classical conditioning - weeblymrreinhard.weebly.com/.../classical_conditioning.pdf ·...

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

• “Stumbled” across classical conditioning around 1900• Studying “psychic reflexes”

• Saliva experiments on dogs

• Dogs started responding prior to the meat powder• Sounds of preparation

• Realized a neutral stimulus was creating a response

Important terms

Unconditioned stimulus (US) – a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Unconditioned response (UR) – an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Conditioned stimulus (CS) – a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Conditioned response (CR) – a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Neutral stimulus (NS) – a stimulus that does not evoke a response by itself

NSTone

USMeat powder

NSTone

USMeat powder

URSalivation

CSTone

CRSalivation

Before Conditioning No response

During Conditioning

After Conditioning

A boy is fond of cookies, which make his mouth water whenever he eats them. He passes a bakery baking cookies making the area smell of cookies and he begins to salivate.

NS

US

CR

CS

UR

Smell of cookies

Cookies

Smell of cookies

Salivation

Salivation

USCookies

CRSalivation

CSSmell of cookies

A young child who reaches out to pet a barking dog is bitten by the dog and cries. Every time she hears a dog bark, she whimpers.

NS

US

CR

CS

UR

Dogs barking

Dog bite

Dogs barking

Cry (pain)

Fear of dogs (whimper)

USDog bite

CRFear of dogs

CSDogs barking

A boy who is trained in karate often practices by throwing mock punches at his sister. One day, he accidently hits her in the eye and hurts her. From that day on, every time he raises his hands, his sister flinches.

NS

US

CR

CS

UR

Mock punches

Accidental hit

Raises hands (mock punches)

Pain

Flinch

USAccidental hit

CRFlinch

CSRaises hands

When they were going together, a guy and his former girlfriend had a favorite CD which they frequently listened to together. Although she broke up with him over a year ago, whenever he hears a song from that CD he becomes depressed.

NS

US

CR

CS

UR

Songs on CD

Break up

Songs from CD

Hurt feelings; mental pain; sadness

Depression

USBreak up

CRDepression

CSSongs from CD

Classical conditioning in everyday life

• Conditioned fear and anxiety• Events and interactions can create phobias and other fears

• Emotional responses as of a result of a certain smell, song, etc.

• Physiological responses (i.e., immune system)

(CS)Products(e.g., jeans)

(US)Sexual

imagery

(CR

)(UR)Pleasant

emotional

response

• Evaluative conditioning - changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli.

Processes of condition - acquisition

Acquisition

(CS-US pairings)

0

15

10

5

The initial stage of learning something.

Processes of condition - extinction

Extinction

(CS alone)

0

15

10

5

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Processes of condition – spontaneous recovery

Extinction

(CS alone)

0

15

10

5

24-hour

rest

Spontaneous Recovery

(CS alone)

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

Basic processes of classical conditioning

• Stimulus generalization

• Stimulus discrimination

Little Albert

(CR)

(UR)Fear

(CS)White Rat

(US)Loud Gong

Higher order conditioning

A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.