing OSV owners17 - 18 February 2010
London
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Agenda
Arctic Opportunities
OSVs in Arctic Service
Challenges for OSVs in ArcticService
Requirements for Arctic OSVs
Approach for Novel Systems
Concluding Remarks
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Mean undiscovered oil: 90 BBO; 13% of global undiscovered oil
5 AU with > 70% mean undiscovered oil
Arctic Alaska, Amerasia Basin, East Greenland Rift Basin, EastBarents Basin, West Greenland East Canada
Undiscovered Arctic Oil
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Mean undiscovered gas: 1670 TCFG; 30% of globalundiscovered gas
3 AU with > 70% mean undiscovered gas
West Siberian Basin, East Barents Basin, Arctic Alaska
Undiscovered Arctic Gas
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Arctic is mainly gas-prone~3 x oil
> 70% mean undiscoveredoil concentrated in 5 AU
> 70% mean undiscoveredgas concentrated in 3 AU
Arctic Alaska is outstandingfor oil; 30 BBO
West Siberian Basin is outstanding for gas;651 TCFG
CARA Findings
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Arctic Oil and Gas - Opportunities
From the earliest
days OSVs havebeen an importantpart of oil and gasoperations in the
Arctic
Demand for OSVswill grow as activityin the Arcticincreases in thecoming years
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OSVs in Arctic Service
In the Arctic OSVs have most of the same
functions as OSVs in open waters
But in the Arctic OSVs have additional functionsand many more challenges
Two roles unique to the Arctic and other ice-covered waters:
Icebreaking
Ice management
These functions are performedby ice strengthened OSVsand by dedicated icebreakers
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OSVs in Arctic Service
Depending on the time of the year OSVs will be
required to break ice In heavy ice Arctic OSVs may be called upon to break
ice in a mode indistinguishable from typical icebreakersexcept that operations are local
In lighter pack ice Arctic OSVs the mode of operation isoften ice clearing especially with azimuthing thrusters
Source: I. Reed, Oil Exploration and ProductionOffshore Sakhalin Island, Arctic Shipping Conf.,,
St. Petersburg, April 2008
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OSVs in Arctic Service
Ice management (IM) is a critical element of oil and
gas operations, especially during drilling, IM aims to control the ice environment in the
vicinity of the installation by breaking ice to:
Reduce ice loads on the installation
Facilitate other operations such as supply, etc.
For successful icemanagement vesselsrequire:
Strength & power
Maneuverability
Reliability
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OSVs Operating in Ice Covered Waters
Source: Ian C Reed, 4thAnnual Shipping Conference, St. Petersburg, 2008
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Time
Level
ofice
conditions
Disconnection
2nd IMV
1st IMV
Maximum
allowed iceload withsafety factor
One of the key objectives of ice management is to
limit the level of ice load to an acceptable level
The graphic below indicates how the demands ofice are controlled using two ice managementvessels (IMV)
OSVs in Arctic Service
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Left: IMV tracks in global coordinates
Right: IMV tracks in coordinates fixed tomoving ice
OSVs in Arctic Service
Circular ice management is one of several
strategies usedRequirements for 1st level icemanagement dominated bypower especially in heavy ice
Requirements for 2ndlevel IMmaneuverabilitybecomes moreimportant
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Challenges for OSVs in Arctic Service
Ice accretion ondeck and equipment
Low ambient airtemperature effects
on engineperformance
Vesselmaneuverability inice
Ice interactionswith hull structure
& hull form
Effects of low temperatureon operations of deckmachinery systems
Ice effects and impact onselection of propeller and
rudder designs(conventional propulsion)
Visibility
Ulstein P-series design
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Challenges for OSVs in Arctic Service
Operating in ice
Hull needs to be strengthened to a level dependingon role, area of operation, time of year etc.
