cyprus conference coping with drought and water deficiency...

PAST and FUTURE of DROUGHT PAST and FUTURE of DROUGHT MANAGEMENT in SPAINMANAGEMENT in SPAIN

CyprusCyprus 1212--13 May 200513 May 2005

EngEng. Justo Mora A.. Justo Mora A.--MuMuññoyerrooyerro

Cyprus Conference"Coping with Drought and Water Deficiency:

from Research to Policy Making"

SummarySummary

1. Former regulations and crisis management1. Former regulations and crisis management2. Recent droughts: measures taken and lessons 2. Recent droughts: measures taken and lessons

learnedlearned3. A new legal framework3. A new legal framework4. Hydrological Indicator System4. Hydrological Indicator System5. Basin Special Plan for Droughts5. Basin Special Plan for Droughts

Example of Example of JJúúcarcar River BasinRiver Basin

6. Conclusions6. Conclusions

1. Former regulations and 1. Former regulations and crisis managementcrisis management

FormerFormer SpanishSpanish General General RegulationsRegulations

Drought planning tendencies nowadays move Drought planning tendencies nowadays move from crisis to risk managementfrom crisis to risk managementFormerFormer SpanishSpanish WaterWater ActAct ((ActAct 29/1985) 29/1985) facedfaceddroughtdrought as a crisis as a crisis managementmanagement throughthroughemergencyemergency measuresmeasures::

ReservoirReservoir CommitteeCommittee

Exceptional case (Water Act Article 58) Exceptional case (Water Act Article 58)

BasinBasin InstitutionalInstitutional OrganizationOrganization

Public Water Administration General

Principles in Spain( Water legislation)

1. Management units, integral water treatment, water economy, de-centralization, co-ordination, effectiveness and public participation

2. Related to the the hydrographicriver basin, hydraulic systems and hydrological cycle

3. Public water management compatible with territory arrangement, environment conservation, protection and nature recoveryBasin limits – River Basin Authorities

BasinBasin InstitutionalInstitutional OrganizationOrganization

Reservoir Committee draws up and discusses Reservoir Committee draws up and discusses proposals to be submitted to the Basin Authority proposals to be submitted to the Basin Authority Chairman with regard filling and empting Chairman with regard filling and empting reservoirs and aquifers, according the rights of reservoirs and aquifers, according the rights of the different users and the current hydrological the different users and the current hydrological situationsituation

ExceptionalExceptional DroughtDrought situationsituation

FormerFormer SpanishSpanish WaterWater ActAct ((ActAct 29/1985) 29/1985) facedfaceddroughtdrought as a crisis as a crisis managementmanagement throughthroughemergencyemergency measuresmeasures::

Exceptional case (Water Act Article 58) Exceptional case (Water Act Article 58) In circumstances of unusual drought, the Government In circumstances of unusual drought, the Government may adopt exceptional measures in order to address may adopt exceptional measures in order to address the situation, even if concessions (rights of water use the situation, even if concessions (rights of water use under certain conditions) have been granted. Such under certain conditions) have been granted. Such measures may include the building of emergency measures may include the building of emergency infrastructureinfrastructure..

2. Recent droughts: measures 2. Recent droughts: measures taken and lessons learnedtaken and lessons learned

SpanishSpanish HydrologyHydrology SpecialSpecial FeaturesFeaturesTheThe irregular irregular SpanishSpanish hydrologichydrologicregimeregime makesmakes waterwater a a specialspecialscarcescarce resourceresource, , withwith restrictedrestrictedavailabilityavailability andand strongstrong regional regional andand time time contrastscontrasts, , situationsituation notnotcomparable comparable toto thethe restrest ofof EUEUIn In SpainSpain mean mean relationshiprelationshipbetweenbetween natural global natural global resourcesresourcesandand waterwater demandsdemands forfor consuntiveconsuntiveuses uses isis 3 times 3 times minorminor restrest ofof EU, EU, whilewhile availableavailable resourcesresourcesrepresentsrepresents 8 % 8 % ofof total total resourcesresources(40(40--50 % in central EU 50 % in central EU countriescountries))SpanishSpanish waterwater resourcesresources occuroccurwithwith highhigh irregularityirregularity in time in time ((interannualinterannual andand annualannual) ) andand in in spacespace ((humidhumid northnorth regionsregions versus versus aridarid mediterraneanmediterranean regionsregions))

