glycosides final
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DRUGSDRUGSCONTAININGCONTAININGGLYCOSIDESGLYCOSIDES
DR. HARISH N. KAKRANIPRINCIPAL,CDCP
SAPONINSAPONIN
GLYCOSIDESGLYCOSIDES
2Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDESSAPONIN GLYCOSIDESThe aglycone part of these glycosides
has soap like actionProduces foaming action by shaking
with water and yield colloidal solutions.
Generally considered as haemotoxic, because they cause hemolysis of eryhthrocytes.◦Due to this activity, some of them are
used as fish poisons.Cause irritation of mucous membrane
(sternutatory).Mostly non-crystalline substances,
soluble in water and alcohol and insoluble in non-polar organic solvents
3Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP
SAPONINSAPONIN GLYCOSIDESGLYCOSIDESChemically, they contain aglycone
called as sapogenin.◦Sapogenins are high molecular weight
substances which by acetylation give crystalline forms.
Depending on the nature of aglycone, saponins are categorized into 2 groups viz.◦Steroidal saponins (Tetracyclic
triterpenoid saponins): C 30; mainly in Dicotyledons.
◦Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins: C-27; mainly in Monocotyledons.
4Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDESSAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
5Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDESAPONIN GLYCOSIDE
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 6
Sug-OSug-O
Triterpenoidal SaponinsSteroidal Saponins
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDESSAPONIN GLYCOSIDESEconomical uses
1. Cleaning industrial equipment & fine fabrics.
2. Powerful emulsifier.3. Steroidal sapogenins used in semisynthesis
of cortisone & sex hormones.Medicinal uses
1. Expectorant2. Immunostimulant3. Control of schistosomiasis snails
(molluscicides)4. Hypoglycemic.
7Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP
SAPONIN GLYCOSIDESSAPONIN GLYCOSIDES
Tests for Identification:◦Froth test: 1 ml of aqueous solution
of saponin or plant extract + shake persistent & voluminous froth.
◦Hemolysis test: Suspension of RBCs in normal saline + equal volume of plant extract in normal saline + shake gently clear red solution indicating hemolysis of RBCs (compared with blank).
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 8
LIQUORICELIQUORICE
9Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP
LIQUORICELIQUORICEBotanical origin: The dried peeled
or unpeeled roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and its varieties ◦Family Leguminosae =Fabaceae.
Geographical Source: Licorice is native to the Medditerranean region, Spain, Italy, England, France, Germany, U.S.A., Russia and Egypt.
Different varieties of G. glabra:◦G. glabra var. typica: Spanish liquorice;
Has purplish blue colored papilionaceous flowers; Has large number of stolons.
10Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP
LIQUORICELIQUORICE◦G. glabra var. glandulifera: Russian
liquorice; Has big root stock along with a number of elongated roots; Does not bear stolons.
◦G. glabra var. violaceae: Persian liquorice; Shows violet flowers.
Cultivation & Collection: ◦Spanish liquorice cultivated commercially.◦Propagation of the plant is done with
young pieces of stolons.◦Plant requires deep sandy soil which is
well prepared and added with farmyard manures.
◦Pieces of stolons are planted in March at 2’ x 3’ distance. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 11
LIQUORICELIQUORICE◦Fertilizers to be supplied when the
green parts are developing.◦Crop kept free of weeds.◦Harvested 3-4 years after planting
when they show sufficient growth.◦Rhizomes & roots are dug up in
october, preferably from the plants which have not borne the fruits. Buds & rootlets are removed.
◦Drug is washed.◦Drug dried first under the sun and then
in shades. During drying it loses 50% of its weight.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 12
LIQUORICELIQUORICEMacroscopyMacroscopyColor:
◦ Unpeeled: yellowish brown or dark brown externally; yellowish internally.
◦ Peeled: pale yellow in colorOdour: Faint & characteristicTaste: SweetSize:
◦ Length: 20-50cm◦ Diameter: 2cm
Shape: Cylindrical pieces which are straight, may be peeled or unpeeled.◦ Peeled liquorice is angular.
Fracture: Fibrous in bark; Splintery in wood. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 13
LIQUORICELIQUORICEMacroscopyMacroscopy
Surface: ◦Unpeeled pieces: Shows presence of
small buds encircling scaly leaves and longitudinally the drug is wrinkled.
