deforestation and greenhouse gases: infographic
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Government E�ectiveness in Countries Responsible for 95% of Global Forest-Based Emissions, 1990 to 2005
No Inventory
No Experience
Multiple Forest Area Maps by a
Nonnational Consultant or
Donor
Multiple Forest Area
Maps by the Country
Remote Sensing to
Gather Supplementary
Data or to Support
Inventories
Partial Use of Advanced
Remote Sensing to
Monitor Changes in
Forests
Multiple Inventories by a Nonnational Consultant or
Donor
One Inventory by the Country
Multiple Inventories
by the Country
3 13
2
4
NoExperience
Standard Values by
Broad Forest Type
One-Time Evaluation of Biomass and
Carbon Content, Di�erentiating by
Forest Type
5
6
2countries
4countries
Conducting Forest Inventories
Acquiring and ProcessingRemote-Sensing Data
Using Information on Biomass and Carbon Content
GHG emissions caused by human activity contribute to climate change. The use of electricity and heat, for example,
is responsible for 25% of global GHG emissions. The destruction and degradation of forests contribute roughly 12%.
GLOBAL EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
CHALLENGES FOR FOREST-BASED MITIGATION
DEFORESTAT ION AND
GREENHOUSE GASES
Brazil33.0%
Cameroon1.3%
Indonesia26.3%
Venezuela3.4%
Democratic Republic of the Congo
3.2%
Myanmar2.8%
Bolivia2.5%
Malaysia2.5%
Zambia1.9%
Ecuador1.5%
Cambodia1.5%
Canada1.3%
Philippines1.3%
Peru1.3%
Guatemala1.1%
China1.0%
Russia1.0%
Tanzania0.9%
Honduras0.9%
Papua New Guinea0.8%
Zimbabwe0.7%
Mexico0.7%
Argentina 0.6%
25%Use ofelectricity and heat
15%Industrial uses of energy 14%
Transportation
4%Other sources related to the production and consumption of energy
12%Net forest loss
7%Industrial processes and waste management
14%Agriculture (livestock and fertilizer)
Structuring Incent ives to Reduce Total Forest-Based Emissions
2
Funding forest preservation in some countries can create
incentives to increase deforestation elsewhere. For example, if a
country preserves forests by halting the clearing of land for
agriculture, the drop in supply of agricultural products may cause
prices to rise. The higher prices may prompt landowners in other
countries to clear their forests for agricultural production.
Capability of Developing Countries to Collect and Process Data
Possible Unintended Consequences of Funding Forest Preservation Only in Some Countries
Funding for Forest Preservation
Supply
Prices
Developing Countr y A Developing Countr y B
Developed Countr y
Financial andTechnicalAssistance Markets
Widely compensating forest preservation could reduce the risk that preservation in some locations will create incentives to increase deforestation in others.
Initially directing assistance toward countries with relatively strong governance and a large area of threatened forestland, such as Brazil and Indonesia, might be part of an e�ective strategy.
Whether such assistance could improve forest governance is less clear.
Cap-and-trade programs or taxes on GHG emissions could create private
markets for forest-based GHG reductions that have the potential to generate
greater funding for forest preservation.
P O L I C Y A P P R O A C H E S T O F O R E S T- B A S E D
M I T I G A T I O N
9%Fuel combustion for other purposes in residential and commercial buildings
Providing �nancial and technical assistance and creating markets for trading reductions in forest-based emissions are two approaches the United States and other developed countries might take to support forest preservation in tropical developing countries. Although the two policies can be pursued independently, they might work better in tandem.
POSSIBLE POLIC Y APPROACHES
Reducing deforestation in developing countries might make it less expensive for the United States to
achieve its own goals for reducing GHG emissions.
Measuring Changes in Carbon Storage
1
Many developing nations lack the technical capacity
to measure carbon changes over time. Some evidence of
the ability to measure such changes is available for 13 of
the 25 countries that made the largest contribution to
forest-based emissions from 1990 to 2005.
The inability of governments to successfully design
and implement policies to achieve stated objectives
undermines national e�orts to reduce emissions. Of the
top 25 emitters from 1990 to 2005, 18 ranked in the
bottom half of all countries in government e�ectiveness.
Improving Government Ef fect iveness in Developing Countr ies
3
Authors: Jonathan Schwabish, Natalie Tawil, and Courtney Gri�thSources: Congressional Budget O�ce based on information from the World Bank; World Resources Institute; Resources for the Future and Climate Advisers; and LTS International. For more detailed information and citations, see Congressional Budget O�ce, Deforestation and Greenhouse Gases (January 2012).
Turkey0.6%
Nigeria2.8%
Before Funding After Funding After Price ChangesBefore Price Changes
The destruction and degradation of forestland, caused mainly by expanded
agricultural activity in tropical developing countries, currently accounts for roughly
12% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Slowing or eliminating forest loss can
potentially make a cost-e�ective contribution to an international e�ort to reduce
global emissions, but that strategy faces a number of challenges.
Financial and technical assistance could help countries develop the capabilities to collect and process useful data on their forest resources and related emissions.
62
1country
Less Capability More Capability Less Capability More Capability Less Capability More Capability
Percentile Rank
100 75 50 25 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Billions of Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent Units
Global GHG EmissionsGovernment E�ectiveness
DR CongoMyanmar
ZimbabweNigeriaEcuador
Venezuela
CambodiaCameroon
Papua New GuineaZambia
Honduras
TanzaniaRussiaPeru
IndonesiaArgentina
Brazil
MexicoTurkeyChina
MalaysiaCanada
Bolivia
Guatemala
Philippines
Twenty-�ve countries, most of which are developing countries in the tropics, accounted for 95% of all forest-based emissions from 1990 to 2005.
FORESTS AND GHG EMISSIONS
Produc tion and Consumption of Energy O ther S ources
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