cyprus conference coping with drought and water deficiency...
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PAST and FUTURE of DROUGHT PAST and FUTURE of DROUGHT MANAGEMENT in SPAINMANAGEMENT in SPAIN
CyprusCyprus 1212--13 May 200513 May 2005
EngEng. Justo Mora A.. Justo Mora A.--MuMuññoyerrooyerro
Cyprus Conference"Coping with Drought and Water Deficiency:
from Research to Policy Making"
SummarySummary
1. Former regulations and crisis management1. Former regulations and crisis management2. Recent droughts: measures taken and lessons 2. Recent droughts: measures taken and lessons
learnedlearned3. A new legal framework3. A new legal framework4. Hydrological Indicator System4. Hydrological Indicator System5. Basin Special Plan for Droughts5. Basin Special Plan for Droughts
Example of Example of JJúúcarcar River BasinRiver Basin
6. Conclusions6. Conclusions
FormerFormer SpanishSpanish General General RegulationsRegulations
Drought planning tendencies nowadays move Drought planning tendencies nowadays move from crisis to risk managementfrom crisis to risk managementFormerFormer SpanishSpanish WaterWater ActAct ((ActAct 29/1985) 29/1985) facedfaceddroughtdrought as a crisis as a crisis managementmanagement throughthroughemergencyemergency measuresmeasures::
ReservoirReservoir CommitteeCommittee
Exceptional case (Water Act Article 58) Exceptional case (Water Act Article 58)
BasinBasin InstitutionalInstitutional OrganizationOrganization
Public Water Administration General
Principles in Spain( Water legislation)
1. Management units, integral water treatment, water economy, de-centralization, co-ordination, effectiveness and public participation
2. Related to the the hydrographicriver basin, hydraulic systems and hydrological cycle
3. Public water management compatible with territory arrangement, environment conservation, protection and nature recoveryBasin limits – River Basin Authorities
BasinBasin InstitutionalInstitutional OrganizationOrganization
Reservoir Committee draws up and discusses Reservoir Committee draws up and discusses proposals to be submitted to the Basin Authority proposals to be submitted to the Basin Authority Chairman with regard filling and empting Chairman with regard filling and empting reservoirs and aquifers, according the rights of reservoirs and aquifers, according the rights of the different users and the current hydrological the different users and the current hydrological situationsituation
ExceptionalExceptional DroughtDrought situationsituation
FormerFormer SpanishSpanish WaterWater ActAct ((ActAct 29/1985) 29/1985) facedfaceddroughtdrought as a crisis as a crisis managementmanagement throughthroughemergencyemergency measuresmeasures::
Exceptional case (Water Act Article 58) Exceptional case (Water Act Article 58) In circumstances of unusual drought, the Government In circumstances of unusual drought, the Government may adopt exceptional measures in order to address may adopt exceptional measures in order to address the situation, even if concessions (rights of water use the situation, even if concessions (rights of water use under certain conditions) have been granted. Such under certain conditions) have been granted. Such measures may include the building of emergency measures may include the building of emergency infrastructureinfrastructure..
