chemical processes
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CHEMICAL PROCESSESAnatomy and PhysiologyUnit 2
Energy Energy- the ability to do work or to put
matter into motion.
Kinetic energy-moving objects
Potential energy- inactive or stored energy
Types of Energy Chemical energy- stored in the bonds of
chemical substances. When bonds are broken the stored energy is released All activities of the body are ran by
chemical energy Electrical energy- movement of charged
particles. In the body, ions move across cell
membranes.
Types of Energy Mechanical energy- directly involved in
moving matter.
Radiant energy- travels in waves (energy from the electromagnetic spectrum) Important to vision. Helps our bodies make Vitamin D
Any energy that seems to be lost is given off as heat
Atomic Structure Protons- have positive charge and are in the
nucleus. Makes up half of the mass of the atom
Neutrons- have a neutral charge and are in the nucleus. Makes up half of the mass of the atom.
Electrons- have negative charge and are in the outer rings of the atom.
Element Atomic symbol % of body mass
Role
Major 96.1%Oxygen O 65 Essential ATP making
Carbon C 18.5 All organic molecules
Hydrogen H 9.5 pH of body fluids
Nitrogen N 3.2 Proteins and nucleic acids
Lesser 3.9%Calcium Ca 1.5 Muscle contractions,
neural, blood clotting
Phosphorus P 1.0 ATP, nucleic acid
Potassium K 0.4 Nerve impulse and muscle contraction
Sulfur S 0.3 Proteins
Sodium Na 0.2 Water balance, nerve impulse, muscle contraction
Chlorine Cl 0.2 Anion
Magnesium Mg 0.1 Enzyme activity
Iodine I 0.1 Thyroid horomone
Iron Fe 0.1 Transports oxygen and enzymes
Atomic Structure Atomic number- number of protons
Atomic mass- is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Isotopes- variations of number of neutrons in a nucleus.
Ionic Bonds Form when electrons are completely
transferred from one atom to another. Ion- is a charged particle Negatively charged atom- anion Positively charged atom- cation Example is salts: NaCl When group 1 and group 7 combine Electrolytes- conducts electrical current in
solution Metal and nonmetal
Covalent Bonds and Hydrogen Bonds
Covalent Shared valence electrons Example: O2, CH4 Polar: water means there is a positive end and a
negative end. Nonpolar: little reactivity, electrons are shared equally
so there is little attraction between molecules Hydrogen
Extremely weak bonds Water molecules Helps maintain structure of protein molecules
Water Inorganic Compound- most abundant inorganic
compound in the body. 1. High heat capacity- absorbs and releases large
amounts of heat before its temperature changes appreciably. Prevents the sudden changes in body temperature.
2. Polarity/ solvent properties- excellent solvent. “universal solvent”
3. Chemical reactivity- digest foods or break down biological molecules, hydrolysis reactions
4. Cushioning- cerebrospinal fluid cushion around the brain. Amniotic fluid is another example.
Acids and Bases Acids:
Sour taste, releases H+ ions, proton donors Stomach acid (HCl), acetic acid, carbonic acid The more H+ you have the stronger the acid.
Bases: Bitter taste and feel slippery and are proton
acceptors. OH- hydroxyl ion Bicarbonate ion (base in blood) Weak base
Neutralization reaction- when acids and bases are mixed together.
pH 0-14 7 is neutral Buffers- weak acids
and weak bases. -blood pH is 7.35 to
7.45 If the blood becomes
to acidic the amount of oxygen the blood has declines
Organic Compounds Carbohydrates- sugars, and starches: contain
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Hydrogen and Oxygen occur in a 2:1 ratio still in
these molecules. C6H10O5 Monosaccharides: one sugar: simple sugar
Single ring or chain molecule. Has 3- 7 carbon atoms Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose Glucose is cellular fuel Fructose and galactose are converted to glucose Ribose and deoxyribose form part of the structure of
nucleic acids and other organic molecules.
