next two early english colonies failed, but jamestown survived—partly through individual effort...

NEXT

Two early English colonies failed, but Jamestown survived—partly through individual effort and hard work.

Section 1

Early Colonies Have Mixed Success

The English Plan Colonies

NEXT

• After defeat of Spanish Armada, England focuses on colonizing Americas

1SECTION

• English geographer Richard Hakluyt urges England to start a colony - colonies would provide market for English

exports - colonies would serve as source of raw

materials - colonies would establish Protestant faith in

Americas

Early Colonies Have Mixed Success

Continued . . .

NEXT

1SECTION

• English colonists go to Americas to:- seek economic opportunity - escape religious persecution

continued The English Plan Colonies

NEXT

1SECTION

• Sir Walter Raleigh begins colony on Roanoke Island, Virginia (1585)

• Sagadahoc colony begins (1607); face hardships, return to England

• 2nd Roanoke colony begins (1587); colonists disappear; reason unknown

• Native Americans stop colonists’ food supply; survivors return to England

Two Early Colonies Fail

NEXT

1SECTION

• Sir Walter Raleigh is only person who finances colony at Roanoke

• Company is backed by investors

• To raise money for colonies, turn to the joint-stock company

• When colony fails, he loses his investment

• Investors split profits, divide losses

• Each investor receives pieces of company ownership

Financing a Colony

Continued . . .

continued Financing a Colony

NEXT

1SECTION

• Organize Virginia Company of London, Virginia Company of Plymouth

• Given charter—government contract; holder has right to establish colony

Jamestown Is Founded in 1607

NEXT

1SECTION

• Virginia Company of London finances expedition to Chesapeake Bay

• Settlers incorrectly told they would find gold, waste time searching

• Settlers face disease, harsh weather • Expedition starts Jamestown settlement

Jamestown Grows

1SECTION

• By January 1608, only 38 colonists remain alive

• More settlers arrive (1610); governor Lord De La Warr imposes discipline

• 800 more settlers arrive (1609), face hardships, only 60 survive

• John Smith establishes colonial discipline, trade with Powhatan tribe

• Colonists become employees of Virginia Company, want share of profits

• Colonists learn to grow tobacco; product becomes popular in England

Continued . . .NEXT

NEXT

1SECTION

• Virginia Company lets settlers own land

• Colonists annoyed with strict rule of governor, want more local control

• Indentured servants arrive:- they sell their labor to person who pays their

passage - after a few years, they are free to farm or take up a trade

• Population of Virginia jumps from about 600 (1619) to over 2,000 (1621)

• Set up House of Burgesses—first representative assembly in American colonies

continued Jamestown Grows

Conflicts with the Powhatan

NEXT

1SECTION

• As more settlers take land, relations with Powhatan tribe grow worse

• Expanding plantations cause Powhatan to kill many settlers (1622)

• Uneasy peace; colonists learn to grow corn, catch fish from Powhatan

• To improve relations, John Rolfe marries chief’s daughter, Pocahontas

Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676

1SECTION

• By 1670s, one-fourth of white men in English colonies are indentured servants

• Demands Berkeley to approve war against Native Americans to seize land

• Nathaniel Bacon accuses Governor William Berkeley of favoring wealthy

• They resent wealthy landowners

• Berkeley’s refusal sparks Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Continued . . .NEXT

NEXT

1SECTION

• Bacon, followers take control of House of Burgesses; burn Jamestown

• House of Burgesses pass laws: - prevent governor from taking so much power

• Bacon dies; Berkeley hangs Bacon’s followers

continued Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676

NEXT

Religion influenced the settlement and government of the New England colonies.

Section 2

New England Colonies

The Voyage of the Mayflower

NEXT

2SECTION

• Pilgrims—Separatist religious group; separate from Church of England

• To establish order they sign the Mayflower Compact: - vow to obey laws agreed upon for the good

of the colony - establishes idea of self-government, majority

rule

• Pilgrims land at Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620)

• To escape persecution, they sail to Americas

New England Colonies

Pilgrims land in 1620 at Plymouth, Massachusetts

Pilgrims sign the Mayflower Compact in 1620. Painting, E. Moran.

The Pilgrims Found Plymouth

NEXT

2SECTION

• Pilgrims endure hardships; half of group dies by spring

• Squanto shows Pilgrims how to plant, hunt, fish

• Squanto sets up peace treaty between Pilgrims and Native Americans

• Make friends with Squanto, a Pawtuxet

• Pilgrims, Native Americans celebrate harvest—first Thanksgiving

• Pilgrims trade with Native Americans, send lumber to England for profit

Native Americans and Pilgrims eat together at first Thanksgiving in 1621.