◦Peeled drug: Fibrous, without wrinkles.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 14
LIQUORICELIQUORICEMICROSCOPY:Important histological diagnostic
characters:Unpeeled drug: Presence of polyhedral
tubular brownish cork cells.Fibres: Thick, lignified or partially lignified.
◦In the groups of 10-15 in phloem & xylem.Vessels: Large and closely arranged with
bordered pits.Starch & calcium oxalate found in
parenchyma.Differentiating character between roots &
stolons:◦Roots: Characterised by tetrarch xylem;
Absence of pith.◦Stolons: Pith is present & is parenchymatous.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 15
LIQUORICELIQUORICECHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:Chief constituent: GlycyrrhizinGlycyrrhizin:
◦A triterpenoidal saponin glycoside.◦Also called Glycyrrhizic acid or Glycyrrhizinic acid.◦Present in nature as potassium and calcium salt.◦Present upto 5- 10% in Spanish liquorice; 10% in
Russian variety; 7.5- 13% in Persian liquorice.Being a glycoside, Glycyrrhizic acid, on hydrolysis
gives an aglycone and a glycone portions:Glycyrrhizinic acid Glycrrhetinic acid
(Glycyrrhetic acid), which is an aglycone of triterpenoidal structure + 2 moles of Gluconic acid.
Upon hydrolysis, the glycoside loses its sweet taste.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 16
LIQUORICELIQUORICE
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 17
LIQUORICELIQUORICESTANDARDS:Ash value:
◦Peeled drug: Not more than 6%◦Unpeeled drug: Not more than 10%
Acid insoluble ash:◦Peeled drug: Not more than 1%◦Unpeeled drug: Not more than 2%
Water soluble extractive: Not less than 20%, including 7% of glycyrrhizin
Dilute alcohol soluble extractive: Not less than 25% Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 18
LIQUORICE LIQUORICE CHEMICAL TESTS: Thick section of Liquorice root or its
powder + 80% Sulfuric acid Deep yellow color.
ADULTERANTS & SUBSTITUTES:Manchurian Liquorice:
◦Obtained from Glycyrrhiza uralensis.◦Pale chocolate brown in color with exfoliated
cork & wavy medullary rays.Russian Liquorice:
◦Peeled drug.◦Obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra var.
glandulifera.◦Purplish in color with numerDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 19
LIQUORICELIQUORICEUSES:Demulcent Flavoring agent and sweetnerAnti-tussive and expectorantAnti-bacterialUseful in gastric and duodenal ulcersAnti-spasmolytic activityMineralocorticoid activity, due to
glycyrrhetinic acid. So employed in place of corticosteroids for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammations and addison’s disease.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 20
GINSENGGINSENG
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 21
GINSENGGINSENGSYNONYMS: Ninjin, Pannag, Panax.BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Ginseng is the
dried root of various species of Panax, like P. ginseng (Korean ginseng), P. japonica (Japanese ginseng), P. notoginseng (Chinese ginseng) and P. quinquefolium (American ginseng).◦Family: Araliaceae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: ◦Widely grown in: Korea, China, Russia◦Commercially cultivated: Korea, China, Japan, Russia, Canada & USA
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 22
GINSENGGINSENGCULTIVATION & COLLECTION: Cultivation technology adopted in
Korea:In this technique, propagation by seeds
in nursery beds. Transplanted into open fields i.e. permanent beds
Ripe seeds collected from 4 year old plants
Sown in November in nursery beds.◦There are 3 types of nursery beds: Yang-
Jik, To- Jik & Ban-Yang-jik◦Yang-Jik: This gives high quality seedlings.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 23
GINSENGGINSENGAfter attaining sufficient growth, seedlings
dug up in the following May
Transplanted to permanent beds for next 3-5 yrs. ◦Ginseng requires clay loam or sandy loam soil.◦Grows at an altitudes from 100- 800 meters.◦Soil with high amount of potassium gives
better result.◦About 10-15 seedlings are planted in 1 sq. mt.◦Use of fertilizers avoided, but before
transplantation, the soil is mixed with large amounts of green grass.
◦Periodic weeding done.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 24
GINSENGGINSENG
About 7-10 days after transplantation, shades are provided to plants to protect them from excessive sunlight.