2. Recent droughts: measures 2. Recent droughts: measures taken and lessons learnedtaken and lessons learned
SpanishSpanish HydrologyHydrology SpecialSpecial FeaturesFeaturesTheThe irregular irregular SpanishSpanish hydrologichydrologicregimeregime makesmakes waterwater a a specialspecialscarcescarce resourceresource, , withwith restrictedrestrictedavailabilityavailability andand strongstrong regional regional andand time time contrastscontrasts, , situationsituation notnotcomparable comparable toto thethe restrest ofof EUEUIn In SpainSpain mean mean relationshiprelationshipbetweenbetween natural global natural global resourcesresourcesandand waterwater demandsdemands forfor consuntiveconsuntiveuses uses isis 3 times 3 times minorminor restrest ofof EU, EU, whilewhile availableavailable resourcesresourcesrepresentsrepresents 8 % 8 % ofof total total resourcesresources(40(40--50 % in central EU 50 % in central EU countriescountries))SpanishSpanish waterwater resourcesresources occuroccurwithwith highhigh irregularityirregularity in time in time ((interannualinterannual andand annualannual) ) andand in in spacespace ((humidhumid northnorth regionsregions versus versus aridarid mediterraneanmediterranean regionsregions))
Mean rainfall territorial variabilityin Spain (1940/41- 1995/96)
Mean rainfall time series variability in Spain(1940/41- 1995/96)
Maps of percentage decrease in average rainfalls/flows during different periods in comparison with 1940/41 – 1996-96 period
Historical Droughts and Economic ImpactHistorical Droughts and Economic Impact
Economic impact derived from recent droughts on crops, irrigated land, main urban systems and hydropower (1980/81 – 1995/96 period)
MostMost CommonCommon MeasuresMeasures TakenTaken
Early restrictions settings and special Early restrictions settings and special procedures to allow exchanges between usersprocedures to allow exchanges between usersLocalization and exploitation of new Localization and exploitation of new groundwater resources. Emergency wells groundwater resources. Emergency wells Development of nonDevelopment of non--conventional resources. conventional resources. Desalination. Wastewater reuse. Boat supplyDesalination. Wastewater reuse. Boat supplyDevelopment of infrastructures for basin Development of infrastructures for basin connectionsconnections
LessonsLessons LearnedLearnedNo previous plans specifically designed for this No previous plans specifically designed for this type of emergency situations type of emergency situations It is necessary to take into account the public It is necessary to take into account the public awareness, the social perception of the shortage awareness, the social perception of the shortage and to educate users in responsible behaviors and to educate users in responsible behaviors towards water conservationtowards water conservationIt is suitable a Permanent Commissions on It is suitable a Permanent Commissions on Droughts (Administration and Droughts (Administration and SectorialSectorial coco--ordination, public participation)ordination, public participation)Legal gaps were detectedLegal gaps were detectedNew conception needed: mitigation measures, New conception needed: mitigation measures, preparedness, warning and Emergency Planspreparedness, warning and Emergency Plans
Drought Management: Drought Management: Current Legal FrameworkCurrent Legal Framework
