language production: speaking, writing, and bilingualism speaking production process production...
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Language ProductionLanguage Production: Speaking, : Speaking, Writing, and BilingualismWriting, and Bilingualism
SpeakingSpeaking Production ProcessProduction Process Speech ErrorsSpeech Errors Producing DiscourseProducing Discourse Social Context of SpeechSocial Context of Speech
WritingWriting IntroIntro Cognitive Model of WritingCognitive Model of Writing Planning, Sentence Generation, & RevisionPlanning, Sentence Generation, & Revision Writing Style in PsychologyWriting Style in Psychology
BilingualismBilingualism BackgroundBackground AdvantagesAdvantages 22ndnd Language Proficiency & Age of Acquisition Language Proficiency & Age of Acquisition
SpeakingSpeaking
Production ProcessProduction Process StagesStages
1.1. Gist/ meaningGist/ meaning
2.2. General structure of sentenceGeneral structure of sentence
3.3. Word selectionWord selection
4.4. Articulate phonemesArticulate phonemes
PlanningPlanning Linearization ProcessLinearization Process ProsodyProsody
Speech ErrorsSpeech Errors
Usually well-formed; few errors (appox. Usually well-formed; few errors (appox. 200-500 sentences)200-500 sentences)
Unfinished sentencesUnfinished sentences
Dell (1986) - 3 types of errorsDell (1986) - 3 types of errors
Types of Speech ErrorsTypes of Speech ErrorsDell (1986)Dell (1986)
1.1. Sound errorsSound errorssnack shop ----> shack snopsnack shop ----> shack snopsnow flurries ----> flow snurriessnow flurries ----> flow snurries
2.2. Morpheme errorsMorpheme errorsself-destruct instruction ---->self-destruct instruction ---->self-instruct destructionself-instruct destruction
3.3. Word errorsWord errorswriting a letter to my mother ---->writing a letter to my mother ---->writing a mother to my letterwriting a mother to my letter
Various FormsVarious Forms
1.1. ExchangesExchangesprevious examplesprevious examples
2.2. AnticipationsAnticipationsreading list ----> leading listreading list ----> leading list
noisy bore ----> boisy borenoisy bore ----> boisy bore
3.3. PerseverationPerseverationwaking rabbits ----> waking wabbitswaking rabbits ----> waking wabbits
4.4. DeletionsDeletionssame state ----> same satesame state ----> same sate
DiscourseDiscourse Beyond word and sentenceBeyond word and sentence NarrativesNarratives 6 parts convey6 parts convey
1.1. Brief overviewBrief overview2.2. Summary of characters / settingSummary of characters / setting3.3. ComplicationComplication4.4. Point of the narrativePoint of the narrative5.5. Resolution of storyResolution of story6.6. Final signalFinal signal
Structure lends coherence / predictabilityStructure lends coherence / predictability c.f. script and schemac.f. script and schema
Social Context of SpeechSocial Context of Speech
Language as a social instrumentLanguage as a social instrument
PragmaticsPragmatics
Common ground - shared background and Common ground - shared background and knowledgeknowledge
Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs (1986)Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs (1986)
Conversationalist FormatConversationalist Format
DirectivesDirectives
WritingWriting
Research limitedResearch limited Writing vs. SpeakingWriting vs. Speaking Cognitive Model (Hayes, 1996)Cognitive Model (Hayes, 1996)
Social, physical, motivational factorsSocial, physical, motivational factors WM plays a central roleWM plays a central role
• Phonological loopPhonological loop• Visual sketch-padVisual sketch-pad• ExecutiveExecutive
LTM (semantic memory, topic knowledge, general LTM (semantic memory, topic knowledge, general schemas, audience, writing style)schemas, audience, writing style)
Planning, Sentence Generation, RevisionPlanning, Sentence Generation, Revision
Planning & Sentence Planning & Sentence GenerationGeneration
PlanningPlanning GoalsGoals Amount and quality of planning highly correlated Amount and quality of planning highly correlated withwith
quality of final essayquality of final essay Outlining (Kellog, 1988; 1994; 1998)Outlining (Kellog, 1988; 1994; 1998)
• Manage attentionManage attention• SequencingSequencing