Plants harvested 3-5 yrs after transplantation (generally between July to October)
Ginseng obtained by removing the outer layers of the roots.
Red ginseng is obtained by first steaming the roots and after that they are dried. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 25
GINSENGGINSENG
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:Shape: Tuberous corpulent roots.Color: Yellowish brown, white or
red in color depending on type.
Surface: Translucent and possesses the stem scars
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 26
GINSENGGINSENGCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:Contains a mixture of saponin
glycosides, belonging to triterpenoid group. They are grouped as follows:◦Ginsenosides ◦Panaxosides ◦Chikusetsusaponin
Ginsenosides contain aglycone: dammarol
Panaxosides contain aglycone: oleanolic acid
Panaxosides give oleanolic acid, panaxadiol & panaxatriol on decomposition Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 27
GINSENGGINSENG
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 28
GINSENGGINSENGSTANDARDS:Foreign organic matter: Not more than
2%Total ash: Not less than 4.2%Acid insoluble ash: Not more than 1.0%Sulfated ash: Not more than 12.0%Alcohol soluble extractive: Not more than
14.0%USES:Important Immunomodulatory drugBoth stimulant & sedative properties.Used as aphrodisiacUseful in adrenal & thyroid
dysfunctioning Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 29
GINSENGGINSENG
USES:Used externally in cosmetics.Given as demulcent and in
gastritis & anaemia.Although ginseng shows a low
toxicity, long term use leads to poisoning, similar to that of corticosteroids.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 30
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREA
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 31
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREASYNONYMS: Yam, Rheumatism rootBIOLOGICAL SOURCE: It consists of dried
tubers of the plants, Dioscorea deltoidea, D. compositae and other species of Dioscorea
Family: Dioscoreaceae.GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: Found growing in North Western
Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab to Nepal and China
Cultivated in Jammu & Kashmir and in part of Himachal Pradesh
D. deltoidea also found in USA & Mexico.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 32
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREACULTIVATION & COLLECTION:Healthy tubers of 70-80 g in weight
with crown are selected for cultivation.
Treated with fungicide & sown in nursery beds
It takes 30-40 days for sprouting
After 2-3 months of growth, tubers transplanted in the fieldDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 33
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREAWhile planting, the tubers are placed at a
distance of 30 x 60cmInitially, the veins are weak & tender &
they need support for their optimum growth.◦Trellis of 2.5cm in height are provided for this
purpose.Since tubers are very exhaustive, a high
dose of farmyard manure to the extent of 5- 10 tonnes/ hectare is applied.
Irrigation done every 10 days.Harvesting done by deep ploughing in the
dormant season.◦During this dormant period, diosgenin content
is found to be high as compared to other seasons.
◦Yield is as high as 18 tonnes per hectare.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 34
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREAMACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:Color: Slightly brownOdour: OdourlesTaste: BitterSize: Varies depending
upon age of rhizomes.EXTRA FEATURES:Climber with alternate leavesRhizomes: Soft, horizontally arranged
& very close to the soilDrug is covered with scattered roots.They weigh about 20-50 g
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 35
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREA
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 36
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREAMICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERS:Epidermis normally absent.Cork consists of only few layers,
followed by thin walled cortical parenchymatous tissue.
Stele forms the major part of the drug.◦Consists of several close collateral
fibro-vascular bundles.Endodermis & pericycle are
indistinguishable.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 37
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREACHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:Chief constituent: Diosgenin, a
steroidal sapogenin◦Its glycosides: smilagenin,
epismilagenin & β-isomer yammogenin.◦Diosgenin is hydrolytic product of
saponin- dioscin.75% StarchAlso an enzyme called sapogenaseTubers are rich in glycosides and
phenolic compoundsDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 38
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREA
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 39
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREAUSES:Precursor for synthesis of several
corticosteroids, sex hormones & oral contraceptives.
In the treatment of rheumatic arthritis.
ALLIED SPECIES:Dioscorea flouribunda:
◦Cultivated in Central America & India◦Contains 3-5% diosgenin.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 40
DIOSCOREADIOSCOREADioscorea villosa:
◦Mainly cultivated in Virginia & Carolina in USA.
