nota kuliah mesin elektrik - introduction

MESIN ELEKTRIK BBV30203

BAB 1- PENJANA ARUS TERUS

ELECTRICAL MACHINE CLASIFICATION

ELECTRICAL MACHINE

GENERATOR

DC

Self exited Separately

exited

AC

1 3

MOTOR

DC

series shunt Compound

AC

1 3

TRANSFORMER

1.1Pengenalan penjana satu lilitan dawai

• In a generator, conductors forming an electric circuit are made to move through a magnetic field.

• By Faraday’s law an e.m.f. is induced in the conductors and thus a source of e.m.f. is created.

• A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy

1.1Pengenalan penjana satu lilitan dawai

E -The induced e.m.f. B -the flux density (teslas), L -the length of conductor in the magnetic field (m), V -the conductor velocity, (m/s).

1.2 Menentukan nilai dan arah daya gerak elektrik

Fleming’s Right-hand rule (often called the geneRator rule) which states: Let the thumb, first finger and second finger of the right hand be extended such that they are all at right angles to each other (as shown in Figure). If the first finger points in the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb points in the direction of motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic field, then the second finger will point in the direction of the induced e.m.f.

1.3 Penghasilan a.t.

If the conductor moves at an angle θ◦ to the magnetic field (instead of at 90◦ as assumed above) then

E=Blv sin θ volts

1.3 Penghasilan a.t.

The left-hand side is moving in an upward direction (check using Fleming’s right-hand rule), with length l cutting the lines of flux which are travelling from left to right. By definition, the induced e.m.f. will be equal to Blv sin θ and flowing into the page

The right-hand side is moving in a downward direction (again, check using Fleming’s right-hand rule), with length l cutting the same lines of flux as above. The induced e.m.f. will also be equal to Blv sin θ but flowing out of the page.

Therefore the total e.m.f. for the loop conductor =2Blv sin θ

Now consider a coil made up of a number of turns N The total e.m.f. E for the loop conductor is now given by:

E = 2NBlv sin θ

1.3 Penghasilan a.t.

Problem 1. A rectangular coil of sides 12 cm and 8 cm is rotated in a magnetic field of flux density1.4T, the longer side of the coil actually cutting this flux. The coil is made up of 80 turns and rotates at 1200 rev/min. (a) Calculate the maximum generated e.m.f. (b) If the coil generates 90 V, at what speed will the coil rotate?

1.3 Penghasilan a.t.

1.3 Penghasilan a.t.

1.3 Penghasilan a.t.

b) Since E =2NBlv sin θ

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

The action of a commutator

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

1.4 Prinsip kendalian penjana a.t

1.5 Binaan penjana a.t. The arrangement shown in Fig. 1.5 (a) is called a ‘two-segment’commutator and the voltage is applied to the rotating segments by stationary brushes, (usually carbon blocks), which slide on the commutator material, (usually copper), when rotation takes place.

1.5 Binaan penjana a.t. In practice, there are many conductors on the rotating part of a d.c. machine and these are attached to many commutator segments. A schematic diagram of a multi segment commutator is shown in Fig. 1.5(b).

1.5 Binaan penjana a.t.

Poor commutation results in sparking at the trailing edge of the brushes. This can be improved by using interpoles (situated between each pair of main poles), high resistance brushes, or using brushes spanning several commutator segments

1.5 Binaan penjana a.t. The basic parts of any d.c. machine are shown in Fig. below, and comprise: (a) a stationary part called the stator having, (i) a steel ring called the yoke, to which are attached (ii) the magnetic poles, around which are the

1.5 Binaan penjana a.t.

(iii) field windings, i.e. many turns of a conductor wound round the pole core; current passing through this conductor creates an electromagnet

Cutaway view of a dc motor Stator with poles visible.

Construction of DC machine

Construction of DC machine

Stator: non-moving coil Rotor: rotating part

Armature coil

Brushes

Rotor is the rotating part - armature Stator is the stationary part - field

ARMATURE • More loops of wire = higher rectified voltage

• In practical, loops are generally placed in slots of an iron core

• The iron acts as a magnetic conductor by providing a low-reluctance path for magnetic lines of flux to increase the inductance of the loops and provide a higher induced voltage.