--Different articles of current Water Act includes Different articles of current Water Act includes modifications to former Water Act facing drought:modifications to former Water Act facing drought:
Government may authorize the River Basin Authority Government may authorize the River Basin Authority to set up Water Interchange Centers (Water Banks) to set up Water Interchange Centers (Water Banks) to enable user rights to be waved by voluntary to enable user rights to be waved by voluntary agreement (Water Act Article 71)agreement (Water Act Article 71)
--Act 10/2001, 5th July, of the National Hydrologic Act 10/2001, 5th July, of the National Hydrologic Plan (NHP) refers in Article 27 to drought Plan (NHP) refers in Article 27 to drought management specificallymanagement specifically
Drought Management (NHP Law)Drought Management (NHP Law)Drawing process:Drawing process:Ministry of Environment: establishes a Global Hydrological IndicMinistry of Environment: establishes a Global Hydrological Indicators ators System (HIS)System (HIS)River Basin Authority (River Basin Authority (ConfederaciConfederacióónn HidrogrHidrográáficafica) prepares a Special ) prepares a Special Plan submitting it to the River Basin Council and the EnvironmenPlan submitting it to the River Basin Council and the Environment t Ministry for approvalMinistry for approvalThis Special Plan includes urban water supply directives (concerThis Special Plan includes urban water supply directives (concern cities n cities of more than 20.000 inhabitants) in case of drought of drought wof more than 20.000 inhabitants) in case of drought of drought warningarningThe institutions responsible for urban water supply (more than 2The institutions responsible for urban water supply (more than 20.000 0.000 inhabitants) have to draw up a Drought Emergency Planinhabitants) have to draw up a Drought Emergency PlanCarrying outCarrying out::According to HIS thresholds River Basin Authority declares stateAccording to HIS thresholds River Basin Authority declares state of of Drought or Drought Warning, initiating the measures included in Drought or Drought Warning, initiating the measures included in the the Special PlanSpecial PlanThe responsible for urban water supply have to implement it whThe responsible for urban water supply have to implement it when the en the state of drought or warning has been declared by the River Basinstate of drought or warning has been declared by the River BasinAuthorityAuthority
Hydrological Indicator SystemHydrological Indicator System
The hydrological situation is monthly The hydrological situation is monthly monitored by the Environment Ministry, monitored by the Environment Ministry, including:including:
RainRain--fallfall
Stream flowStream flow
Reservoir water storageReservoir water storage
Aquifer Aquifer piezometricpiezometric levelslevels
Snow Snow stored(instored(in progress)progress)
Hydrological Indicator NetworkHydrological Indicator Network
RainfallStreamflowReservoir inputsReservoir reservesReservoir dischargesAquifer watertable
Hydrological Indicador System
Evolution of snow Evolution of snow storagedstoraged in in Aragon River basin until Aragon River basin until YesaYesa
reservoirreservoir
Drought managementDrought managementAccording with the thresholds, if necessary, the River Basin Authority declares the state of Drought: Pre-Alert, Alert or Emergency and zones affected
The Special Plan (controlled by the River Authority) and Drought Emergency Plan (by the water supply institution) are initiated. Several measures must be taken with respect to:
