grammar. what you will need to know for the quiz: phrases irregular verbs: to lie vs. to lay clauses...

Grammar

What you will need to know for the quiz:

Phrases Irregular Verbs:to lie vs. to lay

Clauses

Need to review? • Four kinds of sentences

• Four kinds of complements

Review

Kinds of Sentences

Complements

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Four Kinds of Sentences

1. Simple Sentence

2. Compound Sentence

3. Complex Sentence

4. Compound-Complex Sentence

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1. Simple Sentence

Definition: a sentence that contains a main (or independent) clause—a subject and verb (or predicate)

Example:

Kate ran to the restaurant.

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2. Compound Sentence

Definition: a sentence that contains two or more main (or independent) clauses and no subordinate (or dependent) clauses

Example:

Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked.

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3. Complex Sentence

Definition: a sentence that contains one main (or independent) clause and at least one subordinate (or dependent) clause

Example:

Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant.

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4. Compound-Complex Sentence

Definition: a sentence that contains at least two main (or independent) clauses and one or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses

Example:

Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked.

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Complements

Definition:

a word or words used to complete the sense of a verb.

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Four Types of Complements

1. Predicate noun (subject complement):Rhoda became a star.2. Predicate adjective:Betty was courageous.3. Direct Object:Janet loves Jill.4. Indirect Object:Give me the hammer, please.

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Question for review: Which are linking verbs?

Sentences one and two

contain linking verbs:

Rhoda became a star.

Betty was courageous.

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Clauses

MAIN

SUBORDINATE

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Main Clause

Definition: All sentences include a main clause (or independent clause)—that is, a subject and a verb.

Example:

The dog jumped over the plate.

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Subordinate Clauses

Adjective

Noun

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Adverb

Adjective Clause

Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adjective (tells more about the noun)

Example:

Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy, hugged a little bunny.

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Adverb Clause

Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adverb (tells the when, why, how, where, under what condition)

Example:

Before we go, I must put on my shoes.

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Noun Clause

Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as noun

(as subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement,object of preposition, or appositive)

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Kinds of Noun Clauses

as subject as direct object

as indirect objectas predicate noun

(or subject complement)

as appositive

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As object of preposition

Noun Clause: As Subject

That it snowed surprised me.

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Noun Clause: As Predicate Noun

(or Subject Complement)

The question was how to cross the bridge.

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Noun Clause: As Object of Preposition

You give the drum to whoever wants it.

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Noun Clause: As Direct Object

Chapin girls know that reading is fun.

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Noun Clause: As Indirect Object

Sally told whoever was nearby her story about the fish.

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Noun Clause: As Appositive

My teacher’s wish that I become a lifelong lover of literature could happen.

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Phrases

PREPOSITIONAL

VERBAL

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Phrases: Verbals

Gerund

Participial

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Infinitive

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Infinitive Phrase

Definition: a group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it (an infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb). An infinitive usually begins with “to.”

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to speak

(the infinitive)

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Kinds of Infinitive Phrases

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as subject

as predicate noun(or subject complement)

as direct object

as appositive

Infinitive Phrase: As Subject

To snow hard is a wonder.

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Infinitive Phrase: As Predicate Noun

(or Subject Complement)

The trick was to carry the egg slowly.

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Infinitive Phrase: As Direct Object

Chapin girls like to study hard.

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Infinitive Phrase: As Appositive

My teacher’s wish to climb Bear Mountain could happen.

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Prepositional Phrase

Definition: a group of words consisting of a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of the prep., and any modifiers of that object (they can function as adjective or adverb in a sentence)

Example: Brenda the brave, in blue jeans (adj.), screeched with laughter (adv.).

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On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave screeched with laughter.

(the appositive)

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Participial Phrase

Definition: a group of words consisting of a participle and words related to it (a participle is a verb form that is used as an adjective—present ends in -ing; past ends in -ed or -en)

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Participial Phrase: Examples (present and past)

Tapping my foot, I looked out the window with longing.

Filled with anger, the woman stormed into the building.

Question #1 for review:What are the participles alone?

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Question #2 to test your knowledgeof gerunds vs. participles.

filled

(past participle)

tapping

(present participle)

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Gerund Phrase

Definition: a group of words consisting of a gerund and words related to it (a gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing—not to be confused with present participles!—and functions as a noun)

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Which is the gerund?Which is the participle?Walking on my tiptoes is fun.

Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus.

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Participle:

Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus. Gerund:

Walking on my tiptoes is fun.

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Kinds of Gerund Phrases

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as subject

as predicate noun(or subject complement)

as object of preposition

as direct object

as indirect object

as appositive

Gerund Phrase: As Subject

Running in water is good for your legs.

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Gerund Phrase: As Predicate Noun

(or Subject Complement)

Her hope was getting a good seat.

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Gerund Phrase: As Object of Preposition

You’ll need shoes for walking through the mud.

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Gerund Phrase: As Direct Object

I love playing the piano.

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Gerund Phrase: As Indirect Object

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She gave playing the piano a chance.

Gerund Phrase: As Appositive

Mary’s role, playing Nora in A Doll House, was a great opportunity for her.

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To Lay: to put, place

• Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc.

• Past: I laid, you laid, etc.

• Present perfect: I have laid, you have laid, etc.

• Past progressive: I was laying, you were laying, etc.

To Lie

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To Lie: to recline

• Present: I lie, you lie, she lies, etc.

• Past: I lay, you lay, etc.

• Present perfect: I have lain, you have lain, etc.

• Past progressive: I was lying, you were lying, etc.

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Back to “to lay.”

Is this correct?

The old man lay on the couch.

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Yes!

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