history: indus valley architecture

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Civilization

The stage of human social development and organization

that is considered most advance

The society, culture, and way of life of a particular area

Bronze Age Civilization Harappan Civilization(2600-1900 BC)

Major Cities

Mohenjo-Daro

Harappa

Pottery

Jewelry Making

Clay Bricks

Priest-Kings

Revered Bull

Animism

All living things have a

soul

Polytheism

Many Gods

Traders or Artisans

• Different types of seals and standardized weights suggest a system of trade

• Advanced detailing in the astonishing artefacts

Living Standard

• Low wealth concentration through clear social leveling

• Access to water and supples and drainage facilities

• graineries

• Ornaments made out of gold and ivory

• Hygiene and cleanliness were among the high priorities of the society

• Evidence of quality municipal planning and efficient municipal government

Technology• Measurements–Great accuracy in

measurement in measuring mass length and time

• Metallurgy –Brass, copper, bronze,

ivory

Knowledge of DentistryOldest evidence of drilling teeth

Artefacts and Handicrafts

Clay Sculpture

Egg Shaped Whistles

Figurines

Ceramics

Copper Plate

Ornaments

• First known use of cotton as fiber for weaving textiles

Cotton

Games

• Dice and small sculptures of bullock carts were probably used as toys and games

Architecture of Indus Valley Civilization

VERY ADVANCE……………………

How advance?

Water Supplies andDrainage Facilities

Residential Buildings

• Mainly made up of bricks• Open terrace flanked by

rooms• Ratio og lenth to width to

thickness at 4:2:1• Houses have multiple

stories• No windows• Own private wells• Own private bathrooms• Clay pipes led from the

bathrooms to sewers located under the streets

The Great Bath

The Great Bath

• 179 feet long and 107 feet wide

• complex has a large quadrangle in the center with galleries and rooms on all sides. In the center of this quadrangle there is a large swimming enclosure that is 39 feet long, 23 feet wide and 8 feet deep

• Used for religious or ritualistic purposes

• Connected to an elaborate water supply and sewer system.

Drainage System

Drain

Granaries• The largest building found

at Mohenjo-Daro– Running 150 feet long, 75

feet wide and 15 feet high– Diveded into 27

compartments in 3 rows– Well ventilated and it was

possible to fill grain in from outside

• Made of burnt brick• Air-ducts are provided

under the wooden floor• The row of triangular

openings may have been for ventilation

Streets and Walls

Public Well

The Assembly Hall

• Covers an area of 750 square meters• Four rows of

fine brick piers and pillars at the corners

Earliest Form of Sanitary Engineering

• 1st known toilets and running water

• By 2500 BC, highly developed drainage systems where wastewater from each house flowed into the main drain

Private Bathrooms

Urban Sanitation System

• Houses were lined with drains covered with burnt clay bricks (burning makes clay harder, more dense)

• Had manhole covers, chambers, etc., to facilitate maintenance

• First form of sanitary engineering

• Waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets

Natural Resources

• Fresh water and timber• Materials:– Gold – Silver– Semi-precious stones– Marine resources

Four theories of CollapseArchaeologists have offered four explanations for the collapse of the Harappan “Civilization”. • Three are based on ecological factors: intense flooding,

decrease in precipitation, and the desiccation of the Indus River.

• The fourth hypothesis is that of the Aryan Invasion, proposed by Sir R. E. Mortimer Wheeler and Stuart Piggott.– Image in text of “massacre” thought to support this hypothesis. Later

interpreted as “peaceful” mass burial. • Fourth largely abandoned in the 1940s in favor of a

combination of factors from ecological disasters.

References• http

://science.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology/mohenjo-daro

• http://www.crystalinks.com/induscivilization.html• http://arthistoryworlds.org/architecture-of-the-in

dus-valley/• http://www.gktoday.in/architecture-in-indus-valle

y-civilization/• http://indiapicks.com/annapurna/A_Indus.htm• http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/entertai

nment/indian-art-architecture-indus-valley-civilization.html

• http://www.google.com.ph• http://www.merriam-webster.com/