Public awareness campaigns
Alternative sources development
Changes in management system rules(priority demands, ecological flows…)
Temporarily water supply cuts
Others
Drought Special Plan: drawing up Guide (Ministry of Environment)
RESOURCES RESOURCES ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
WATER WATER RESOURCE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
HISTORICAL HISTORICAL DROUGHTSDROUGHTS
DESCRIPTIVEDESCRIPTIVEVARIABLESVARIABLES
TERRITORIAL TERRITORIAL PARTITIONPARTITION
NETWORKNETWORK
INDICATOR INDICATOR DEFINITIONDEFINITION
TRHESHOLDTRHESHOLDNormal Normal AlertAlertDroughtDrought
PROGRESSIVEPROGRESSIVEMEASURESMEASURESN / A / DN / A / D
SPECIAL PLANSPECIAL PLANAlertAlert / / DroughtDrought
Drought Special Plan ProcessDrought Special Plan Process
Review of historicalDroughts and Impacts
Drought Indicator Network• Rainfall• Stream-flow• Reservoir inputs• Reservoir reserves• Reservoir discharges• Aquifer watertables
Drought states thresholdscalibration
Mitigation Measures Activation• New Infrastructures• Demand saving• Management rules• Restrictions• Others
Drought characterization
Drought control Plan Audit
Drought Plan Improvement
JucarJucar River Basin State IndexRiver Basin State Index
Llíria
S u eca
Alzira
Gan d ía
Den ia
Alco y
Jáv ea
Ben id o rm
Villajo y o sa
Villen a
Eld a
El Camp ello
Elch e
Vin arò s
Peñ isco la
Alcalád e Ch iv ert
M o sq u eru ela
Seg o rb e Bu rrian a
Sarrió n
Sag u n to
In iesta
Req u en a
Alman saOn tin y en t
Alb arracín
San Lo ren zola Parrilla
Talay u elas
Mo tilla d elP alan car
d el ReyM in ay a
La Ro d a
La Gin eta
Ch in ch illa d e
Mo n te Arag ó n
P o zo h o n d o
To rren t
Carlet
Casas-Ib áñ ez
No v eld a
Ib i
Nu les
Qu in tan ar
Xàtiv a
CASTELLON
VALENCIA
ALICANTE
ALBACETE
TERUEL
CUENCA
S E G U R A
G U A D I A N A
DELE B R O
C U E N C A
C U E N C A
C U E N C ADEL
CUENCA
GUADALQUIVIR
C U E N C ADEL
T A J O
DEL
DEL
ARAGON
CASTILLA-LA M ANCHA
VALENCIANA
CATALUÑA
M URCIA
COMUNIDAD
E. Alarcó n
Fo rataE.d e
d e S . Blas
E. Arq u illo
E. To u s
E. El Reg ajo
E. S ich ar
E. Alco raE. Aren ó s
Ulld eco n aE.d e
E. MaríaCristin a
Amad o rio
E. Lo rig u illaE. Ben ag éb er
E. Escalo n a
E. Bellú s
E. Ben iarrés
E. Gu ad alest
E. Co n treras
E. d e
15
16
19
2
23
27 29
6
9
22
25
28
3
31 33
34
1
10
14
24 26
30
32
5
8
11
12
13
17
18
20
21
4
7
Embalse-Acuifero
Aforo-Entrada a embalse
Pluviómetro
Reservoir-AquiferStreamflowRainfall
GALICIA
PRINCIPADO DEASTURIAS
CANTABRIA
PAISVASCO
NAVARRA
ARAGON
CATALUÑA
VALENCIACASTILLA-LA MANCHA
MADRID
EXTREMADURA
ANDALUCIA
MURCIA
BALEARES
CANARIAS
LA RIOJA
CEUTA
MELILLA
CASTILLA-LEON
Júcar
Drought Index monitoring gauges
ExampleExample JJúúcarcar BasinBasin situationsituation SeptemberSeptember 20012001a m ple: B a sin situation S ep tem ber 2001
nive leszona indicador 30-09 -2001 30-04 -2001
R ecursos supe rf ic iale s de l s is tem a d e l río C e nia V o lum e n m e nsu a l e m b alse d e Ul lde co na 0,62 0,90 R ecursos sub te rrá ne os franja cos te ra C e n ia -M aes tra zg o P iezó m e tro 3 12 36 00 0 2 . A lcalá d e C hive r t 0,33 0,63
R ecursos sub te rrá ne os Inte r io r C e nia -M ae s tra zgo P luvió m e tro 08 5 11 -A . S a n M a teo H.S . 0,76 0,61
R ecursos a lto y m e d io Mija res E ntrad as a A re nó s . 0,21 0,08
R ecursos supe rfc ia le s re g ulad os p o r A re nó s y S ic har V o lum e n em b als ad o en A re nós y S ic ha r 0,60 0,65
