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Two early English colonies failed, but Jamestown survived—partly through individual effort and hard work.

Section 1

Early Colonies Have Mixed Success

The English Plan Colonies

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• After defeat of Spanish Armada, England focuses on colonizing Americas

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• English geographer Richard Hakluyt urges England to start a colony - colonies would provide market for English

exports - colonies would serve as source of raw

materials - colonies would establish Protestant faith in

Americas

Early Colonies Have Mixed Success

Continued . . .

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• English colonists go to Americas to:- seek economic opportunity - escape religious persecution

continued The English Plan Colonies

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• Sir Walter Raleigh begins colony on Roanoke Island, Virginia (1585)

• Sagadahoc colony begins (1607); face hardships, return to England

• 2nd Roanoke colony begins (1587); colonists disappear; reason unknown

• Native Americans stop colonists’ food supply; survivors return to England

Two Early Colonies Fail

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• Sir Walter Raleigh is only person who finances colony at Roanoke

• Company is backed by investors

• To raise money for colonies, turn to the joint-stock company

• When colony fails, he loses his investment

• Investors split profits, divide losses

• Each investor receives pieces of company ownership

Financing a Colony

Continued . . .

continued Financing a Colony

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• Organize Virginia Company of London, Virginia Company of Plymouth

• Given charter—government contract; holder has right to establish colony

Jamestown Is Founded in 1607

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• Virginia Company of London finances expedition to Chesapeake Bay

• Settlers incorrectly told they would find gold, waste time searching

• Settlers face disease, harsh weather • Expedition starts Jamestown settlement

Jamestown Grows

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• By January 1608, only 38 colonists remain alive

• More settlers arrive (1610); governor Lord De La Warr imposes discipline

• 800 more settlers arrive (1609), face hardships, only 60 survive

• John Smith establishes colonial discipline, trade with Powhatan tribe

• Colonists become employees of Virginia Company, want share of profits

• Colonists learn to grow tobacco; product becomes popular in England

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• Virginia Company lets settlers own land

• Colonists annoyed with strict rule of governor, want more local control

• Indentured servants arrive:- they sell their labor to person who pays their

passage - after a few years, they are free to farm or take up a trade

• Population of Virginia jumps from about 600 (1619) to over 2,000 (1621)

• Set up House of Burgesses—first representative assembly in American colonies

continued Jamestown Grows

Conflicts with the Powhatan

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• As more settlers take land, relations with Powhatan tribe grow worse

• Expanding plantations cause Powhatan to kill many settlers (1622)

• Uneasy peace; colonists learn to grow corn, catch fish from Powhatan

• To improve relations, John Rolfe marries chief’s daughter, Pocahontas

Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676

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• By 1670s, one-fourth of white men in English colonies are indentured servants

• Demands Berkeley to approve war against Native Americans to seize land

• Nathaniel Bacon accuses Governor William Berkeley of favoring wealthy

• They resent wealthy landowners

• Berkeley’s refusal sparks Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Continued . . .NEXT

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• Bacon, followers take control of House of Burgesses; burn Jamestown

• House of Burgesses pass laws: - prevent governor from taking so much power

• Bacon dies; Berkeley hangs Bacon’s followers

continued Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676

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Religion influenced the settlement and government of the New England colonies.

Section 2

New England Colonies

The Voyage of the Mayflower

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• Pilgrims—Separatist religious group; separate from Church of England

• To establish order they sign the Mayflower Compact: - vow to obey laws agreed upon for the good

of the colony - establishes idea of self-government, majority

rule

• Pilgrims land at Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620)

• To escape persecution, they sail to Americas

New England Colonies

Pilgrims land in 1620 at Plymouth, Massachusetts

Pilgrims sign the Mayflower Compact in 1620. Painting, E. Moran.

The Pilgrims Found Plymouth

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• Pilgrims endure hardships; half of group dies by spring

• Squanto shows Pilgrims how to plant, hunt, fish

• Squanto sets up peace treaty between Pilgrims and Native Americans

• Make friends with Squanto, a Pawtuxet

• Pilgrims, Native Americans celebrate harvest—first Thanksgiving

• Pilgrims trade with Native Americans, send lumber to England for profit

Native Americans and Pilgrims eat together at first Thanksgiving in 1621.

