microbial resources

Microbial resources

Mohamed Wahby PowerPoint presentation as a partial fulfilment for

the course Env. 704 Pre. M.Sc. In environmental sciences

Dec. 2012

Contents

• Introduction

• In industry

• Microbial insecticides (Biological control)

• Water borne pathogens in developing countries

• Biodegradation

• Genetic engineering associated questioning

• Climatic change effect on microorganism’s

2 Mohamed Wahby - Alexandria University -

Faculty of science - Microbial resources

Contents

• Introduction

• In industry

• Biodegradation

Microorganisms

• Microorganisms include bacteria, fungi, archaea or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are generally classified as non-living.

http://tbi.montana.edu/outreach/hotscience/materials/resources/TreeofLife_TBI.jpg

http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/m/microorganism.htm 4

Mohamed Wahby - Alexandria University - Faculty of science - Microbial resources

Microorganisms

• Harmful or beneficial?

http://meadfamilydental.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Photo-Mar-27-12-45-02-AM.jpg

http://www.interactive-biology.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Probiotic-Yogurt-862x1024.jpg 5

Microorganisms

• Their role in nature: Carbon cycle

Brock – Biology of microorganisms – 13th edition - Chapter 24 6

Microorganisms

• Their role in nature: Nitrogen cycle

http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/the-nitrogen-cycle/trend10-2s-soer2010-eps/TREND10-2S-nitrogen-cycle.eps.75dpi.gif/image

Microorganisms

• Their role in nature: Nitrogen cycle

Brock – Biology of microorganisms – 13th edition - Chapter 24

Microorganisms

• Their role in nature: Sulphur cycle

http://img.docstoccdn.com/thumb/orig/120991179.png 9

Brock – Biology of microorganisms – 13th edition - Chapter 24

Microorganisms

• Their role in nature: Sulphur cycle

Microorganisms

• Bacteria

http://www.scilogs.com/import-data/images/11/bacteria.jpg

Microorganisms

• Why bacteria?

• Oldest on earth

• Nothing works without them

• Basic and most studied organism

• Everywhere http://tbi.montana.edu/outreach/hotscience/materials/resources/TreeofLife_TBI.jpg

Microorganisms

• Why bacteria genetically?

Simplicity and Polymerization rate

http://barleyworld.org/sites/default/files/figure-08-01_0.jpg 13 Mohamed Wahby - Alexandria University -

Microorganisms

• Why bacteria physiologically?

http://ebsbiowizard.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/bacterial-growth-curve.png

• Primary metabolites • Secondary metabolites

Contents

• Introduction

• In industry

• Biodegradation

Production of antibiotics

• Are produced from actinomycetes

• Are naturals, semi-synthetics or synthetics

• Classified according to their “mode of action”

http://www.armradio.am/en/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/antibiotik.jpg

http://muirbiology.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/2012-11-01-14-41-22.jpg

Discovery

Image taken from: “Deadly diseases and epidemics, antibiotics-resistant bacteria”. Patrick G. Guilfoile, Ph.D. FOUNDING EDITOR, The Late I. Edward Alcamo. Distinguished Teaching Professor of Microbiology, SUNY Farmingdale. FOREWORD BY David Heymann. World Health Organization. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. ISBN: 978-0-7910-9188-3

Sir Alexander Fleming (National Library of Medicine /Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Photograph of the original culture plate of the fungus Penicillium notatum made by Sir Alexander Fleming (St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

Production of antibiotics

• Principle: Substitutability test (in lab)

• Bacterial susceptibility test. Practical section of course “General bacteriology ” Mic.311. Department of Microbiology, faculty of science, Alexandria University. Semester Autumn 2010.

Production of vinegar

• Principle: Acetobacter

http://www.foodsketches.com/_media/_suppliers/_pics/10.jpg

Okafor - Modern industrial microbiology and biotechnology – Chapter 14 – Production of vinegar

Production of single cell protein

• Dairy wastes: Whey

http://www.eplantscience.com/botanical_biotechnology_biology_chemistry/biotechnology/microbial_biotechnology/single_cell_protein_scp_and_mycoprotein/biotech_scp_production_of_yeast_biomass.php

Okafor - Modern industrial microbiology and biotechnology – Chapter 15 – Single cell protein

Production of E162

http://www.ajinomoto.com/amino/eng/img/1_5_image.gif 22

Contents

• Introduction

• In industry

• Biodegradation

Microbial bio-control

• Bacillus thuringiensis

http://www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/pathogens/bacteria.html

Contents

• Introduction

• In industry

• Biodegradation

Water borne diseases

http://www.righttoplay.com/International/news-and-media/PublishingImages/GOOD.png 26

• Guidelines for drinking-water quality - 4th edition – WHO – Chapter 7, Microbial aspects

Contents

• Introduction

• In industry

• Biodegradation

Biodegradation of plastic

http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/08/sodastream-coca-cola-sustainable-packaging/

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Ralstonia_eutropha

Ralstonia eutropha

Effect of genetically modified plants on soil microorganisms

• “… Overall, the GM crops investigated so far seem to have little or no effect on soil microbial communities. The methods used, although suitable in different ways for the analysis of multiple sample numbers, were sensitive enough to detect changes due to environmental factors such as plant growth development, soil type, and year… ”

From Mitchell and Dong – environmental microbiology – 2nd edition – Chapter 10 - 2010 Wiley-Blackwell.

Biodegradation and phytoremediation

http://newspaper.li/static/e9b7c973691655ac2c84aecdae6a8dc5.jpg

http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/3_productive_soils/5.html

Contents

• Introduction

• In industry

• Biodegradation

The effect of climatic change on microorganism’s

http://www.emlab.com/m/media/TempRanges_ER0807_Fig1.jpg 34

In Egypt

http://www.narg.org.uk/images/egypt_satphoto_google.jpg 35

Conclusion

• Microorganisms are the main player in every process takes place on earth

• Microorganisms are an important (could be essential in some cases) source of food and products

• Every living being on earth is affected by climate change, even the unseen ones.

References

• Ralph Mitchell and Ji-Dong Gu – Environmental microbiology – 2nd edition - Wiley-Blackwell, 2010

• Jacquelyn G. Black – Microbiology, principles and explortaions – 7th edition - Wiley-Blackwell, 2008

• Nduka Okafor – Modern industrial microbiology and biotechnology – Science publisher, 2007

• Brock – Biology of microorganisms – 13th edition - Pearson Education 2012, 2009, 2006

• Promila Parihar – Microbiology and immunology – Swastik Publisher & distributors, 2009

• Naill A. Logan – Bacterial systematic - Wiley-Blackwell, 1994

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