Mean rainfall territorial variabilityin Spain (1940/41- 1995/96)

Mean rainfall time series variability in Spain(1940/41- 1995/96)

Maps of percentage decrease in average rainfalls/flows during different periods in comparison with 1940/41 – 1996-96 period

Historical Droughts and Economic ImpactHistorical Droughts and Economic Impact

Economic impact derived from recent droughts on crops, irrigated land, main urban systems and hydropower (1980/81 – 1995/96 period)

MostMost CommonCommon MeasuresMeasures TakenTaken

Early restrictions settings and special Early restrictions settings and special procedures to allow exchanges between usersprocedures to allow exchanges between usersLocalization and exploitation of new Localization and exploitation of new groundwater resources. Emergency wells groundwater resources. Emergency wells Development of nonDevelopment of non--conventional resources. conventional resources. Desalination. Wastewater reuse. Boat supplyDesalination. Wastewater reuse. Boat supplyDevelopment of infrastructures for basin Development of infrastructures for basin connectionsconnections

LessonsLessons LearnedLearnedNo previous plans specifically designed for this No previous plans specifically designed for this type of emergency situations type of emergency situations It is necessary to take into account the public It is necessary to take into account the public awareness, the social perception of the shortage awareness, the social perception of the shortage and to educate users in responsible behaviors and to educate users in responsible behaviors towards water conservationtowards water conservationIt is suitable a Permanent Commissions on It is suitable a Permanent Commissions on Droughts (Administration and Droughts (Administration and SectorialSectorial coco--ordination, public participation)ordination, public participation)Legal gaps were detectedLegal gaps were detectedNew conception needed: mitigation measures, New conception needed: mitigation measures, preparedness, warning and Emergency Planspreparedness, warning and Emergency Plans

RiskRisk versus Crisis versus Crisis ManagementManagement

3. A new legal framework3. A new legal framework

Drought Management: Drought Management: Current Legal FrameworkCurrent Legal Framework

--Different articles of current Water Act includes Different articles of current Water Act includes modifications to former Water Act facing drought:modifications to former Water Act facing drought:

Government may authorize the River Basin Authority Government may authorize the River Basin Authority to set up Water Interchange Centers (Water Banks) to set up Water Interchange Centers (Water Banks) to enable user rights to be waved by voluntary to enable user rights to be waved by voluntary agreement (Water Act Article 71)agreement (Water Act Article 71)

--Act 10/2001, 5th July, of the National Hydrologic Act 10/2001, 5th July, of the National Hydrologic Plan (NHP) refers in Article 27 to drought Plan (NHP) refers in Article 27 to drought management specificallymanagement specifically

Drought Management (NHP Law)Drought Management (NHP Law)Drawing process:Drawing process:Ministry of Environment: establishes a Global Hydrological IndicMinistry of Environment: establishes a Global Hydrological Indicators ators System (HIS)System (HIS)River Basin Authority (River Basin Authority (ConfederaciConfederacióónn HidrogrHidrográáficafica) prepares a Special ) prepares a Special Plan submitting it to the River Basin Council and the EnvironmenPlan submitting it to the River Basin Council and the Environment t Ministry for approvalMinistry for approvalThis Special Plan includes urban water supply directives (concerThis Special Plan includes urban water supply directives (concern cities n cities of more than 20.000 inhabitants) in case of drought of drought wof more than 20.000 inhabitants) in case of drought of drought warningarningThe institutions responsible for urban water supply (more than 2The institutions responsible for urban water supply (more than 20.000 0.000 inhabitants) have to draw up a Drought Emergency Planinhabitants) have to draw up a Drought Emergency PlanCarrying outCarrying out::According to HIS thresholds River Basin Authority declares stateAccording to HIS thresholds River Basin Authority declares state of of Drought or Drought Warning, initiating the measures included in Drought or Drought Warning, initiating the measures included in the the Special PlanSpecial PlanThe responsible for urban water supply have to implement it whThe responsible for urban water supply have to implement it when the en the state of drought or warning has been declared by the River Basinstate of drought or warning has been declared by the River BasinAuthorityAuthority