◦Rich in diosgenin content.D. deltoidea var. sikkimensis:
◦Occurs in Eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Bihar & Bengal- up to an altitude of 1600-2000 m.
◦Contains 2 to 2.8 % of diosgenin.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 41
SENEGASENEGA
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 42
SENEGASENEGASYNONYMS: Senega root, Senega snake
root, Radix Senegae, Rattlesnake rootBIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Senega root is
the dried root & rootstock of Polygala senega or Polygata senega var. latifolia.
Family: Polygalaceae.It should contain not less than 29% of
alcohol soluble extractive.GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: Indigenous to Minnesota in USA &
Eastern CanadaPresently cultivated in Japan.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 43
SENEGASENEGA
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 44
SENEGASENEGAMACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:General appearance: Twisted branched
roots with a knotty crownShape: Elongated tapering root &
bearing a tufted crown. Consists of numerous purplish buds & aerial stem bases.
Size: Length- 5 to 20 cm; Diameter- 2 to 12 cm.
Surface: ◦Longitudinally straited◦Just below the crown transverse wrinkles
present. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 45
SENEGASENEGA(Contd…)◦Root shows often 2 or more branches.◦In some roots, on the lower 2/3rd
surface, spiral keel is seen.Color: Greyish brown to yellowish
brown.Fracture: ShortOdor: Characteristic, resembling
methyl salicylate, sternutatory.Taste: First sweet then bitter,
acrid & irritating.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 46
SENEGASENEGAMICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:Vascular Bundle arrangement: Diarch-
Primary xylem at the centre, surrounded by secondary xylem.
Root: Xylem in the centre Bark: Xylem in the outer part
In some sections, wedge/ wedges in the xylem & ridge or keel in the phloem are seen.
No phloem fibres.Rootstock shows central parenchymatous
pith.Also shows presence of cork, phellogen,
collencymatous phelloderm.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 47
SENEGASENEGACHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:2 Saponin glycosides
Triterpenoidal in nature Senegin (4%) & Polygalic acid (5.5%) Senegin, on hydrolysis, gives senegenin, senegenic acid & presenegenin
Contains other derived forms of presenegenin called senegin II
Sweet taste of the drug is due to polygalitol (1.6- anhydro sorbitol)
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 48
SENEGASENEGAOdour of the drug is due to small
amount of methyl salicylate.◦Methyl salicylate formed as a result of
breakdown of some unknown glycoside.
Also contains fixed oil and sterol.Does not contain starch.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 49
SENEGASENEGA
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 50
SENEGASENEGA
STANDARDS:Ash value: About 4%Alcohol soluble extractive: Not less
than 29% USES:Stimulant expectorantUsed in treatment of chronic
bronchitisLarge doses of senega cause
vomitingDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 51
SENEGASENEGAALLIED DRUGS:1.Indian Senega:
◦Root & rootstock of Polygala chinensis◦Collected from 3- 4 year old plants.◦Does not contain saponins.
2.Spurious Indian Senega:◦Root of Glinus oppositifolia, belonging
to family Molluginaceae.◦Contains saponin & starch◦Shows several rings of vascular
bundles.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 52
SENEGASENEGA
3. White senega:◦Root of Polygala alba◦Obtained from souhtern states of
USA.◦Does not show keel.◦Has less acrid taste & also less
activity.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 53
SARSAPARILASARSAPARILA
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 54
SARSAPARILASARSAPARILABIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Sarsaparila
consists of the dreid roots of Smilax aristolochiamolia, S. regelii, S. mebrituga, S. china, S. zeylanica or other related species.
Family: Liliaceae.MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
◦Color: Differ in color & microscopic characters, depending upon the species
◦Odour: mild◦Taste: sweetish acrid.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 55
SARSAPARILASARSAPARILADifference in various varieties of
Sarsaparila:
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 56
Smilax aristolochiamolia
S. regelii S. febrifuga
Color Greyish- reddish yellow brown
Reddish brown-dark brown
Reddish brown purplish
Hypodermal & endodermal cells
Horse shoe thickening
Uniform thickening
Variable
SARSAPARILASARSAPARILACHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
◦Principal glycoside: sarsasaponin (crystalline glycoside)
◦Sarsaparilloside- a bisdesmosidic saponin
USES:◦In the treatment of syphilis,
rheumatism, psoriasis & eczema.◦Vehicle for non-alcoholic drinks◦To some extent in cortisone & other
steroids synthesis. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 57
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 58
CARDIACCARDIAC
GLYCOSIDESGLYCOSIDES
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 59
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDESCARDIAC GLYCOSIDESThe cardiac glycosides are steroidal
in nature.◦ They all have same mechanism of action
whereby they cause a positive inotropic effect and electrophysiologic changes.