The Puritans Come to Massachusetts Bay

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• Puritans—religious group, wants to reform Church of England

• 1,000 Puritans arrive at Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)

• This movement of Puritans is known as the Great Migration

• To escape persecution, many Puritans sail to Americas (1630—1640)

• They are well prepared; do not starve • First governor John Winthrop sets up a

commonwealth

The New England Way

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• Basic unit of the commonwealth is congregation:- group of people who belong to same church- each congregation sets up own town - each town has a form of self-government

• Puritans follow the “New England Way”:- emphasizes duty, godliness, hard work,

honesty- work ethic helps growth of New England colonies - requires that all children learn to read

Continued . . .NEXT

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• Puritan congregations set up new colonies

continued The New England Way

• Thomas Hooker adopts Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639): - extends voting rights to non-church

members - limits power of governor - expands idea of representative government

• Portsmouth is first European settlement in New Hampshire

Challenges to Puritan Leaders

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• Massachusetts minister Roger Williams opposes “New England Way”

• Anne Hutchinson believes person can worship without church, Bible

• This colony guarantees religious freedom, separation of church/state

• Forced to leave colony, he founds colony of Rhode Island (1636)

• Quakers believe person can know God through “inner light”

• Also believe in treating Native Americans fairly, persecuted for this

King Philip’s War

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• Growing tensions over land between colonists, Native Americans

• Europeans and Native Americans define land ownership differently: - to Europeans, land can be owned by

individuals - to Native Americans, land belongs to

everyone

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• King Philip’s War (1675—1676)—war between Puritans, Native Americans

• Native Americans lose war, are forced to become laborers

continued King Philip’s War

• English settlers expand farther into Native American lands

Chart

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• By late 1600s, societal changes lead to fear, suspicion in New England

• Pretending to be bewitched, girls falsely accuse others of witchcraft

• Witch-hunts begin (1692); more than 100 people are arrested, tried

The Salem Witchcraft Trials

• 20 found guilty and put to death • Panic short-lived; experience shows how

society can make scapegoats

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The founding of the Middle and Southern colonies provided settlers with many economic opportunities.

Section 3

Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies

The Middle Colonies

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• Middle colonies—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

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• Are located between New England and Chesapeake region

Founding the Middle and Southern Colonies

• Religious freedom attracts many groups • Conditions favorable for shipping, commerce,

farming, livestock

Meeker farmhouse in New Jersey colony in 1676.

New Netherland Becomes New York

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• Dutch settlers found New Netherland (1624)

• Many different settlers arrive - 23 Jews (1654)- Africans come as slaves and indentured

servants - Puritans

• Each patroon brings 50 settlers; receives land grant, special privileges

• Includes Hudson River valley, Long Island, land along Delaware River

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continued New Netherland Becomes New York

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• New Netherland’s governor Peter Stuyvesant attacks New Sweden

• New Netherland surrenders to English (1664)

• Wants to add land to New Netherland; New Sweden surrenders (1655)

• Becomes proprietary colony—Duke of York is proprietor, or owner

• England’s king wants Duke of York to drive Dutch out of New Netherland - Dutch colonies threaten England’s trade- Dutch colonies geographically divide the English colonies

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

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• Duke of York gives part of claim, province of New Jersey, to friends

• To repay debts, English king gives large piece of land to Penn (1681)

• American landowner William Penn joins religious group—Quakers

• Promise settlers religious freedom, land grants, representative assembly

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continued New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware

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• William Penn uses land to create colony of Pennsylvania for Quakers: - welcomes different religious, ethnic groups- treats Native Americans fairly - becomes wealthy colony

• Southern counties of Pennsylvania form own colony of Delaware

The Southern Colonies

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• Southern colonies—Maryland, the Carolinas, Georgia

• Conditions good for warm-weather crops: tobacco, rice, indigo

• West border is Appalachian Mountains; east border is Atlantic Ocean

Maryland and the Carolinas

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• Lord Baltimore establishes Maryland for Roman Catholics (1632)

• Colony of Carolina (1663) grows rice, indigo; use enslaved African labor

• Maryland’s economy is based on tobacco

• Maryland passes Toleration Act—promises freedom of religion

• Sell Native Americans into slavery; conflicts between colonists, tribes

Continued . . .NEXT

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• Colonists overthrow Carolina’s proprietary rule

• Colony divides into North Carolina and South Carolina

• Carolina becomes royal colony—rule by king-appointed governor

continued Maryland and the Carolinas

Georgia

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• James Oglethorpe founds Georgia as refuge for debtors (1732)

• Oglethorpe’s strict rules upset colonists

• English, Germans, Swiss, Scottish settle Georgia; all religions welcome

• During English-Spanish war, Spain tries to oust English colonists, but fails

• In response, king makes Georgia a royal colony in 1752