4. Hydrological Indicator System4. Hydrological Indicator System

Hydrological Indicator SystemHydrological Indicator System

The hydrological situation is monthly The hydrological situation is monthly monitored by the Environment Ministry, monitored by the Environment Ministry, including:including:

RainRain--fallfall

Stream flowStream flow

Reservoir water storageReservoir water storage

Aquifer Aquifer piezometricpiezometric levelslevels

Snow Snow stored(instored(in progress)progress)

Hydrological Indicator NetworkHydrological Indicator Network

RainfallStreamflowReservoir inputsReservoir reservesReservoir dischargesAquifer watertable

Hydrological Indicador System

Hydrological Hydrological Indicator Indicator System: System: monthly monthly

monitoringmonitoring

AQUIFERSAQUIFERS

Evolution of snow Evolution of snow storagedstoraged in in Aragon River basin until Aragon River basin until YesaYesa

reservoirreservoir

5. Basin Special Plan for Droughts5. Basin Special Plan for Droughts

Drought managementDrought managementAccording with the thresholds, if necessary, the River Basin Authority declares the state of Drought: Pre-Alert, Alert or Emergency and zones affected

The Special Plan (controlled by the River Authority) and Drought Emergency Plan (by the water supply institution) are initiated. Several measures must be taken with respect to:

Public awareness campaigns

Alternative sources development

Changes in management system rules(priority demands, ecological flows…)

Temporarily water supply cuts

Others

Drought Special Plan: drawing up Guide (Ministry of Environment)

RESOURCES RESOURCES ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

WATER WATER RESOURCE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

HISTORICAL HISTORICAL DROUGHTSDROUGHTS

DESCRIPTIVEDESCRIPTIVEVARIABLESVARIABLES

TERRITORIAL TERRITORIAL PARTITIONPARTITION

NETWORKNETWORK

INDICATOR INDICATOR DEFINITIONDEFINITION

TRHESHOLDTRHESHOLDNormal Normal AlertAlertDroughtDrought

PROGRESSIVEPROGRESSIVEMEASURESMEASURESN / A / DN / A / D

SPECIAL PLANSPECIAL PLANAlertAlert / / DroughtDrought

Drought Special Plan ProcessDrought Special Plan Process

Review of historicalDroughts and Impacts

Drought Indicator Network• Rainfall• Stream-flow• Reservoir inputs• Reservoir reserves• Reservoir discharges• Aquifer watertables

Drought states thresholdscalibration

Mitigation Measures Activation• New Infrastructures• Demand saving• Management rules• Restrictions• Others