R ecursos sub te rrá ne os P la na de C as te lló n P iezó m e tro 3 02 53 00 0 8 . A lm a zo ra 0,86 0,22
R ecursos A lto P a lanc ia E ntrad as al R e ga jo 0,10 0,02
R ecursos supe rf ic iale s re g ulad os p o r e l R eg a jo V o lum e n em b als ad o en e l R eg ajo 0,50 0,73
R ecursos sub te rrá ne os P la na de S ag u nto P iezó m e tro 2 92 68 09 2 . S ag u n to 0,15 0,68
R ecursos re g u lado s p o r e l A rqu illo de S an B las V o lum e n em b als ad o en e l A rq u illo d e S an B las 0,80 0,84
R ecursos río A lfam b ra E s tac ió n fo ronóm ica 0 80 2 8 0,61 0, 70
R ecursos f lu ye n te s río G uada lavia r E ntrad as al A rq uil lo d e S a n B las 0,03 1,00
R ecursos m ed io T uria E s tac ió n fo ronóm ica 0 80 1 8 0,33 0,56
R ecursos re g u lado s p o r B e nage ge r y L o rigu illa V o lum e n em b als ad o en B e nag e be r y L o r igu illa 0,31 0,44
R ecursos sub te rrá ne os L iria -C as inos /B u ño l-C hes te P iezó m e tro 2 82 84 00 1 4 . C hiva 0,22 0,53
R ecursos sub te rrá ne os P la na de V a lenc ia P iezó m e tro 2 92 91 00 0 8 . A lg ine t 0,27 0,35
R ecursos a lto J úca r E s tac ió n fo ronóm ica 0 80 3 2 0,49 1,00
R ecursos a lto C ab r ie l E s tac ió n fo ronóm ica 0 80 9 0 0,36 1,00
R ecursos sub te rrá ne os U tie l-R eq ue n a P iezó m e tro 2 72 75 00 1 3 . Ut ie l 0,39 0,56
R ecursos ríos Jard ín y L ezuza E s tac ió n fo ronóm ica 0 81 3 8 0,15 0,52
R ecursos f lu ye n te s M a ncha O rie ntal E s tac io ne s fo ronóm ic as 0 8 14 4 y 08 0 36 0,00 0,62
R ecursos f lu ye n te s m e d io C ab r ie l P luvió m e tro 08 2 51 -E . E m balse de C o ntre ras 0,36 0,29
R ecursos sub te rrá ne os Manc h a O rie ntal P iezó m e tro 25 2 92 00 06 . C enizate 0,29 0,44
R ecursos re g u lado s p o r e l em b alse d e F o ra ta V o lum e n em b als ad o en F o rata 0,09 0,12
R ecursos f lu ye n te s E m b arc ade ro s -T ous C o ntro l p lu viom é trico 08 26 9 . S alto de Mil lare s 0,46 0,43
R ecursos re g u lado s p o r A larcó n C o ntre ras y T o us S um a de vo lum e n e n A la rcón, C o ntre ras y T ous 0,46 0,59
R ecursos sub te rrá ne os C a ro ch P iezó m e tro 2 83 12 00 0 3 . E ng ue ra 0,00 0,00
R ecursos f lu ye n te s d e l A lb aid a y C a ño les P luvió m e tro 08 2 85 . L 'O lle rí a 0,44 0,39
R ecursos sub te rrá ne os s ie rras G ro ssa y d e las A g u jas P iezó m e tro 3 03 11 00 2 4 . G a nd ía 0,46 0,47
R ecursos d e l s is te m a S e rp is V o lum e n em b als ad o en B e n ia rré s 0,46 0,30
R ecursos s is tem a M ar ina A lta P luvió m e tro 08 0 45 -u . A lc alalí 0,32 0,29
R ecursos s is tem a M ar ina B aja V o lum e n alm ace nado e n A m ado rio y G u ad ales t 0,14 0,05
R ecursos A lto V ina lo pó P luvió m e tro 08 0 02 . B a ñe re s 0,54 0,39
R ecursos Med io V inalop ó -A lac an tí P luvió m e tro 08 0 13 . No ve ld a 0,53 0,36
ExampleExample JJúúcarcar BasinBasin situationsituation SeptemberSeptember 2001 2001
9 Sub-basins
34 Zone Indicators
JucarJucar RiverRiver BasinBasin StateState IndexIndex
0.5
VmaxVmin0
0.5
1
Vmed
Vmax, min or med: maximum , minimum or average value ofperiod
INDICE DE ESTADO
Nivel r ojo (v<0,15)
Nivel nar anja (0,15<v<0,30)
Nivel amar i l lo (0,30<v<0,50)
Nivel ver de (v>0,50)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Nivel r ojo (v<0,15) Nivel nar anja (0,15<v<0,30) Nivel amar i l lo (0,30<v<0,50) Nivel ver de (v>0,50)
green = normality, yellow = prealert, orange = alert, red = emergency