The pharmacological activity of the cardioactive glycosides is dependent on both the aglycones and the sugar attachments◦ Inherent activity resides in the aglycones.◦ Sugars make the compound more soluble and
increase the power of fixation of the glycosides to the heart muscle. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 60
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDESCARDIAC GLYCOSIDESMechanism of action:
◦ Acts in competition with K ions for specific receptor enzyme (ATPase) sites in the cell membranes of cardiac muscle, with a net result of reduced sodium exchange.
◦ This leaves increased intracellular sodium ion, which in turn results in increased intracellular Ca ions.
◦ Elevated intracellular Ca ions triggers increase in the force of the myocardial contraction or positive inotropic effect.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 61
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDESCARDIAC GLYCOSIDESChemically, the aglycone part of
cardiac glycosides is a steroidal moiety.◦They are either C23 or C24 steroids,
because of either 5 membered or 6 membered lactone ring.
◦Those with 5 membered lactone ring are called as cardenolides, while with 6 membered lactone ring are termed as bufadienolides.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 62
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDESCARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 63
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDESCARDIAC GLYCOSIDESDifference between cardenolides &
bufadenolides:
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 64
Cardenolide Bufadenolide
5 membered lactone ring
6 membered lactone ring
Lactone ring contains only one double ring
Lactone ring contains two double bonds
Lactone ring attached to steroidal nucleus through C- 17 position
Lactone ring attached to steroidal nucleus through 17β position
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDESCARDIAC GLYCOSIDESSugar part attached through C-3, β-
linkage.Various types of sugars reported in
cardiac glycosides:◦Glucose, fucose, rhamnose, digitoxose,
digitalose, cymarose, sarmentose, thevatose, etc.
Sugars do not potentiate the medicinal activity of the aglycone part.
They are useful in solubilization of aglycone, thereby beneficial in absorption & distribution in the body.
At a time upto 3 sugar molecules are attached to aglycone. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 65
DIGITALISDIGITALIS
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 66
DIGITALISDIGITALISSyn: Foxglove leavesBOTANICAL SOURCE: Digitalis
consists of dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea, dried at a temperature below 60° C, immediately after collecting the leaves. It is required to contain not less than 0.3% of
total cardenolides calculated as digitoxin.
Family: ScrophulariaceaeGEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: European
countries, England, Germany, France, North America, Kashmir
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 67
DIGITALISDIGITALISCULTIVATION & COLLECTION:
◦Biennial or perennial herb of about 1 to 2 metre high.
◦Propagated by seeds of selected strain.◦It needs calcarious, acidic sandy, light soil
with traces of manganese.◦Soil sterilized by steam before sowing.◦It grows suitably in shady situation,
luxuriantly at an altitude of 1600 to 3000 m.
◦Favorable temperature range: 20 to 30 °C◦Rainfall required: 30 to 40 cm per annum.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 68
DIGITALISDIGITALISSeeds of digitalis mixed with fine sand
Sown in nursery beds in March/ April. Around 2.5 kgs needed per hectare
Young seedling transplanted in September & November.
Crop manured properly & kept free of weeds
Plantation done twice a year:Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 69
DIGITALISDIGITALIS◦ In the 1st year, the plant bears rosette leaves◦ In the 2nd year, the plant bears sessile leaves.
Plant flowers in the month of April & is followed by fruiting.
If the plants are allowed to grow, the flowering tops are removed
Leaves are picked up in the afternoon during August & September in 1st & 2nd yr, when 2/3rd of the flowers are fully developed
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 70
DIGITALISDIGITALISBasal leaves & leaves at the top are
collected at the end
Discolored leaves are rejected. While collecting, dry weather is specifically selected
After plucking, the leaves are immediately dried in vacuum driers
Dried (moisture content not more than 5%) are packed into air tight containers with suitable dehydrating agent.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 71
DIGITALISDIGITALIS
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 72
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS
DIGITALISDIGITALISMACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
◦Size: 10-40 cm long; 4- 20cm wide◦Shape: Ovate to lanceolate to broadly
ovate; with irregularly crenate or serrate or occasionally dentate margin.
