grammar. what you will need to know for the quiz: phrases irregular verbs: to lie vs. to lay clauses...

Grammar

What you will need to know for the quiz:

Phrases Irregular Verbs:to lie vs. to lay

Clauses

Need to review? • Four kinds of sentences

• Four kinds of complements

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Kinds of Sentences

Complements

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Four Kinds of Sentences

1. Simple Sentence

2. Compound Sentence

3. Complex Sentence

4. Compound-Complex Sentence

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1. Simple Sentence

Definition: a sentence that contains a main (or independent) clause—a subject and verb (or predicate)

Example:

Kate ran to the restaurant.

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2. Compound Sentence

Definition: a sentence that contains two or more main (or independent) clauses and no subordinate (or dependent) clauses

Example:

Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked.


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3. Complex Sentence

Definition: a sentence that contains one main (or independent) clause and at least one subordinate (or dependent) clause

Example:

Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant.


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4. Compound-Complex Sentence

Definition: a sentence that contains at least two main (or independent) clauses and one or more subordinate (or dependent) clauses

Example:

Crying out loud, Kate ran to the restaurant, and Caleb walked.


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Complements

Definition:

a word or words used to complete the sense of a verb.

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Four Types of Complements

1. Predicate noun (subject complement):Rhoda became a star.2. Predicate adjective:Betty was courageous.3. Direct Object:Janet loves Jill.4. Indirect Object:Give me the hammer, please.

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Question for review: Which are linking verbs?

Sentences one and two

contain linking verbs:

Rhoda became a star.

Betty was courageous.

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Clauses

MAIN

SUBORDINATE

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Main Clause

Definition: All sentences include a main clause (or independent clause)—that is, a subject and a verb.

Example:

The dog jumped over the plate.

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Subordinate Clauses

Adjective

Noun

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Adverb

Adjective Clause

Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adjective (tells more about the noun)

Example:

Hilda, who hated all things fuzzy, hugged a little bunny.

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Adverb Clause

Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as adverb (tells the when, why, how, where, under what condition)

Example:

Before we go, I must put on my shoes.


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Noun Clause

Definition: a subordinate (or dependent) clause that functions as noun

(as subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement,object of preposition, or appositive)


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Kinds of Noun Clauses

as subject as direct object

as indirect objectas predicate noun

(or subject complement)

as appositive

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As object of preposition

Noun Clause: As Subject

That it snowed surprised me.

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Noun Clause: As Predicate Noun

(or Subject Complement)

The question was how to cross the bridge.


Noun Clause: As Object of Preposition

You give the drum to whoever wants it.


Noun Clause: As Direct Object

Chapin girls know that reading is fun.


Noun Clause: As Indirect Object

Sally told whoever was nearby her story about the fish.


Noun Clause: As Appositive

My teacher’s wish that I become a lifelong lover of literature could happen.


Phrases

PREPOSITIONAL

VERBAL

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Phrases: Verbals

Gerund

Participial

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Infinitive

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Infinitive Phrase

Definition: a group of words consisting of an infinitive and all the words related to it (an infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb). An infinitive usually begins with “to.”

Question for review:What is the infinitive alone? Back to kinds of verbals.

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to speak

(the infinitive)

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Kinds of Infinitive Phrases

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as subject

as predicate noun(or subject complement)

as direct object

as appositive

Infinitive Phrase: As Subject

To snow hard is a wonder.

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Infinitive Phrase: As Predicate Noun


The trick was to carry the egg slowly.


Infinitive Phrase: As Direct Object

Chapin girls like to study hard.


Infinitive Phrase: As Appositive

My teacher’s wish to climb Bear Mountain could happen.


Prepositional Phrase

Definition: a group of words consisting of a preposition, a noun or pronoun that serves as the object of the prep., and any modifiers of that object (they can function as adjective or adverb in a sentence)

Example: Brenda the brave, in blue jeans (adj.), screeched with laughter (adv.).

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On the ferris wheel Brenda the brave screeched with laughter.

(the appositive)

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Participial Phrase

Definition: a group of words consisting of a participle and words related to it (a participle is a verb form that is used as an adjective—present ends in -ing; past ends in -ed or -en)

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Participial Phrase: Examples (present and past)

Tapping my foot, I looked out the window with longing.

Filled with anger, the woman stormed into the building.

Question #1 for review:What are the participles alone?

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Question #2 to test your knowledgeof gerunds vs. participles.

filled

(past participle)

tapping

(present participle)

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Gerund Phrase

Definition: a group of words consisting of a gerund and words related to it (a gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing—not to be confused with present participles!—and functions as a noun)

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Which is the gerund?Which is the participle?Walking on my tiptoes is fun.

Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus.

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Participle:

Walking down the street that windy day, I wished I took the bus. Gerund:

Walking on my tiptoes is fun.

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Kinds of Gerund Phrases

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as subject

as predicate noun(or subject complement)

as object of preposition

as direct object

as indirect object

as appositive

Gerund Phrase: As Subject

Running in water is good for your legs.

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Gerund Phrase: As Predicate Noun


Her hope was getting a good seat.

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Gerund Phrase: As Object of Preposition

You’ll need shoes for walking through the mud.


Gerund Phrase: As Direct Object

I love playing the piano.


Gerund Phrase: As Indirect Object


She gave playing the piano a chance.

Gerund Phrase: As Appositive

Mary’s role, playing Nora in A Doll House, was a great opportunity for her.


To Lay: to put, place

• Present: I lay, you lay, she lays, etc.

• Past: I laid, you laid, etc.

• Present perfect: I have laid, you have laid, etc.

• Past progressive: I was laying, you were laying, etc.

To Lie

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To Lie: to recline

• Present: I lie, you lie, she lies, etc.

• Past: I lay, you lay, etc.

• Present perfect: I have lain, you have lain, etc.

• Past progressive: I was lying, you were lying, etc.

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Back to “to lay.”

Is this correct?

The old man lay on the couch.

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Yes!

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grammar. what you will need to know for the quiz: phrases irregular verbs: to lie vs. to lay clauses...

Documents

kinds of subordinate

kinds of noun clauses

clauses main subordinate

noun clause definition

definition of noun clause

main clause definition

kinds of complements

grammar slide