Linear combination of the following types of gauges in each sub-basin: rainfall, stream-flow, water storage reservoir and aquifer water levels
JucarJucar River Basin State IndexRiver Basin State Index
Confederación Hidrográfica del JúcarIndice de estado Global
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
oct-8
5
oct-8
6
oct-8
7
oct-8
8
oct-8
9
oct-9
0
oct-9
1
oct-9
2
oct-9
3
oct-9
4
oct-9
5
oct-9
6
oct-9
7
oct-9
8
oct-9
9
oct-0
0
Nivel Rojo (v<0,15) Nivel Naranja (0,15<v<0,30) Nivel Amarillo (0,30<v<0,5) Nivel Verde (v>0,50)
Global Jucar River Basin Index
green = normality, yellow = pre-alert, orange = alert, red = emergency
IndicatorIndicator--FailureFailure supplysupply correlationcorrelationINDICATOR - FAILURE TO SUPPLY DEMAND CORRELATION
SE 5-JÚCAR
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1985
/86
1986
/87
1987
/88
1988
/89
1989
/90
1990
/91
1991
/92
1992
/93
1993
/94
1994
/95
1995
/96
1996
/97
1997
/98
1998
/99
1999
/00
2000
/01
AÑO
Failu
re V
olum
e (H
m3)
0,000,050,100,150,200,250,300,350,400,450,50
Inde
x Va
lue
Fallo SE5-JúcarIndicador Fallo SE5-Júcar
RELACIÓN VOLUMEN FALLO DEMANDAS - INDICADOR ESTADOSISTEMA SE 5 - JÚCAR
y = -0.0006x + 0.4498R2 = 0.6622
0.00
0.05
0.100.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.350.40
0.45
0.50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Volumen fallo (hm3)
Valo
r ind
icad
or (a
dim
ensi
onal
0-1
)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAILURE IN DEM AND SUPPLY- INDICATOR STATEJUCAR RIVER BASIN
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5
Index Value(non dimensional)
Failu
re in
Dem
and
Supp
ly (%
)
Failure – Drought Index calibrated using simulation models
JucarJucar River Basin Special PlanRiver Basin Special Plan
167-0250-167333-250500-333667-500813-6671604-813Storage (hm3)
36-4632-3627-3217-278-170-80Deficit (%)
RestrictionsConservationControlPlanificationObjectives
EmergencyAlertPrealertNormalityState
0,1 - 00,15 -0,10,2 - 0,150,3 - 0,20,4 - 0,30,5 - 0,41 - 0,5Indicator
GLOBAL DROUGHT CHARACTERIZATION PARAMETERS JUCAR RIVER BASIN
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAILURE IN DEM AND SUPPLY- INDICATOR STATEJUCAR RIVER BASIN
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5
Index Value(non dimensional)
Failu
re in
Dem
and
Supp
ly (%
)
JucarJucar River Basin Special PlanRiver Basin Special PlanThe planned actions for the Special Plan in Jucar River Basin are the following:
Approval of exploitation rules and use restrictions
Aquifers of strategic reserve
Temporal exploitation of the reserves
Emergency wells
Desalination
Reuse of treated wastewaters
Transfers of external resources
Furthermore, the Drought Special Plan must activate and serve as boundary condition for water supplying Emergency Plans for towns over 20,000 inhabitants
JucarJucar River Basin Special PlanRiver Basin Special Plan
Drought Special Plan Measures
Recurso disponible < bombeosRecurso disponible = bombeosRecurso disponible > bombeos
Disponibilidad 2000
Available resources > AbstractionsAvailable resources = AbstractionsAvailable resources < Abstractions
Mixed surface and groundwater irrigationSurface water irrigation
Aquifer
Emergency wells (capacity 100 hm3/year)
S E G U R A
G U A D I A N A
DELE B R O
C U E N C A
C U E N C A
C U E N C ADEL
CUENCA
GUADALQUIVIR
C U E N C ADEL
T A J O
DEL
DEL
ARAGO N
CASTILLA-LA MANCHA
COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA
CATALUÑA
MURCIA
OFICINA DE PLANIFICACION HIDROLOGICA INFORMACION BASE: SERIE- L ESCALA 1:50.000 DEL S.G.E.