• The commutator is connected to the slotted iron core.

• The entire assembly of iron core, commutator, and windings is called the armature.

• The windings of armatures are connected in different ways depending on the requirements of the machine.

Loops of wire are wound around slot in a metal core DC machine armature

ARMATURE WINDINGS • Lap Wound Armatures

– are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current

– armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current

– Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles

– The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel. This permits the current capacity of each winding to be added and provides a higher operating current

– No of current path, C=2p ; p=no of poles

ARMATURE WINDINGS (Cont) • Wave Wound Armatures

– are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current

– their windings connected in series

– When the windings are connected in series, the voltage of each winding adds, but the current capacity remains the same

– are used is in the small generator in hand-cranked megohmmeters

– No of current path, C=2

ARMATURE WINDINGS (Cont)

• Frogleg Wound Armatures – the most used in practical nowadays

– designed for use with moderate current and moderate armatures voltage

– the windings are connected in series parallel.

– Most large DC machines use frogleg wound armatures.

Frogleg wound armatures

FIELD WINDINGS

• Most DC machines use wound electromagnets to provide the magnetic field.

• Two types of field windings are used :

– series field

– shunt field

FIELD WINDINGS (Cont) • Series field windings

– are so named because they are connected in series with the armature – are made with relatively few windings turns of very large wire and have a very

low resistance – usually found in large horsepower machines wound with square or rectangular

wire. – The use of square wire permits the windings to be laid closer together, which

increases the number of turns that can be wound in a particular space

FIELD WINDINGS (Cont)

Square wire permits more turns than round wire in the same area

Square wire contains more surface than round wire

– Square and rectangular wire can also be made physically smaller than round wire and still contain the same surface area

FIELD WINDINGS (Cont)

• Shunt field windings

– is constructed with relatively many turns of small wire, thus, it has a much higher resistance than the series field.

– is intended to be connected in parallel with, or shunt, the armature.

– high resistance is used to limit current flow through the field.

FIELD WINDINGS (Cont) • When a DC machine uses both series and shunt fields, each pole piece

will contain both windings.

• The windings are wound on the pole pieces in such a manner that when current flows through the winding it will produce alternate magnetic polarities.

MACHINE WINDINGS OVERVIEW

Winding

Lap C=2p

Wave C=2

Separately Excited

Frogleg

Self excited

armature field

series shunt compound

DC Machine Equivalent Circuit

DC Machine Equivalent Circuit

• The magnetic field produced by the stator poles induces a voltage in the rotor (or armature) coils when the generator is rotated.

• This induced voltage is represented by a voltage source.

• The stator coil has resistance, which is connected in series.

• The pole flux is produced by the DC excitation/field current, which is magnetically coupled to the rotor

• The field circuit has resistance and a source

• The voltage drop on the brushes represented by a battery

DC Machine Equivalent Circuit

1. Permanent magnet

2. Separately excited

3. Self-excited

DC Machine Equivalent Circuit

1. Permanent magnet • The poles are made of permanent magnets.

• No field winding required.

• Small size.

• Disadvantage is low flux density, so low torque.

DC Machine Equivalent Circuit

2. Separately excited The field flux is derived from a separate power source independent of

the generator itself.

B

Field

winding

Armature

winding

DC Machine Equivalent Circuit

3. Self-excited • Shunt machine

The field flux is derived by connecting the field directly across the terminals of the generator.

B

DC Machine Equivalent Circuit

3. Self-excited

Series machine

• field are connected in series with armature

B

DC Machine Equivalent Circuit

3. Self-excited • Cumulatively compounded

• Differentially compounded

B B

B B

DC Machine Equivalent Circuit

3. Self-excited

Compounded dc generator • both a shunt and a series field are present

DC Machine Equivalent Circuit

Compounded dc motor • both a shunt and a series

field are present

3. Self-excited