Drought characterization

Drought control Plan Audit

Drought Plan Improvement

JucarJucar River Basin Special PlanRiver Basin Special Plan

JucarJucar River Basin State IndexRiver Basin State Index

Llíria

S u eca

Alzira

Gan d ía

Den ia

Alco y

Jáv ea

Ben id o rm

Villajo y o sa

Villen a

Eld a

El Camp ello

Elch e

Vin arò s

Peñ isco la

Alcalád e Ch iv ert

M o sq u eru ela

Seg o rb e Bu rrian a

Sarrió n

Sag u n to

In iesta

Req u en a

Alman saOn tin y en t

Alb arracín

San Lo ren zola Parrilla

Talay u elas

Mo tilla d elP alan car

d el ReyM in ay a

La Ro d a

La Gin eta

Ch in ch illa d e

Mo n te Arag ó n

P o zo h o n d o

To rren t

Carlet

Casas-Ib áñ ez

No v eld a

Ib i

Nu les

Qu in tan ar

Xàtiv a

CASTELLON

VALENCIA

ALICANTE

ALBACETE

TERUEL

CUENCA

S E G U R A

G U A D I A N A

DELE B R O

C U E N C A

C U E N C A

C U E N C ADEL

CUENCA

GUADALQUIVIR

C U E N C ADEL

T A J O

DEL

DEL

ARAGON

CASTILLA-LA M ANCHA

VALENCIANA

CATALUÑA

M URCIA

COMUNIDAD

E. Alarcó n

Fo rataE.d e

d e S . Blas

E. Arq u illo

E. To u s

E. El Reg ajo

E. S ich ar

E. Alco raE. Aren ó s

Ulld eco n aE.d e

E. MaríaCristin a

Amad o rio

E. Lo rig u illaE. Ben ag éb er

E. Escalo n a

E. Bellú s

E. Ben iarrés

E. Gu ad alest

E. Co n treras

E. d e

15

16

19

2

23

27 29

6

9

22

25

28

3

31 33

34

1

10

14

24 26

30

32

5

8

11

12

13

17

18

20

21

4

7

Embalse-Acuifero

Aforo-Entrada a embalse

Pluviómetro

Reservoir-AquiferStreamflowRainfall

GALICIA

PRINCIPADO DEASTURIAS

CANTABRIA

PAISVASCO

NAVARRA

ARAGON

CATALUÑA

VALENCIACASTILLA-LA MANCHA

MADRID

EXTREMADURA

ANDALUCIA

MURCIA

BALEARES

CANARIAS

LA RIOJA

CEUTA

MELILLA

CASTILLA-LEON

Júcar

Drought Index monitoring gauges

ExampleExample JJúúcarcar BasinBasin situationsituation SeptemberSeptember 20012001a m ple: B a sin situation S ep tem ber 2001

nive leszona indicador 30-09 -2001 30-04 -2001

R ecursos supe rf ic iale s de l s is tem a d e l río C e nia V o lum e n m e nsu a l e m b alse d e Ul lde co na 0,62 0,90 R ecursos sub te rrá ne os franja cos te ra C e n ia -M aes tra zg o P iezó m e tro 3 12 36 00 0 2 . A lcalá d e C hive r t 0,33 0,63

R ecursos sub te rrá ne os Inte r io r C e nia -M ae s tra zgo P luvió m e tro 08 5 11 -A . S a n M a teo H.S . 0,76 0,61

R ecursos a lto y m e d io Mija res E ntrad as a A re nó s . 0,21 0,08

R ecursos supe rfc ia le s re g ulad os p o r A re nó s y S ic har V o lum e n em b als ad o en A re nós y S ic ha r 0,60 0,65

R ecursos sub te rrá ne os P la na de C as te lló n P iezó m e tro 3 02 53 00 0 8 . A lm a zo ra 0,86 0,22

R ecursos A lto P a lanc ia E ntrad as al R e ga jo 0,10 0,02

R ecursos supe rf ic iale s re g ulad os p o r e l R eg a jo V o lum e n em b als ad o en e l R eg ajo 0,50 0,73

R ecursos sub te rrá ne os P la na de S ag u nto P iezó m e tro 2 92 68 09 2 . S ag u n to 0,15 0,68

R ecursos re g u lado s p o r e l A rqu illo de S an B las V o lum e n em b als ad o en e l A rq u illo d e S an B las 0,80 0,84

R ecursos río A lfam b ra E s tac ió n fo ronóm ica 0 80 2 8 0,61 0, 70

R ecursos f lu ye n te s río G uada lavia r E ntrad as al A rq uil lo d e S a n B las 0,03 1,00

R ecursos m ed io T uria E s tac ió n fo ronóm ica 0 80 1 8 0,33 0,56

R ecursos re g u lado s p o r B e nage ge r y L o rigu illa V o lum e n em b als ad o en B e nag e be r y L o r igu illa 0,31 0,44

R ecursos sub te rrá ne os L iria -C as inos /B u ño l-C hes te P iezó m e tro 2 82 84 00 1 4 . C hiva 0,22 0,53

R ecursos sub te rrá ne os P la na de V a lenc ia P iezó m e tro 2 92 91 00 0 8 . A lg ine t 0,27 0,35