CONFEDERACIÓN HIDROGRÁFICA DEL JÚCAR
0 10 20 40 Km30
M E
D I
T E
R R
A N
E O
M A
R
CASTELLON
VALENCIA
ALICANTE
ALBACETE
TERUEL
CUENCA
ESTACIONES DEPURADORAS CON REUTILIZACIÓN DIRECTA Treated Wastewater Reuse
EXPLOITATION OF THE BENIARDÁ AQUIFER - Marina Baja (periodo 1981-1990)
0
200.000
400.000
600.000
800.000
1.000.000
1.200.000
sep-
81
mar
-82
sep-
82
mar
-83
sep-
83
mar
-84
sep-
84
mar
-85
sep-
85
mar
-86
sep-
86
mar
-87
sep-
87
mar
-88
sep-
88
mar
-89
sep-
89
Tim e (m onths)
Pum
ping
(m3)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Dee
pnes
s w
ell l
evel
9 (m
)
Simulation Model. Management Rules
Emergency Water Supply Plans
Emergency Wells
JucarJucar River Basin Special PlanRiver Basin Special Plan
DROUGHT MITIGATION PARAMETERS % Demand Urban and Agrary Demand (3 380 hm3/year) 100,00 Alert State (I<0.3)
Initial Deficit 17,00 Water Conservation Measures 5,68 New Available Resources 5,00
Emergency State (I<0.15)
Initial Deficit 32,00 Water Restrictions 22,37 New Available Resources 5,53
Total New Available Resources (Pre-Alert/Alert/Emergency)
Wastewater reuse 7,34 Irrigation systems modernization 5,83 Desalination 1,80 Aquifer reserves abstractions 3,40 External transferences 0,15
Total 18,52
Drought Special Plan Effects
Planned conservation resources suppose a delay in the appearance of alert and emergency threshold and the development of new available resources to face drought represent 18.52 % of Jucar River Basin demands, acting as new offer in normality and pre-alert states, and as mitigation resources in alert and emergency states.
Conclusions (1/2)Conclusions (1/2)Drought planning tendencies nowadays drifts towards moving Drought planning tendencies nowadays drifts towards moving from crisis to risk management.from crisis to risk management.
Developing comprehensive, Developing comprehensive, longlong--term droughtterm drought preparedness preparedness policies and action plans may significantly reduce the risks andpolicies and action plans may significantly reduce the risks andvulnerabilities associated with extreme weather events.vulnerabilities associated with extreme weather events.
It should include It should include preventionprevention –– in order to reduce the risk and in order to reduce the risk and effects of uncertaintyeffects of uncertainty-- and and mitigationmitigation –– measures undertaken measures undertaken to limit the adverse impacts of hazardsto limit the adverse impacts of hazards-- strategies.strategies.
Drought impact assessment involve, at least, the specific effectDrought impact assessment involve, at least, the specific effecton the economy, social life and on the economy, social life and environmentenvironment, vulnerable to , vulnerable to event.event.
The problem of drought requires a The problem of drought requires a proactive managementproactive managementdeveloping actions planned in advance, which involve developing actions planned in advance, which involve modification of infrastructures and laws and institutional modification of infrastructures and laws and institutional agreements and the improvement of public awareness. agreements and the improvement of public awareness.
Conclusions (2/2)Conclusions (2/2)The drought management strategy should include sufficient The drought management strategy should include sufficient capacity for contingency planning capacity for contingency planning beforebefore the onset of drought, the onset of drought, and appropriate policies to reduce vulnerability and increase and appropriate policies to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to droughtresilience to droughtBasic elements of a drought preparedness and risk Basic elements of a drought preparedness and risk management strategies that guide management strategies that guide Drought Special PlansDrought Special Plans are are the following:the following:
Effective information and Effective information and early warning systemsearly warning systems are the are the foundation for effective drought policies and plans, as well foundation for effective drought policies and plans, as well as effective network and coordination between central, as effective network and coordination between central, regional and local levels.regional and local levels.Drought management strategy should include sufficient Drought management strategy should include sufficient capacity for contingency planning before the onset of capacity for contingency planning before the onset of drought, and appropriate policies to drought, and appropriate policies to reduce vulnerabilityreduce vulnerabilityand and increase resilienceincrease resilience to drought.to drought.
In Spain the legal framework regarding to drought has evolved In Spain the legal framework regarding to drought has evolved from crisis management to risk management. It is desirable from crisis management to risk management. It is desirable strengthen the long term measures of the Special Plans strengthen the long term measures of the Special Plans concerning to River Basin Management Plans and enhance the concerning to River Basin Management Plans and enhance the linkages with linkages with Water Framework Directive.Water Framework Directive.
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