1. The Indus Valley Civilization, alsoknown as Harappan culture, is amongthe worlds earliest civilizations,contemporary to the Bronze Agecivilizations of Mesopotamia andAncient Egypt. It peaked around 2500 BCE in thewestern part of South Asia, declinedduring the mid-2nd millennium BCEand was forgotten until its rediscoveryin the 1920s by R.D. Banerjee.

2. Thus there is an Indus Valley site on theOxus river at Shortughai in northernAfghanistan (Kenoyer 1998:96) and theIndus Valley site Alamgirpur at the Hindonriver is located only 28 km from Delhi. Geographically, it was spread over an areaof some 1,260,000 km, comprising the wholeof modern day Pakistan and parts ofmodern-day India and Afghanistan. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may havehad a population of well over five million. 3. It was in the mid 4th millennium BC that the first majorcivilizations began to arise along major river systems such asthe Nile and the Tigris Euphrates. Though not so well known theIndus Valley or Harappan culture was one of the greatest ofthese early civilizations. It arose along the Indus Valley in whatis now Pakistan around 3500 BC and reached its peak from2900 - 1900 BC. The capital seems to have been near thesmall modern town of Harappa whence its name but therewere other large cities at Mohenjo Daro, Mehrgarh andelsewhere. At its peak it was a vast empire of cities, towns andpublic works that stretched from Afghanistan to the Indianocean. But by c. 1300 the Harappan civilization had vanishedlikely due to prolonged failure of the monsoon rains. Incontrast to cuneiform and hieroglyphics the writing system ofthe Indus culture has still not been deciphered. 4. SIZABLE ANCIENT INDIAN /INDUS VALLEY POTTERY HEAD, 5"h x 4"w x 3"d. Heavy solidhard fired pottery.Provenance. Gifted to thefather of the current ownerin appreciation to hisservices to the localcommunity in India in theearly 20th century. 5. SIZABLE ANCIENT INDIAN /INDUS VALLEY POTTERY HEAD(left in the photo), 5.5"h x 4"w x4.5"d. Heavy solid hard firedpottery. Provenance. Gifted tothe father of the currentowner in appreciation to hisservices to the localcommunity in India in the early20th century. 6. SIZABLE ANCIENT INDIAN /INDUS VALLEY POTTERY HEAD, 4"h x 4.5"w x 2.75"d. Heavysolid hard fired pottery.Provenance. Gifted to thefather of the current ownerin appreciation to hisservices to the localcommunity in India in theearly 20th century. 7. MEHRGARH BICHROMEFIGURAL POT, IndusValley, c. 3rd millenniumBC. The pot painted withtwo large bulls separatedby vegetation, four fowlsabove. Minor limedeposits attestingauthenticity. 4 x 4 inches. 8. MEHRGARH BICHROMEFIGURAL PLATTER, Indus Valley,c. 3rd millennium BC. Theplatter painted with fowlbetween large trees, a bandof many small ibex near therim. Some lime depositsattesting authenticity. 2.5 x 10inches. 9. MEHRGARH BICHROMEFIGURAL POT, IndusValley, c. 3rdmillennium BC. The potpainted with register offelines and treesbetween two bands ofnumerous small ibex, araised wavy line below.Minor lime depositsattesting authenticity.5.5 x 5.5 inches. 10. MEHRGARH BICHROMEFIGURAL CUP, IndusValley, c. 3rd millenniumBC. The cup paintedwith two large bullsseparated byvegetation. Some limedeposits attestingauthenticity. 3 x 4inches. 11. MEHRGARH BICHROMEFIGURAL POT, IndusValley, c. 3rdmillennium BC. The potpainted with registersof felines and ibexseparated by flowers.Some lime depositsattesting authenticity.6 x 6.5 inches. 12. . MEHRGARH LARGE FISHBICHROME BOWL, IndusValley, c. 3rd millenniumBC. The bowl painted withthree large fish with linearand arrow bands aboveand below. Some limedeposits attestingauthenticity. 4.5 x 7 inches. 13. MEHRGARH BICHROMEFIGURAL POT, IndusValley, c. 3rd millenniumBC. The pot painted witha register of numeroussmall ibex within linearbands. Some limedeposits attestingauthenticity. 3 x 3 inches. 14. MEHRGARH BICHROMEOIL LAMP, Indus Valley, c.3rd millennium BC. Of fourpinch square form, the potpainted with geometricdesigns on the outer rim.Some lime depositsattesting authenticity. 1.5 x2.5 inches. 15. MEHRGARH LARGEBICHROME FIGURAL POT,Indus Valley, c. 3rdmillennium BC. The potpainted with large bulls,fowls and trees a register ofnumerous small ibex above.Repaired from five largeshards. Some lime depositsattesting authenticity. 6 x 7inches. 16. AN INDUS VALLEYTRIANGULAR SEAL, c. 3rd-2nd millennium BC. Theblack stone seal withfigures of serpent, wingedanimal and man standingwith staff. 25 mm. Excellentcondition. 17. AN INDUS VALLEYGLASS BEAD, c. 3rd-2nd millennium BC.The tan cylindricalbead with applieddots and stands. 27mm. Rare and nice. 18. AN INDUSVALLEY/BACTRIANBEAD NECKLACE, c.2nd-1st millenniumBC. Various stoneand glass beads. 