R ecursos a lto J úca r E s tac ió n fo ronóm ica 0 80 3 2 0,49 1,00

R ecursos a lto C ab r ie l E s tac ió n fo ronóm ica 0 80 9 0 0,36 1,00

R ecursos sub te rrá ne os U tie l-R eq ue n a P iezó m e tro 2 72 75 00 1 3 . Ut ie l 0,39 0,56

R ecursos ríos Jard ín y L ezuza E s tac ió n fo ronóm ica 0 81 3 8 0,15 0,52

R ecursos f lu ye n te s M a ncha O rie ntal E s tac io ne s fo ronóm ic as 0 8 14 4 y 08 0 36 0,00 0,62

R ecursos f lu ye n te s m e d io C ab r ie l P luvió m e tro 08 2 51 -E . E m balse de C o ntre ras 0,36 0,29

R ecursos sub te rrá ne os Manc h a O rie ntal P iezó m e tro 25 2 92 00 06 . C enizate 0,29 0,44

R ecursos re g u lado s p o r e l em b alse d e F o ra ta V o lum e n em b als ad o en F o rata 0,09 0,12

R ecursos f lu ye n te s E m b arc ade ro s -T ous C o ntro l p lu viom é trico 08 26 9 . S alto de Mil lare s 0,46 0,43

R ecursos re g u lado s p o r A larcó n C o ntre ras y T o us S um a de vo lum e n e n A la rcón, C o ntre ras y T ous 0,46 0,59

R ecursos sub te rrá ne os C a ro ch P iezó m e tro 2 83 12 00 0 3 . E ng ue ra 0,00 0,00

R ecursos f lu ye n te s d e l A lb aid a y C a ño les P luvió m e tro 08 2 85 . L 'O lle rí a 0,44 0,39

R ecursos sub te rrá ne os s ie rras G ro ssa y d e las A g u jas P iezó m e tro 3 03 11 00 2 4 . G a nd ía 0,46 0,47

R ecursos d e l s is te m a S e rp is V o lum e n em b als ad o en B e n ia rré s 0,46 0,30

R ecursos s is tem a M ar ina A lta P luvió m e tro 08 0 45 -u . A lc alalí 0,32 0,29

R ecursos s is tem a M ar ina B aja V o lum e n alm ace nado e n A m ado rio y G u ad ales t 0,14 0,05

R ecursos A lto V ina lo pó P luvió m e tro 08 0 02 . B a ñe re s 0,54 0,39

R ecursos Med io V inalop ó -A lac an tí P luvió m e tro 08 0 13 . No ve ld a 0,53 0,36

ExampleExample JJúúcarcar BasinBasin situationsituation SeptemberSeptember 2001 2001

9 Sub-basins

34 Zone Indicators

JucarJucar RiverRiver BasinBasin StateState IndexIndex

0.5

VmaxVmin0

0.5

1

Vmed

Vmax, min or med: maximum , minimum or average value ofperiod

INDICE DE ESTADO

Nivel r ojo (v<0,15)

Nivel nar anja (0,15<v<0,30)

Nivel amar i l lo (0,30<v<0,50)

Nivel ver de (v>0,50)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Nivel r ojo (v<0,15) Nivel nar anja (0,15<v<0,30) Nivel amar i l lo (0,30<v<0,50) Nivel ver de (v>0,50)

green = normality, yellow = prealert, orange = alert, red = emergency

Linear combination of the following types of gauges in each sub-basin: rainfall, stream-flow, water storage reservoir and aquifer water levels

JucarJucar River Basin State IndexRiver Basin State Index

Confederación Hidrográfica del JúcarIndice de estado Global

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1

oct-8

5

oct-8

6

oct-8

7

oct-8

8

oct-8

9

oct-9

0

oct-9

1

oct-9

2

oct-9

3

oct-9

4

oct-9

5

oct-9

6

oct-9

7

oct-9

8

oct-9

9

oct-0

0

Nivel Rojo (v<0,15) Nivel Naranja (0,15<v<0,30) Nivel Amarillo (0,30<v<0,5) Nivel Verde (v>0,50)

