legislation & policy initiatives to secure ecosystem services coastal & marine areas

Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services

Coastal & Marine Areas

Climate & Ecosystem HearingJackie AlderSea Around Us Project13 April 2008

Ecosystem ServicesCoastal

• Storm & flood protection

• Erosion control• Biodiversity• Food

Ecosystem ServicesMarine

• Climate regulation• Nutrient cycling• Food

Climate ChangeCoast

• Sea level rise• Warmer inshore water• Increased cyclone incidences and

severity• Increased wave action• Increased rainfall

• Erosion• Flooding• Salt water contamination• Increased harmful algal blooms and

diseases• Coral bleaching• Invasive species• Biodiversity decline

Regions Vulnerable to FloodingMid-estimate (45 cm) by ~ 2080

UNFCCC 2007

Climate ChangeMarine

• Increased sea temperature• Acidification• Current patterns• Storm/waves• Fish distributions

• Changes to nutrient cycling - desertification of oceans

• Fish distribution changes

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Holbrook et al 2002

Chlorophyll Red = decliningBlue = increasing

Desertification

NOAA 2008

2003

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2007

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2011

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2015

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2019

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2023

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2027

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2031

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2035

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2039

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2043

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2047

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2051

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2055

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

2059

Relative abundance0

0 - 0.00015

> 0.0015 - 0.0038

> 0.0038 - 0.0062

> 0.0062 - 0.0095

> 0.0095 - 0.012

> 0.012 - 0.016

> 0.016 - 0.023

> 0.023 - 0.030

> 0.030 - 0.040

> 0.040

Low

High

Relative abundance

South African hake (Merluccius capensis)

Can Anything Be Done?

Kleyplas et al 1999

UNFCCC 2007

Mitigation or Adaptation?Both are Needed

Mitigation - options limited in coasts and marine areas

Reduce GHGAdaptation - more options

ReactiveProactive

UNFCCC 2007

Responding to Coastal Change(including sea level rise)

Retreat

Accommodation

Protect Soft Hard

UNFCCC 2007

(a) no hard defenses (b) hard defenses

Sea Level Rise

Coastal Squeeze(of coastal wetlands)

UNFCCC 2007

Proactive

• Payout• Rebuild• Retro-fit• Accommodate• Retreat

ReactiveProtection• Soft

– beach nourishment– dune rehabilitation– mangrove restoration

• Hard– Seawalls– Gryones

Best Practiceswith a climate change lens

• Integrated coastal management– Set backs– Infrastructure– Access– Development/planning/urbanization– Disaster Preparation

• Strengthening traditional coping mechanisms• Habitat restoration and protection• Fisheries reconstruction and ecosystem

approaches• Marine Protected Areas

Case Studies

• NAPA• Uruguay• Kiribati

National Adaptation Programmes of Action

For Lesser Developed Countries (49) supported by the UNFCCC– Human health– Socio-economic development– Water– Agriculture– Coastal management

32/49 NAPAs completed - Africa, Asia primarily

Common Themes for Coasts and Marine Areas

(16 countries)

0

4

8

12

16

ICZM Planning

Fisheri

es

Infrastr

ucture

Habita

tMPAs

Awarenes

s/Cap

city B

ldg

Uruguay

Working on Third Climate Change Action Plan (PMEGEMA)

MVOTMA declared Ministerial Interest in the implementation of the measures in the PMEGEMA

• Transportation • Agriculture• Forestry• Waste• Energy

Direct GHG Emissions (kt CO2 eq.): 1990 to 2000

-10000

-5000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

1990 29373 14526 9037 5810

1994 28816 16178 9294 3344

1998 27967 16683 9327 1957

2000 20785 16030 8463 -3708

Total CH4 N2O CO2

UNFCCC 2007

Adaptation Measures

Coastal Resources• Promote ICZM• Establishment monitoring system for

surge and beach profiles• Study and rehabilitation of degraded

coastal areas

Fishery Resources• Monitoring of oceanographic and

fishery variables• Sea farming: stocking lagoons with

shrimp post larvae for harvesting• Incremental controls to prevent

residual water dumping in coastal areas UNFCCC 2007

Kiribati• Small Pacific Islands• Low lying coral caysClimate Impacts• Coastal erosion• Salt water

contamination• Flooding• Declining agriculture

and fisheries• Coral bleaching

MELAD 2007

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NAPA - Kiribati

• Water - well improvements• Meterological - equipment & reporting• Agriculture- gene banking, salt tolerant crops• Coastal - roads and seawalls • Coastal Management• Coral reef rehabilitation

MELAD 2007

Coastal & Coral Reef Adaptation Measures

• Risk management planning including adding resilience

• Coastal habitat protection• MPAs• Coastal infrastructure• Artificial reefs• Hatchery for stocking lagoons

MELAD 2007

Ensuring Coastal & Marine Ecosystem Services

Put on you Climate Change Glasses and:Follow best Practices for Coastal Management• Setbacks• Coastal protection and rehabilitation• Risk management and disaster preparationAnd Fisheries Management (Ecosystem Approach)• Reduce effort• Ban destructive fishing practices• Precautionary catch limits• Property rights & economic incentives• MPAs

Acknowledgements… • Thanks to the Pew Charitable Trusts,

Philadelphia;

• Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia;

• Members of the Sea Around Us project,and many others...

visit us at www.seaaroundus.org

Sector Adaptation Measures

• Agriculture• Biodiversity• Coastal Resources• Water Resources• Fisheries• Human Health

UNFCCC 2007