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Embracing New Frontiers:Approaches to Meet the Challenge of

Arctic Conditions

John Gallagher, ABS

4th Annual OSJ ConferenceStrategic and operational

challenges facing OSV owners17 - 18 February 2010

London

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Agenda

Arctic Opportunities

OSVs in Arctic Service

Challenges for OSVs in ArcticService

Requirements for Arctic OSVs

Approach for Novel Systems

Concluding Remarks

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Mean undiscovered oil: 90 BBO; 13% of global undiscovered oil

5 AU with > 70% mean undiscovered oil

Arctic Alaska, Amerasia Basin, East Greenland Rift Basin, EastBarents Basin, West Greenland East Canada

Undiscovered Arctic Oil

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Mean undiscovered gas: 1670 TCFG; 30% of globalundiscovered gas

3 AU with > 70% mean undiscovered gas

West Siberian Basin, East Barents Basin, Arctic Alaska

Undiscovered Arctic Gas

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Arctic is mainly gas-prone~3 x oil

> 70% mean undiscoveredoil concentrated in 5 AU

> 70% mean undiscoveredgas concentrated in 3 AU

Arctic Alaska is outstandingfor oil; 30 BBO

West Siberian Basin is outstanding for gas;651 TCFG

CARA Findings

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Arctic Oil and Gas - Opportunities

From the earliest

days OSVs havebeen an importantpart of oil and gasoperations in the

Arctic

Demand for OSVswill grow as activityin the Arcticincreases in thecoming years

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In the Arctic OSVs have most of the same

functions as OSVs in open waters

But in the Arctic OSVs have additional functionsand many more challenges

Two roles unique to the Arctic and other ice-covered waters:

Icebreaking

Ice management

These functions are performedby ice strengthened OSVsand by dedicated icebreakers

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Depending on the time of the year OSVs will be

required to break ice In heavy ice Arctic OSVs may be called upon to break

ice in a mode indistinguishable from typical icebreakersexcept that operations are local

In lighter pack ice Arctic OSVs the mode of operation isoften ice clearing especially with azimuthing thrusters

Source: I. Reed, Oil Exploration and ProductionOffshore Sakhalin Island, Arctic Shipping Conf.,,

St. Petersburg, April 2008

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Ice management (IM) is a critical element of oil and

gas operations, especially during drilling, IM aims to control the ice environment in the

vicinity of the installation by breaking ice to:

Reduce ice loads on the installation

Facilitate other operations such as supply, etc.

For successful icemanagement vesselsrequire:

Strength & power

Maneuverability

Reliability

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OSVs Operating in Ice Covered Waters

Source: Ian C Reed, 4thAnnual Shipping Conference, St. Petersburg, 2008

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Time

Level

ofice

conditions

Disconnection

2nd IMV

1st IMV

Maximum

allowed iceload withsafety factor

One of the key objectives of ice management is to

limit the level of ice load to an acceptable level

The graphic below indicates how the demands ofice are controlled using two ice managementvessels (IMV)


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Left: IMV tracks in global coordinates

Right: IMV tracks in coordinates fixed tomoving ice


Circular ice management is one of several

strategies usedRequirements for 1st level icemanagement dominated bypower especially in heavy ice

Requirements for 2ndlevel IMmaneuverabilitybecomes moreimportant

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Challenges for OSVs in Arctic Service

Ice accretion ondeck and equipment

Low ambient airtemperature effects

on engineperformance

Vesselmaneuverability inice

Ice interactionswith hull structure

& hull form

Effects of low temperatureon operations of deckmachinery systems

Ice effects and impact onselection of propeller and

rudder designs(conventional propulsion)

Visibility

Ulstein P-series design

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Operating in ice

Hull needs to be strengthened to a level dependingon role, area of operation, time of year etc.