Global Jucar River Basin Index

green = normality, yellow = pre-alert, orange = alert, red = emergency

IndicatorIndicator--FailureFailure supplysupply correlationcorrelationINDICATOR - FAILURE TO SUPPLY DEMAND CORRELATION

SE 5-JÚCAR

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1985

/86

1986

/87

1987

/88

1988

/89

1989

/90

1990

/91

1991

/92

1992

/93

1993

/94

1994

/95

1995

/96

1996

/97

1997

/98

1998

/99

1999

/00

2000

/01

AÑO

Failu

re V

olum

e (H

m3)

0,000,050,100,150,200,250,300,350,400,450,50

Inde

x Va

lue

Fallo SE5-JúcarIndicador Fallo SE5-Júcar

RELACIÓN VOLUMEN FALLO DEMANDAS - INDICADOR ESTADOSISTEMA SE 5 - JÚCAR

y = -0.0006x + 0.4498R2 = 0.6622

0.00

0.05

0.100.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.350.40

0.45

0.50

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Volumen fallo (hm3)

Valo

r ind

icad

or (a

dim

ensi

onal

0-1

)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAILURE IN DEM AND SUPPLY- INDICATOR STATEJUCAR RIVER BASIN

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5

Index Value(non dimensional)

Failu

re in

Dem

and

Supp

ly (%

)

Failure – Drought Index calibrated using simulation models


167-0250-167333-250500-333667-500813-6671604-813Storage (hm3)

36-4632-3627-3217-278-170-80Deficit (%)

RestrictionsConservationControlPlanificationObjectives

EmergencyAlertPrealertNormalityState

0,1 - 00,15 -0,10,2 - 0,150,3 - 0,20,4 - 0,30,5 - 0,41 - 0,5Indicator

GLOBAL DROUGHT CHARACTERIZATION PARAMETERS JUCAR RIVER BASIN

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAILURE IN DEM AND SUPPLY- INDICATOR STATEJUCAR RIVER BASIN

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5

Index Value(non dimensional)

Failu

re in

Dem

and

Supp

ly (%

)

JucarJucar River Basin Special PlanRiver Basin Special PlanThe planned actions for the Special Plan in Jucar River Basin are the following:

Approval of exploitation rules and use restrictions

Aquifers of strategic reserve

Temporal exploitation of the reserves

Emergency wells

Desalination

Reuse of treated wastewaters

Transfers of external resources

Furthermore, the Drought Special Plan must activate and serve as boundary condition for water supplying Emergency Plans for towns over 20,000 inhabitants


Drought Special Plan Measures

Recurso disponible < bombeosRecurso disponible = bombeosRecurso disponible > bombeos

Disponibilidad 2000

Available resources > AbstractionsAvailable resources = AbstractionsAvailable resources < Abstractions

Mixed surface and groundwater irrigationSurface water irrigation

Aquifer

Emergency wells (capacity 100 hm3/year)

S E G U R A

G U A D I A N A

DELE B R O

C U E N C A

C U E N C A

C U E N C ADEL

CUENCA

GUADALQUIVIR

C U E N C ADEL

T A J O

DEL

DEL

ARAGO N

CASTILLA-LA MANCHA

COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA

CATALUÑA

MURCIA

OFICINA DE PLANIFICACION HIDROLOGICA INFORMACION BASE: SERIE- L ESCALA 1:50.000 DEL S.G.E.

CONFEDERACIÓN HIDROGRÁFICA DEL JÚCAR

0 10 20 40 Km30

M E

D I

T E

R R

A N

E O

M A

R

CASTELLON

VALENCIA

ALICANTE

ALBACETE

TERUEL

CUENCA

ESTACIONES DEPURADORAS CON REUTILIZACIÓN DIRECTA Treated Wastewater Reuse

EXPLOITATION OF THE BENIARDÁ AQUIFER - Marina Baja (periodo 1981-1990)

0

200.000

400.000

600.000

800.000

1.000.000

1.200.000

sep-

81

mar

-82

sep-

82

mar

-83

sep-

83

mar

-84

sep-

84

mar

-85

sep-

85

mar

-86

sep-

86

mar

-87

sep-

87

mar

-88

sep-

88

mar

-89

sep-

89

Tim e (m onths)