The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay

NEXT

2SECTION

• Puritans—religious group, wants to reform Church of England

• 1,000 Puritans arrive at Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)

• This movement of Puritans is known as the Great Migration

• To escape persecution, many Puritans sail to Americas (1630—1640)

• They are well prepared; do not starve • First governor John Winthrop sets up a

commonwealth

The New England Way

2SECTION

• Basic unit of the commonwealth is congregation:- group of people who belong to same church- each congregation sets up own town - each town has a form of self-government

• Puritans follow the “New England Way”:- emphasizes duty, godliness, hard work,

honesty- work ethic helps growth of New England colonies - requires that all children learn to read

Continued . . .NEXT

NEXT

2SECTION

• Puritan congregations set up new colonies

continued The New England Way

• Thomas Hooker adopts Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639): - extends voting rights to non-church

members - limits power of governor - expands idea of representative government

• Portsmouth is first European settlement in New Hampshire

Challenges to Puritan Leaders

NEXT

2SECTION

• Massachusetts minister Roger Williams opposes “New England Way”

• Anne Hutchinson believes person can worship without church, Bible

• This colony guarantees religious freedom, separation of church/state

• Forced to leave colony, he founds colony of Rhode Island (1636)

• Quakers believe person can know God through “inner light”

• Also believe in treating Native Americans fairly, persecuted for this

King Philip’s War

2SECTION

• Growing tensions over land between colonists, Native Americans

• Europeans and Native Americans define land ownership differently: - to Europeans, land can be owned by

individuals - to Native Americans, land belongs to

everyone

Continued . . .NEXT

NEXT

2SECTION

• King Philip’s War (1675—1676)—war between Puritans, Native Americans

• Native Americans lose war, are forced to become laborers

continued King Philip’s War

• English settlers expand farther into Native American lands

Chart

NEXT

2SECTION

• By late 1600s, societal changes lead to fear, suspicion in New England

• Pretending to be bewitched, girls falsely accuse others of witchcraft

• Witch-hunts begin (1692); more than 100 people are arrested, tried

The Salem Witchcraft Trials

• 20 found guilty and put to death • Panic short-lived; experience shows how

society can make scapegoats

NEXT

The founding of the Middle and Southern colonies provided settlers with many economic opportunities.

Section 3

Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies

The Middle Colonies

NEXT

• Middle colonies—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

3SECTION

• Are located between New England and Chesapeake region

Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies

• Religious freedom attracts many groups • Conditions favorable for shipping, commerce,

farming, livestock

Meeker farmhouse in New Jersey colony in 1676.

New Netherland Becomes New York

3SECTION

• Dutch settlers found New Netherland (1624)

• Many different settlers arrive - 23 Jews (1654)- Africans come as slaves and indentured

servants - Puritans

• Each patroon brings 50 settlers; receives land grant, special privileges

• Includes Hudson River valley, Long Island, land along Delaware River

Continued . . .NEXT

continued New Netherland Becomes New York

NEXT

3SECTION

• New Netherland’s governor Peter Stuyvesant attacks New Sweden

• New Netherland surrenders to English (1664)

• Wants to add land to New Netherland; New Sweden surrenders (1655)

• Becomes proprietary colony—Duke of York is proprietor, or owner

• England’s king wants Duke of York to drive Dutch out of New Netherland - Dutch colonies threaten England’s trade- Dutch colonies geographically divide the English colonies

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

3SECTION

• Duke of York gives part of claim, province of New Jersey, to friends

• To repay debts, English king gives large piece of land to Penn (1681)

• American landowner William Penn joins religious group—Quakers

• Promise settlers religious freedom, land grants, representative assembly

Continued . . .NEXT

continued New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

NEXT

3SECTION

• William Penn uses land to create colony of Pennsylvania for Quakers: - welcomes different religious, ethnic groups- treats Native Americans fairly - becomes wealthy colony

• Southern counties of Pennsylvania form own colony of Delaware

The Southern Colonies

NEXT

3SECTION

• Southern colonies—Maryland, the Carolinas, Georgia

• Conditions good for warm-weather crops: tobacco, rice, indigo

• West border is Appalachian Mountains; east border is Atlantic Ocean

Maryland and the Carolinas

3SECTION

• Lord Baltimore establishes Maryland for Roman Catholics (1632)

• Colony of Carolina (1663) grows rice, indigo; use enslaved African labor

• Maryland’s economy is based on tobacco

• Maryland passes Toleration Act—promises freedom of religion

• Sell Native Americans into slavery; conflicts between colonists, tribes

Continued . . .NEXT

NEXT

3SECTION

• Colonists overthrow Carolina’s proprietary rule

• Colony divides into North Carolina and South Carolina

• Carolina becomes royal colony—rule by king-appointed governor

continued Maryland and the Carolinas

Georgia

NEXT

3SECTION

• James Oglethorpe founds Georgia as refuge for debtors (1732)

• Oglethorpe’s strict rules upset colonists

• English, Germans, Swiss, Scottish settle Georgia; all religions welcome

• During English-Spanish war, Spain tries to oust English colonists, but fails

• In response, king makes Georgia a royal colony in 1752