english 350/355 wednesday, february 5, 2014 melissa gunby
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English 350/355Wednesday, February 5, 2014
Melissa Gunby
Of Mice and Men
Reading Discussion?
Did you have anything you wanted to talk about for this first chapter of the book?
Discuss the following quote: “Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place. They come to a ranch an’ work up a stake and then they go into town and blow their stake, and the first thing you know they’re poundin’ their tail on some other ranch. They ain’t got a thing to look ahead to.” (George, p.15)
Steinbeck spends a lot of work describing the setting. How do you feel about this place? What places have you seen that are similar?
What do you think of the way George treats Lennie? George says he’d like to get rid of Lennie. Do you think that’s the way he really feels? Give proof for your opinion.
Why?
What has life been like for George and Lennie in the past? What do you expect it will be like for them now?
What would life be like for both these men if they didn’t have each other?
What is their dream? What do you think of it?
What happened in Weed?
Describe (physically) George and Lennie.
What is Lennie supposed to do if the boss talks to him?
Reading and Vocab Quiz
Quick Review
Sentences
What do you need to make a sentence?
Where will the subject of a sentence never be found?
Can a sentence have only one word?
Clauses and Phrases
Sentences needs subjects and verbs, but are also made up of clauses and phrases. These other elements of sentences help us to clarify meaning.
Clauses
Independent Clauses
Independent clauses have a subject and verb, and can stand alone as a sentence She ran
He spoke
He spoke fluent English
Dependent Clauses
CANNOT stand alone as sentences, though they will also contain a subject and verb When she ran
Although he spoke fluent English
Santa Claus
How to tell the difference
Independent clauses will sound complete.
Dependent clauses will begin with a connecting word, and won’t sound complete. Although
When
And
Because
After
While
Since
Santa Claus is a fat man in a red suit with a white beard.
Why it matters
Knowing the differences between the types of clauses will help you to identify and correct your mistakes. Some of the most common errors (run-ons and fragments) are caused by joining clauses incorrectly.
Also, by knowing the differences, you can combine clauses in different ways, which make your sentences more interesting to a reader.
Questions about clauses?
Independent Clause (IC): She ran to the store.
Dependent Clause (DC): Although she ran to the store^
Phrases
Types of PhrasesNoun Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
Verb Phrase
Noun Phrase = noun + modifiers
many large round stones
Prepositional Phrase = preposition + object and modifiers
among the large round stones
Verb Phrase = main verb + helping verbs and modifiers
were sweetly singing
has slowly vanished
More PhrasesInfinitive Phrases
Participial Phrases
Present Participle
Past Participle
Gerund Phrases
Infinitive Phrase = the word to with a base verb and words to complete the phrase to move gracefully
A present or past participle and other words that complete the phrase (usually an adverb) Present: moving gracefully
Past: greatly encouraged
Gerund Phrase = a present participle and other words that make up the phrase Moving gracefully
Infinitive Phrase vs Prepositional Phrase
Infinitive PhrasePrepositional Phrase
Infinitive Phrases will contain to followed by the base or root form of a verb. I like to swim when it’s
hot outside.
If to is used as a preposition, it will not be followed by a verb. I want to go to the
grocery store.
Participial Phrase vs Gerund Phrase
Present Participial PhraseGerund Phrase
Present Participial Phrases will function as adjectives in sentences Running home, I tripped
over a crack in the sidewalk.
In this case, running home describes what was happening when “I” tripped.
You can think of these as describing what happened when something else was happening.
Gerund phrases will function as nouns in sentences Running home is my
preferred method of daily exercise.
Running home is the subject of the sentence.
Your Questions
Compound SentencesJoining two or more independent clauses
Chapter 19 in Focus on Writing pp 373
Compound Sentences
There are three ways to combine Independent Clauses (IC)
IC, fanboys IC
IC; sub, IC
IC;IC
Add a conjunction Coordinating conjunctions = FANBOYS
IC, FANBOYS IC
For – shows reason or cause: the cat chased the mouse, for that’s what cats do.
And – shows addition: The boy played, and the girl danced.
Nor – shows negative contrast: He has no job, nor does he have any money
But – shows contrast: She ate her broccoli, but she didn’t eat her carrots.
Or – shows choice: He has to eat peanut butter, or he will throw a temper tantrum.
Yet – shows contrast: It was raining, yet he went outside to play.
So – shows consequence or result: He hit my car, so I hit him.
Use FANBOYS carefully; because each one has a specific meaning, they can’t be used interchangeably.
Practice 19-1 (pp 374-375)
Sentence Combining, Mad Lib Style I need 10 FANBOYS:
1. and
2. or
3. but
4. nor
5. yet
6. so
7. for
8. yet
9. or
10. and
1. My brother and I went to the mall
2. My friends and I went to a concert
3. The cat ate a mouse
4. The dog ran down the street
5. my dog chewed my shoe
6. I like purple hippos
7. She cut her hair
8. It was fun the first day of school
9. I love the smell of roses
10. I went to the store
Sentence Combining, Mad Lib Style
Second hand smoke is dangerous, and my brother and I went to the mall.
Many cars are now equipped with GPS systems, or my friends and I went to a concert.
Any Questions about FANBOYS?
She rode a pony, and I took pictures.
She traveled to Germany, and France.
She went to England, Germany, and France.
She bought strawberry, butter pecan, rocky road, chocolate and vanilla swirl.
She bought strawberry, butter pecan, rocky road, chocolate, and vanilla swirl.
She played volleyball and basketball in the fall, and she also played soccer in the spring. She played volleyball and basketball in the fall. She also
played soccer in the spring.
She played volleyball, and she also played basketball.
IC; sub, IC
Subs, subordinating conjunctions, or transitional words and phrases, work like FANBOYS, but have to be used with a semi-colon and a comma.
Common Subs = however, although, therefore, for example
She went to the store; however, she had no money to spend.
She had no money; therefore, she couldn’t buy the shoes she wanted.
The shoes were pretty fantastic; although, she really didn’t have anywhere to wear them.
She tried to earn the money; for example, she tried being a prostitute, but no one wanted her.
Practice 19-6 pp 381
Practice 19-9 (pp384-85)
Row 1: topic: laws to protect people with disabilities Transitional phrase: in addition
We need laws to protect people with disabilities; in addition, we should make laws that make harder punishments for people who violate the ADA.
Row 2: single men and women as adoptive parents Transitional word: however
Single men and women can be adoptive parents in some countries; however, they should not be in America.
Row 3: prayer in public schools Transitional word: therefore
Prayer in public schools is offensive to some people; therefore, we no longer do it.
Row 4: high school proms Transitional word: also
At a high school prom it is fun to dress up the way you like; also, there is a dress code. teens can hang out with their friends.
Row 5: course requirements at your school Transitional word: instead
IC;IC
You can also link together two related ICs with just a semi-colon.
The sentences have to be related in order for this to work: Yes: My cat killed a mouse; I was disgusted
No: My cat killed a mouse; I like purple unicorns
Practice 19-5 pp 378
Complete the sentence with a second IC: Fast-food restaurants are an American institution; the
burgers are big and juicy.
McDonald’s is known for its cheap hamburgers; their drinks are also only a dollar.
Taco Bell serves Mexican-style food; the crunchy tacos are good.
Many fast-food restaurants offer some low-fat menu items; they also have diet soda.
Many teenagers work there; the restaurants can be very dysfunctional
Homework
Do any practices from chapter 19 that we didn’t do in class if you need further practice
I didn’t schedule any homework this weekend. Use the time to catch up on any work you’ve gotten behind on.
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