22.Wearable. 19. A PAIR OF EARLY INDUSVALLEY POLYCHROMECHALICES. MehrgarhCulture, c. 4000 BC. 4inches. From a newvery early culturerecently unearthedalong the Indus.Extremely rare! 20. . AN EARLY INDUS VALLEYPOLYCHROME DIPPERSPOON. Mehrgarh Culture,c. 4000 BC. 3.4 inches. Froma new very early culturerecently unearthed alongthe Indus. Amazing state ofpreservation considering thedelicate handle. Extremelyrare! 21. A RARE MOHENJO DAROFERTILITY IDOL. IndusValley, c. 2500-1500 BC.The female idol with armscrossed under breasts, ananimal or child on leftarm. 2.25 x 6 inches. Rearbase rim missing. Veryrare, especially with theadditional figure! 22. AN INDUS VALLEY ORBACTRIAN SILVERRING, c. 2500-1000 BC.The heavy ring withbands of raisedknobs, two silverrosettes likely the topsand bottoms of lotusflowers attached oneither side. 1 inch, 0.7-0.75 inches internal.Wearable. Rare. 23. A FINE INDUS VALLEY ORBACTRIAN BRONZEMEDICAL OR COSMETICSET, c. 2500-1000 BC. Theunusual pin probe withthree knobbed terminals,the spatula/scalpel withornate knobbed handlewith suspension loop. To 3.5inches. Rare this nice. 24. A CHOICE LARGE INDUSVALLEY STAMP SEAL, c. 1stmillennium BC. Theterracotta seal withincised animals aroundthe periphery, ornatehandle on back. 3 inches.Choice example. 25. AN INDUS VALLEYTERRACOTTA BULL, c.2500-1500 BC.Humped bullattached to vesselshard which nowserves as a base. 4.5inches. 26. s Im proposing theory of Pre-Dravidian Invasion. This has a strongercase in the Vaidik age Indo-Aryan literature. Most of the Vaidik literature talk about Aryans fight against a darkskinned people called Dasyus. The description of these people hardlysuits to the urbanized people of IVC. So its very clear that these peoplecan not be the ones who built IVC. But they can be the people whodestroyed it. Around 1700B.C Pre-Dravidian people of South India started attackingIVC. IVC was not known to possess a strong army. These urban, tradingpeople along with their grand constructions became easy victims ofattacking pre-Dravidians. A closer analogy could be barbarians(Germanic tribes) attacking Rome. It looks like these pre-Dravidians weremainly from South India, since pre-Dravidians of East India do not exhibitDravidian culture( languages and Shaivism, which I feel is the mainreligion of Harappan people) of South India but still practices pre-Dravidian rituals of worshipping dark skinned goddesses. Now back tothe main argument. Emergence of Dravidian people: 27. While pre-Dravidians were destroying their homeland,the IVC population started migrating to Southernregions. Ironically, moving to the homelands of theirdestroyers. And overtime they mingled and crossbredwith local pre-Dravidian population, influencing andassimilating with local culture. Since it was no more ahomogenous block, these people never had anydistinct identity of themselves. It was probably duringfirst or second century AD these people wereclassified as Dravidians by the Indo-Aryans who bythis time settled in all of North-India. Manusmriti,written around this time, categorizes all Dravidians asShudras. Though there were further divisions in thesociety after Aryan Brahmin missionaries startedarriving between 4th to 7th centuries. 28. After defeating and destroying IVC something around 1700BC, pre-Dravidians continued to live in north-west of India. Possibly when Indo-Aryans started arriving around 1500BC they were the pale shadow of theirforefathers who invaded that territory. Even the numbers could be favouringthe Aryans. Defeated by these Indo-European people, Dasyus startedretreating from IVC area and migrated to other parts of the country. A partof them might have been assimilated with Indo-Aryans. But some of thesedisintegrated people because of Aryan onslaught found it difficult tobecome a single, strong entity and degenerated to live a pathetic life. Andin later centuries these people might possibly oppressed asuntouchables(This argument is influenced by Ambedkars theory of originof untouchablilty in India. I am proposing my theory of brokenmen ) by otherIndians, now a mixed race of Aryans and pre-Dravidians. In this series of articles, I have proposed IVC population was light skinnedMediterranean race. This civilization was destroyed by the dark skinned pre-Dravidians(australoids) of South India. The escaping Mediterraneanpopulation migrated to South India and assimilated with local people andgave rise to culture described as Dravidian by the Indo-Aryans. Indo-Aryans defeated pre-Dravidians on entering India from north-west andestablished their civilization. This argument tries to explain the missing linkbetween end of the Indus valley civilization and invasion/migration of Indo-Aryans. 29. Thank You