legislation & policy initiatives to secure ecosystem services coastal & marine areas
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Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services Coastal & Marine Areas. Climate & Ecosystem Hearing Jackie Alder Sea Around Us Project 13 April 2008. Ecosystem Services Coastal. Storm & flood protection Erosion control Biodiversity Food. Ecosystem Services Marine. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Legislation & Policy Initiatives to Secure Ecosystem Services
Coastal & Marine Areas
Climate & Ecosystem HearingJackie AlderSea Around Us Project13 April 2008
Ecosystem ServicesCoastal
• Storm & flood protection
• Erosion control• Biodiversity• Food
Ecosystem ServicesMarine
• Climate regulation• Nutrient cycling• Food
Climate ChangeCoast
• Sea level rise• Warmer inshore water• Increased cyclone incidences and
severity• Increased wave action• Increased rainfall
• Erosion• Flooding• Salt water contamination• Increased harmful algal blooms and
diseases• Coral bleaching• Invasive species• Biodiversity decline
Regions Vulnerable to FloodingMid-estimate (45 cm) by ~ 2080
UNFCCC 2007
Climate ChangeMarine
• Increased sea temperature• Acidification• Current patterns• Storm/waves• Fish distributions
• Changes to nutrient cycling - desertification of oceans
• Fish distribution changes
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Holbrook et al 2002
Chlorophyll Red = decliningBlue = increasing
Desertification
NOAA 2008
2003
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2007
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2011
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2015
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2019
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2023
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2027
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2031
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2035
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2039
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2043
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2047
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2051
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2055
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
2059
Relative abundance0
0 - 0.00015
> 0.0015 - 0.0038
> 0.0038 - 0.0062
> 0.0062 - 0.0095
> 0.0095 - 0.012
> 0.012 - 0.016
> 0.016 - 0.023
> 0.023 - 0.030
> 0.030 - 0.040
> 0.040
Low
High
Relative abundance
South African hake (Merluccius capensis)
Can Anything Be Done?
Kleyplas et al 1999
UNFCCC 2007
Mitigation or Adaptation?Both are Needed
Mitigation - options limited in coasts and marine areas
Reduce GHGAdaptation - more options
ReactiveProactive
UNFCCC 2007
Responding to Coastal Change(including sea level rise)
Retreat
Accommodation
Protect Soft Hard
UNFCCC 2007
(a) no hard defenses (b) hard defenses
Sea Level Rise
Coastal Squeeze(of coastal wetlands)
UNFCCC 2007
Proactive
• Payout• Rebuild• Retro-fit• Accommodate• Retreat
ReactiveProtection• Soft
– beach nourishment– dune rehabilitation– mangrove restoration
• Hard– Seawalls– Gryones
Best Practiceswith a climate change lens
• Integrated coastal management– Set backs– Infrastructure– Access– Development/planning/urbanization– Disaster Preparation
• Strengthening traditional coping mechanisms• Habitat restoration and protection• Fisheries reconstruction and ecosystem
approaches• Marine Protected Areas
Case Studies
• NAPA• Uruguay• Kiribati
National Adaptation Programmes of Action
For Lesser Developed Countries (49) supported by the UNFCCC– Human health– Socio-economic development– Water– Agriculture– Coastal management
32/49 NAPAs completed - Africa, Asia primarily
Common Themes for Coasts and Marine Areas
(16 countries)
0
4
8
12
16
ICZM Planning
Fisheri
es
Infrastr
ucture
Habita
tMPAs
Awarenes
s/Cap
city B
ldg
Uruguay
Working on Third Climate Change Action Plan (PMEGEMA)
MVOTMA declared Ministerial Interest in the implementation of the measures in the PMEGEMA
• Transportation • Agriculture• Forestry• Waste• Energy
Direct GHG Emissions (kt CO2 eq.): 1990 to 2000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1990 29373 14526 9037 5810
1994 28816 16178 9294 3344
1998 27967 16683 9327 1957
2000 20785 16030 8463 -3708
Total CH4 N2O CO2
UNFCCC 2007
Adaptation Measures
Coastal Resources• Promote ICZM• Establishment monitoring system for
surge and beach profiles• Study and rehabilitation of degraded
coastal areas
Fishery Resources• Monitoring of oceanographic and
fishery variables• Sea farming: stocking lagoons with
shrimp post larvae for harvesting• Incremental controls to prevent
residual water dumping in coastal areas UNFCCC 2007
Kiribati• Small Pacific Islands• Low lying coral caysClimate Impacts• Coastal erosion• Salt water
contamination• Flooding• Declining agriculture
and fisheries• Coral bleaching
MELAD 2007
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
NAPA - Kiribati
• Water - well improvements• Meterological - equipment & reporting• Agriculture- gene banking, salt tolerant crops• Coastal - roads and seawalls • Coastal Management• Coral reef rehabilitation
MELAD 2007
Coastal & Coral Reef Adaptation Measures
• Risk management planning including adding resilience
• Coastal habitat protection• MPAs• Coastal infrastructure• Artificial reefs• Hatchery for stocking lagoons
MELAD 2007
Ensuring Coastal & Marine Ecosystem Services
Put on you Climate Change Glasses and:Follow best Practices for Coastal Management• Setbacks• Coastal protection and rehabilitation• Risk management and disaster preparationAnd Fisheries Management (Ecosystem Approach)• Reduce effort• Ban destructive fishing practices• Precautionary catch limits• Property rights & economic incentives• MPAs
Acknowledgements… • Thanks to the Pew Charitable Trusts,
Philadelphia;
• Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia;
• Members of the Sea Around Us project,and many others...
visit us at www.seaaroundus.org
Sector Adaptation Measures
• Agriculture• Biodiversity• Coastal Resources• Water Resources• Fisheries• Human Health
UNFCCC 2007