Pum

ping

(m3)

0

50

100

150

200

250

Dee

pnes

s w

ell l

evel

9 (m

)

Simulation Model. Management Rules

Emergency Water Supply Plans

Emergency Wells


DROUGHT MITIGATION PARAMETERS % Demand Urban and Agrary Demand (3 380 hm3/year) 100,00 Alert State (I<0.3)

Initial Deficit 17,00 Water Conservation Measures 5,68 New Available Resources 5,00

Emergency State (I<0.15)

Initial Deficit 32,00 Water Restrictions 22,37 New Available Resources 5,53

Total New Available Resources (Pre-Alert/Alert/Emergency)

Wastewater reuse 7,34 Irrigation systems modernization 5,83 Desalination 1,80 Aquifer reserves abstractions 3,40 External transferences 0,15

Total 18,52

Drought Special Plan Effects

Planned conservation resources suppose a delay in the appearance of alert and emergency threshold and the development of new available resources to face drought represent 18.52 % of Jucar River Basin demands, acting as new offer in normality and pre-alert states, and as mitigation resources in alert and emergency states.

6. Conclusions6. Conclusions

Conclusions (1/2)Conclusions (1/2)Drought planning tendencies nowadays drifts towards moving Drought planning tendencies nowadays drifts towards moving from crisis to risk management.from crisis to risk management.

Developing comprehensive, Developing comprehensive, longlong--term droughtterm drought preparedness preparedness policies and action plans may significantly reduce the risks andpolicies and action plans may significantly reduce the risks andvulnerabilities associated with extreme weather events.vulnerabilities associated with extreme weather events.

It should include It should include preventionprevention –– in order to reduce the risk and in order to reduce the risk and effects of uncertaintyeffects of uncertainty-- and and mitigationmitigation –– measures undertaken measures undertaken to limit the adverse impacts of hazardsto limit the adverse impacts of hazards-- strategies.strategies.

Drought impact assessment involve, at least, the specific effectDrought impact assessment involve, at least, the specific effecton the economy, social life and on the economy, social life and environmentenvironment, vulnerable to , vulnerable to event.event.

The problem of drought requires a The problem of drought requires a proactive managementproactive managementdeveloping actions planned in advance, which involve developing actions planned in advance, which involve modification of infrastructures and laws and institutional modification of infrastructures and laws and institutional agreements and the improvement of public awareness. agreements and the improvement of public awareness.

Conclusions (2/2)Conclusions (2/2)The drought management strategy should include sufficient The drought management strategy should include sufficient capacity for contingency planning capacity for contingency planning beforebefore the onset of drought, the onset of drought, and appropriate policies to reduce vulnerability and increase and appropriate policies to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to droughtresilience to droughtBasic elements of a drought preparedness and risk Basic elements of a drought preparedness and risk management strategies that guide management strategies that guide Drought Special PlansDrought Special Plans are are the following:the following:

Effective information and Effective information and early warning systemsearly warning systems are the are the foundation for effective drought policies and plans, as well foundation for effective drought policies and plans, as well as effective network and coordination between central, as effective network and coordination between central, regional and local levels.regional and local levels.Drought management strategy should include sufficient Drought management strategy should include sufficient capacity for contingency planning before the onset of capacity for contingency planning before the onset of drought, and appropriate policies to drought, and appropriate policies to reduce vulnerabilityreduce vulnerabilityand and increase resilienceincrease resilience to drought.to drought.

In Spain the legal framework regarding to drought has evolved In Spain the legal framework regarding to drought has evolved from crisis management to risk management. It is desirable from crisis management to risk management. It is desirable strengthen the long term measures of the Special Plans strengthen the long term measures of the Special Plans concerning to River Basin Management Plans and enhance the concerning to River Basin Management Plans and enhance the linkages with linkages with Water Framework Directive.Water Framework Directive.

GraciasGracias!!

cyprus conference coping with drought and water deficiency...

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