Propulsion system, particularly propellers, need tobe strengthened for the same reasons

Operating at low temperatures

Winterization

Materials hull & equipment

Vessel systems & machinery

Safety systems

Human element

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Ice Accretion

Stability

Access in open areas

Safety equipment

Machinery and Electrical Equipment

Control stations for deck machinery

Tanks and systems suitable for cargoes onboard

Heating

Venting


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Providing emergency power for

Heating for

Vital Control Rooms Navigation, Engine Rooms,Emergency Generator

Fire Control Spaces / Fire Fighting Equipment

Two Common Areas Galley & Mess, Recreation Room(Gathering Areas)


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Requirements for Arctic OSVs- International

IMO

SOLAS

Load Line Convention

Tonnage Convention

MARPOL Convention Several voluntary requirements including

IMO Resolution A.863(20) - Code of Safe Practice for theCarriage of Cargoes and Persons by Offshore SupplyVessel (OSV Code)

Resolution A.1024(26)Guidelines for Ships Operatingin Polar Waters(Adopted 2 Dec 2009)

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Requirements for Arctic OSVs- Class

Several Rules exist for ice strengthening of hull

and machinery Several other well established Rules exist including

Finnish-Swedish Ice Class Rules (Baltic Rules)

ABS Ice Class Rules Rules of other Class Societies

In March 2008 the IACS Polar Rules wereintroduced

Result of development work 1993-2006 to harmonizeice rules

R i f A i OSV

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Requirements for Arctic OSVs- Hull

The hull strength requirements in the IACS Polar

Rules are based on scientific principles calibratedwith field experience

The requirements are based on a single hull-iceinteraction scenario, that of a glancing impact

Ice thickness, icestrength (crushingpressures), hull form,

ship size, shipspeed and location onhull are taken intoaccount

R i f A i OSV

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Polar

ClassIce Description (based on WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature)

PC 1 Year-round operation in all Polar waters

PC 2 Year-round operation in moderate multi-year ice conditions

PC 3Year-round operation in second-year ice which may includemulti-year ice inclusions.

PC 4Year-round operation in thick first-year ice which mayinclude old ice inclusions

PC 5Year-round operation in medium first-year ice which mayinclude old ice inclusions

PC 6 Summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice whichmay include old ice inclusions

PC 7Summer/autumn operation in thin first-year ice which mayinclude old ice inclusions


R i t f A ti OSV

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For OSV operation the stern will also likely

experience high loads Stern geometry is complex for vessels with azimuth

propulsors.

Stern shoulder area is vulnerable due to high

maneuverability and aggressive operations Limited experience on ice loads on pod strut.

Azimuth thruster foundation should be properlyconnected to stern structures.

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Machinery

IACS Polar Rules does not have minimum powerrequirements

Power requirements can be set on the basis of

Model-scale tests Semi-empirical

Other aspects that need consideration

Ice loads on propeller, rudder etc.

Propeller strength under ice load

Other components of propulsion system such asshafting

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Winterization

Low temperatures and associatedphenomena can impairperformance of most ship systems

Many of the issues are beyondClass and additional requirementsare designed to address theseconcerns

Notations are offered if winterization and relatedrequirements in ABS Guide for Vessels Operating in Low

Temperature Environments are satisfied


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ABS Guide for Vessels Operating inLow Temperature Environments (LTEGuide)

Two documents in one

Guide requirements

Guidance Notes Appendiceswith additional explanations

Supplementary information

Weather conditions

Additional reference materials

Administration listings

Meteorological organizationlistings

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LTE Guide a few of the key requirements

Materials selection of steels exposed to lowtemperatures

Hull Construction and Equipment

Protection of personnel working outside Ice accumulation and its effects on stability

Reduce spray and ice accumulation on deck

Prevent freezing of tanks containing liquids

Protection of the environment

Personnel protection

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Vessel Systems and Machinery

Prime Movers mitigation of low temperatureeffects of engine performance & lubrication

Propulsion and Maneuvering Machinery propulsion system

Deck & Other Machinery anchoring etc.

Piping draining, de-icing

Fire Safety

Electrical emergency considerations

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Safety

Life Saving Appliances

Heating for survival

Navigational equipment

Source: NRCC Institute of Ocean Technology, St. Johns, Canada

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Approach for Novel Systems

If the OSV, or a system in the OSV, has a

significant degree of novelty traditional methodscannot be easily applied

Alternative methods that rely on riskassessment techniques can be used

Systematic methods for identifyingthe risks and evaluating them arerequired

ABS Guidance Notes on Reviewand Approval of Novel Conceptsdescribes such an approach

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Concluding Remarks

The Arctic is rich in resources but also contains

many challenges OSVs are integral part of any oil and gas operation

in the Arctic

For Arctic operation OSVs need to be suitablystrengthened and winterized

Many existing requirements are applicable toOSVs

For novel aspects non-traditional approachesbased risk techniques can be very useful

The LTE Guide addresses many additional issuesnot included in ice-class requirements

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