Sentence GenerationSentence Generation TalkingTalking Alteration of hesitant and fluent phrasesAlteration of hesitant and fluent phrases Computer vs. pen (Kellog, 1994, 1996; Hayes, Computer vs. pen (Kellog, 1994, 1996; Hayes,
1996)1996)• SameSame• Blocks of textBlocks of text
RevisionRevision Organization and coherenceOrganization and coherence
Reconsider goalsReconsider goals
College studentsCollege students Give little time to revision (e.g., Torrance, 1999) 4%Give little time to revision (e.g., Torrance, 1999) 4% Estimations incorrect, poor metacognition 30% vs. < 10%Estimations incorrect, poor metacognition 30% vs. < 10%
Expert vs. Novice WritersExpert vs. Novice Writers Time revisingTime revising Sentence problems vs. organization, focus, and transitionsSentence problems vs. organization, focus, and transitions Diagnosing sentence errorsDiagnosing sentence errors Drawbacks of expertiseDrawbacks of expertise
ProofreadingProofreading
BilingualismBilingualism
Bilingual vs. MultilingualBilingual vs. Multilingual
AdditiveAdditive vs. vs. SubtractiveSubtractive Bilingualism Bilingualism
North America - subtractive bilingualism North America - subtractive bilingualism predominatepredominate
Acquisition Acquisition
Three IssuesThree Issues
Advantages of bilingualismAdvantages of bilingualism
In-depth examination of how immigrants In-depth examination of how immigrants maintain their skillsmaintain their skills
Relationship between acquisition age and Relationship between acquisition age and language proficiencylanguage proficiency
Advantages of BilingualismAdvantages of Bilingualism
Early theoristsEarly theorists
Early research results (flawed)Early research results (flawed)
Peal & Lambert (1962) -Peal & Lambert (1962) - 1 1stst well controlled study well controlled study
Bilinguals more advanced in schoolBilinguals more advanced in school
Scored better on tests of 1Scored better on tests of 1stst language language skillsskills
Showed greater mental flexibilityShowed greater mental flexibility
Replicated many timesReplicated many times
Advantages of BilingualismAdvantages of Bilingualism
Expertise in own languageExpertise in own language
Recognize arbitrariness of concept labelsRecognize arbitrariness of concept labels
Metalinguistic knowledge higher Metalinguistic knowledge higher
PragmaticsPragmatics
Complicated InstructionsComplicated Instructions
CreativityCreativity
Concept formation & Nonverbal intelligenceConcept formation & Nonverbal intelligence
Maintenance of First Maintenance of First LanguageLanguage
(Immigrants)(Immigrants)
Bahrick (1994)Bahrick (1994)
How well do they learn English?How well do they learn English?
How well do they retain Spanish?How well do they retain Spanish?
Second-Language Proficiency as Second-Language Proficiency as a Function of Age of Acquisitiona Function of Age of Acquisition Factors:Factors:
aspect measuredaspect measured 2 specific languages2 specific languages
AspectAspect phonologyphonology vocabularyvocabulary Grammar Grammar
VocabularyVocabulary
No relationship between age of acquisition No relationship between age of acquisition
and vocabulary proficiency in Englishand vocabulary proficiency in English
Adults & children equally skilled in learning Adults & children equally skilled in learning
new wordsnew words
Flege, et al. (1999)Flege, et al. (1999)
1.1. Yes / No questions: Yes / No questions: Should have Should have Timothy gone to the party?Timothy gone to the party?
2.2. Pronouns: Pronouns: Susan is making some Susan is making some cookies for we.cookies for we.
3.3. Plurals:Plurals: Todd has many coat in his Todd has many coat in his closet.closet.
Grammar:Mixed Findings Grammar:Mixed Findings
Initial Analysis--early acquisition advantageInitial Analysis--early acquisition advantage
Confound--school experience -> formal training Confound--school experience -> formal training
in English languagein English language
Careful Analysis, controlling for education Careful Analysis, controlling for education
showed no differenceshowed no difference
Additional ConsiderationsAdditional Considerations
Match between L1 and L2Match between L1 and L2
Dissimilar Languages--children appear to Dissimilar Languages--children appear to
have advantagehave advantage
Similar Languages--adults appear to have Similar Languages--adults appear to have
advantageadvantage
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