Propulsion system, particularly propellers, need tobe strengthened for the same reasons
Operating at low temperatures
Winterization
Materials hull & equipment
Vessel systems & machinery
Safety systems
Human element
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Ice Accretion
Stability
Access in open areas
Safety equipment
Machinery and Electrical Equipment
Control stations for deck machinery
Tanks and systems suitable for cargoes onboard
Heating
Venting
Challenges for OSVs in Arctic Service
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Providing emergency power for
Heating for
Vital Control Rooms Navigation, Engine Rooms,Emergency Generator
Fire Control Spaces / Fire Fighting Equipment
Two Common Areas Galley & Mess, Recreation Room(Gathering Areas)
Challenges for OSVs in Arctic Service
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Requirements for Arctic OSVs- International
IMO
SOLAS
Load Line Convention
Tonnage Convention
MARPOL Convention Several voluntary requirements including
IMO Resolution A.863(20) - Code of Safe Practice for theCarriage of Cargoes and Persons by Offshore SupplyVessel (OSV Code)
Resolution A.1024(26)Guidelines for Ships Operatingin Polar Waters(Adopted 2 Dec 2009)
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Requirements for Arctic OSVs- Class
Several Rules exist for ice strengthening of hull
and machinery Several other well established Rules exist including
Finnish-Swedish Ice Class Rules (Baltic Rules)
ABS Ice Class Rules Rules of other Class Societies
In March 2008 the IACS Polar Rules wereintroduced
Result of development work 1993-2006 to harmonizeice rules
R i f A i OSV
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Requirements for Arctic OSVs- Hull
The hull strength requirements in the IACS Polar
Rules are based on scientific principles calibratedwith field experience
The requirements are based on a single hull-iceinteraction scenario, that of a glancing impact
Ice thickness, icestrength (crushingpressures), hull form,
ship size, shipspeed and location onhull are taken intoaccount
R i f A i OSV
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Polar
ClassIce Description (based on WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature)
PC 1 Year-round operation in all Polar waters
PC 2 Year-round operation in moderate multi-year ice conditions
PC 3Year-round operation in second-year ice which may includemulti-year ice inclusions.
PC 4Year-round operation in thick first-year ice which mayinclude old ice inclusions
PC 5Year-round operation in medium first-year ice which mayinclude old ice inclusions
PC 6 Summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice whichmay include old ice inclusions
PC 7Summer/autumn operation in thin first-year ice which mayinclude old ice inclusions
Requirements for Arctic OSVs- Hull
R i t f A ti OSV
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Requirements for Arctic OSVs- Hull
For OSV operation the stern will also likely
experience high loads Stern geometry is complex for vessels with azimuth
propulsors.
Stern shoulder area is vulnerable due to high
maneuverability and aggressive operations Limited experience on ice loads on pod strut.
Azimuth thruster foundation should be properlyconnected to stern structures.
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Requirements for Arctic OSVs
Machinery
IACS Polar Rules does not have minimum powerrequirements
Power requirements can be set on the basis of
Model-scale tests Semi-empirical
Other aspects that need consideration
Ice loads on propeller, rudder etc.
Propeller strength under ice load
Other components of propulsion system such asshafting
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Winterization
Low temperatures and associatedphenomena can impairperformance of most ship systems
Many of the issues are beyondClass and additional requirementsare designed to address theseconcerns
Notations are offered if winterization and relatedrequirements in ABS Guide for Vessels Operating in Low
Temperature Environments are satisfied
Requirements for Arctic OSVs
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Requirements for Arctic OSVs
ABS Guide for Vessels Operating inLow Temperature Environments (LTEGuide)
Two documents in one
Guide requirements
Guidance Notes Appendiceswith additional explanations
Supplementary information
Weather conditions
Additional reference materials
Administration listings
Meteorological organizationlistings
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Requirements for Arctic OSVs
LTE Guide a few of the key requirements
Materials selection of steels exposed to lowtemperatures
Hull Construction and Equipment
Protection of personnel working outside Ice accumulation and its effects on stability
Reduce spray and ice accumulation on deck
Prevent freezing of tanks containing liquids
Protection of the environment
Personnel protection
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Requirements for Arctic OSVs
LTE Guide a few of the key requirements
Vessel Systems and Machinery
Prime Movers mitigation of low temperatureeffects of engine performance & lubrication
Propulsion and Maneuvering Machinery propulsion system
Deck & Other Machinery anchoring etc.
Piping draining, de-icing
Fire Safety
Electrical emergency considerations
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Requirements for Arctic OSVs
LTE Guide a few of the key requirements
Safety
Life Saving Appliances
Heating for survival
Navigational equipment
Source: NRCC Institute of Ocean Technology, St. Johns, Canada
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Approach for Novel Systems
If the OSV, or a system in the OSV, has a
significant degree of novelty traditional methodscannot be easily applied
Alternative methods that rely on riskassessment techniques can be used
Systematic methods for identifyingthe risks and evaluating them arerequired
ABS Guidance Notes on Reviewand Approval of Novel Conceptsdescribes such an approach
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Concluding Remarks
The Arctic is rich in resources but also contains
many challenges OSVs are integral part of any oil and gas operation
in the Arctic
For Arctic operation OSVs need to be suitablystrengthened and winterized
Many existing requirements are applicable toOSVs
For novel aspects non-traditional approachesbased risk techniques can be very useful
The LTE Guide addresses many additional issuesnot included in ice-class requirements
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