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The language of chemistry

Chemical symbols are like the letters in the alphabet of chemistry

Hill, J. and Petrucci, R. 1996. General Chemistry Instructor’s Edition.USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

To describe compounds, chemical symbols are combined into chemical formulas, much

as letters are combined to make words

B2O3

Elements present

two B atoms for every three O atoms

Hill, J. and Petrucci, R. 1996. General Chemistry Instructor’s Edition.USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

To describe compounds, chemical symbols are combined into chemical formulas, much

as letters are combined to make words

NH3

Elements present

one N atom for every three H atoms

Hill, J. and Petrucci, R. 1996. General Chemistry Instructor’s Edition.USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

TEACHER:   Donald, what is the chemical

formula for water?

DONALD:     H I J K L M N O

TEACHER:   What are you talking  about?

DONALD:     Yesterday you said it's H to O  

Naming compounds

• ionic compounds

• acids

• covalent compounds

Naming ionic compounds

Ionic compounds = cation + anion

• cation

– positive ion (metal)

• anion

– negative ion (nonmetal)

NaCl

cation anion

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Na+ sodium ion

Ca2+ calcium ion

Al3+ aluminum ion

If a metal can form cations of differing charges,metal(charge in Roman numerals)

Fe2+ iron(II) ion

Fe3+ iron(III) ion

* Most of the metals that have variable charges are transition metals

* If there is doubt whether a metal forms more than one type of cation, indicate the charge using Roman numerals

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Cu+ copper(I) ion

Cu2+ copper(II) ion

Polyatomic (many-atom) cations have special names

Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

NH4+ ammonium ion

H3O+hydronium ion

For monoatomic (one-atom) anions, drop the ending of the name of the element and

replace it with -ide

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

N3- nitride ion

O2- oxide ion

F- fluoride ion

Polyatomic anions have special names

Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

For polyatomic anions containing oxygen (oxyanions) and a specific element, prefixes are used

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. Silberberg, M. 2010. Principles of General Chemistry. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-

Hill.

ClO4- perchlorate

ClO3- chlorate

ClO2- chlorite

ClO- hypochlorite

If H+ is added to an oxyanion, add the prefix hydrogen or dihydrogen (as appropriate)

CO32- carbonate ion

HCO3- hydrogen carbonate ion

PO43- phosphate ion

H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate ion

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

* Each H+ reduces the negative charge of the parent anion by one

To name an ionic compound, give the cation name followed by the anion name

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

BaBr2 barium bromide

K2SO4 potassium sulfate

CuCl2 copper(II) chloride

To name an ionic compound, give the cation name followed by the anion name

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Al(NO3)3 aluminum nitrate*

** When writing the chemical symbol of an ionic compound, start with the cation followed by the anion. If possible, reduce the subscripts to lowest terms

* For ionic compounds with more than one polyatomic ion group of the same type [i.e. three NO3

- in Al(NO3)3], enclose the polyatomic ion’s formula in parenthesis before affixing the subscript

Naming acids

An acid is a substance that yields H+ when dissolved in water

HCl H+ + Cl-

H2SO4 2H+ + SO42-

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

If the anion that accompanies the H+ ends in –ide:1) add the prefix –hydro2) change –ide to –ic acid

Anion Corresponding Acid

Cl- (chloride) HCl (hydrochloric acid)

S2- (sulfide) H2S (hydrosulfuric acid)

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

If the anion that accompanies the H+ ends in –ate:1) change –ate to –ic acid

Anion Corresponding Acid

ClO3- (chlorate) HClO3 (chloric acid)

ClO4-(perchlorate) HClO4 (perchloric acid)

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

If the anion that accompanies the H+ ends in –ite:1) change –ite to –ous acid

Anion Corresponding Acid

ClO- (hypochlorite) HClO (hypochlorous acid)

ClO2-(chlorite) HClO2 (chlorous acid)

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Naming covalent compounds

Covalent compounds = nonmetal + nonmetal

NO

nonmetal nonmetal

Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element

Brown, , E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. Chang, R. 2002. Chemistry 7th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

The first element that appears is named as is, the second element is given an –ide ending

Cl2O dichlorine monoxide

N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide

P4S10 tetraphosphorus decasulfide

NF3 nitrogen trifluoride

* When the prefix ends in a or o and the name of the second element begins with a vowel, drop the a or o

* The prefix mono is never used with the first element

Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten. 2000. Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.