◦Color: Dark greyish green◦Odour: Slight◦Taste: Bitter◦Extra features:
Leaves are slightly pubescent on both the surfaces
Pinnate venation Prominent veinlets on the under surface Generally leaves are broken & crumpled.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 73
DIGITALISDIGITALISMICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
◦Dorsiventral leaf.◦Anomocytic stomata on both surfaces◦Water pores at the apex of most of the
marginal teeth◦Trichomes are uniseriate, multicellular (3 to
5 cells) & bluntly pointed.◦Also are located glandular trichomes with
unicellular stalk and unicellular or bicellular head.
◦Collapsed celled covering trichome- an important characteristic
◦Free of calcium oxalate & schlerenchymaDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 74
DIGITALISDIGITALIS◦Starch grains are present in the
endodermis.◦There is collenchyma at 3 different
places i.e. at the upper epidermis, lower epidermis & pericyclic part, which is also characteristic to digitalis.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 75
DIGITALISDIGITALISCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
◦0.2 to 0.45% mixture of both primary & secondary glycosides (cardenolides).
◦ Digitalis leaves contain: Monoside- Odoroside Bioside : Glucoverodoxin Trioside : Digitoxin, Gitoxin, Gitaloxin. Tetrasides/ Primary Glycoside : Purpurea glycoside A and
B.
For isolation of secondary glycosides like digitoxin, enzymatic reaction is carried out.
The hydrolysis of some important glycosides is as follows:Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,
CDCP 76
DIGITALISDIGITALIS
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 77
DIGITALISDIGITALIS
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 78
Digitoxin
Gitoxigenin
DIGITALISDIGITALISCHEMICAL TESTS:
◦Keller- Kiliani test for digitoxose:1 g finely powdered digitalis Boil with
10ml 70% alcohol for 2-3 min extract filtered to the filtrate, add 5ml water + 0.5ml strong soln of lead acetateshake well & separate the filtrateclear filtrate treated with equal volume of chloroform evaporate to yield the extractiveextractive dissolved in glacial acetic acid cool add 2 drops of glacial acetic acid these contents transferred to test tube containing 2ml conc. H2SO4 reddish brown layer acquiring bluish green color after standing
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 79
DIGITALISDIGITALIS◦Legal test: Extract + pyridine +
sodium nitroprusside soln made alkaline pink or red color produced.
◦Baljet test: To the section of digitalis, sodium picrate solution is added. It shows yellow to orange color.
STANDARDS:◦Foreign organic matter: Not more than
2%◦Loss on drying: Not more than 5%w/w,
by drying to constant weight at 105°C◦Acid insoluble ash: Not more 5%
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 80
DIGITALISDIGITALISUSES:
◦In treatment of congestive heart failure◦In slowing down ventricular rate in atrial
fibrillation, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia, premature extra systoles.
◦Has a cumulative effect in body & is slowly eliminated. Hence dosage is important aspect:
Initial dose: 1-2 g in 24- 48 hrs. Maintenance dose: 100mg daily
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 81
DIGITALISDIGITALISSTORAGE:
◦Stored in a well closed, well-filled container, in a cool place away from light.
◦Ensured that leaves do not contain more than 5% of moisture, because it causes destruction of the glycoside & ultimately loss of cardiac activity.
◦Therefore digitalis powder is stored in containers, with dehydrating agents like calcium chloride or silica gel, to absorb excess of water present in the drug or in atmosphere.
Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 82
DIGITALISDIGITALISADULTERANTS:
◦Verbascum thapsus: Family Scrophulariaceae Can be distinguished microscopically by the
presence of large woolly branched candelebra trichomes
◦The primrose leaves: Leaves of Primula vulgaris (Primulaceae) Detected microscopically by the presence of
uniseriate covering trichomes, which are 8-9 celled long.
◦Comfrey leaves: Leaves of Symphytum officianale
(Boraginaceae) Can be detected by the presence of multicellular
trichomes forming hook at the top.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 83
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