More about carbohydrates Disaccharides: double sugars
Two simple sugars are joined by a synthesis reaction (dehydration synthesis) water molecule is lost as the bond forms
Sucrose (glucose and galactose) cane sugar Lactose (glucose and galactose) milk Maltose (glucose and glucose) malt sugar As water is added to each bond the bond is
broken and the simple sugar units are released.
More Carbohydrates Polysaccharides: many sugars, long
branching chains of linked simple sugars. Large insoluable molecules and are ideally
storage products. Lack sweetness of simple sugars Starches : formed in plants
Grain products, root vegetables Glycogen : animal tissue muscles and liver.
ATP molecules: Energy
Lipids Are a large and diverse group Enter the body by: fat-marbled meats,
egg yolks, milk products, oils Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
atoms
Lipid Type Location/functionNeutral fats (triglycerides)
Fat deposits; protects body organs; stored energy
Phospholipids(Cephalin)
Cell membranes; transports lipids; brain and nervous tissue; insulating white matter
SteroidsCholesterol All body steroids
Bile Salts Breakdown cholesterol; released by the liver; aid in fat digestion and absorption
Vitamin D Skin, normal bone growth and functionSex Horomones Estrogen and progesterone, testosteroneAdrenal cortical
horomonesCortisol, antistress horomone, aldosterone helps regulate salt and water balance.
Other lipoid substancesFat-soluable vitamins:
A Orange vegetables and fruit; visionE Wheat germ and green leafy veges; wound healing;
help fight some cancersK Intestinal bacteria; proper clotting in blood
Prostaglandins Blood pressure; gastrointestinal tract movement; inflammation
Lipoproteins HDL and LDL
Fats Neutral Fats- triglycerides: fatty acids
and glycerol. Form an E shape Saturated fats: animal fats Unsaturated fats: plants Large amounts of energy and stored in fat
deposits Protects from heat loss and jarring.
Homeostatic Imbalance Atherosclerosis: deposit of fatty
substances in artery walls and eventually arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries.
Olive oil is a healthy alternative to eating saturated fats.
Proteins 50 % of the organic matter in the body Some are construction materials Others are cell function molecules. Contain: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sulfur. Amino acids- building blocks of proteins 20 amino acids Made by our genes
Fibrous and Globular proteins Fiberous proteins- strandlike; structure
proteins, build Collagen- bones, cartilage, and tendons
Most abundant protein in the body. Keratin- hair, nails and material that makes skin
tough. Globular proteins- spherical molecules crucial
roles in virtually all biological processes. Functional proteins: antibodies, Hormones,
Transport proteins, Catalysts (enzymes)
Nucleic Acid Make up the genes, which provides the basic blueprint
of life. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms Nucleotide: three basic parts- 1) nitrogen base 2)
pentose sugar 3) a phosphate group. Bases: A adenin, T thymine, C cytosine, G guanine.
DNA: genetic material 1)replicates itself 2)instructions for building every protein in the body.
RNA: carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA A adenine, U uricil, C cytosine, G guanine
DNA is a double helix
ATP Means energy Without ATP life is haulted Modified nucleotide: adenine, ribose
sugar, and three phosphate Compared to a tightly coiled spring that
is ready to uncoil with tremendous energy
ATP→ADP + P + E
Questions to consider1. Energy that is directly involved in moving matter is ?2. The movement of ions across cell memebranes is an
example of what kind of energy?3. 96% of the human body is composed of the elements?4. The most abundant element in the human body is?5. What is the role of calcium?6. What is the role of phosphorus?7. What is the role of magnesium?8. What is the correct location of subatomic particles?9. What are the charges of subatomic particles?10. What best describes and electron: charge, weight, and
location
Questions to consider1. Carbohydrates are stored as what in the liver and muscles?2. What is true about ATP molecules?3. What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?4. How does radiant energy travel?5. The lower the pH the greater the number of hydrogen ions. (T
or F)6. Compounds that ionize completely, producing large numbers
of hydrogen ions (protons), are a weak base. (T or F)7. A solution with a pH above 12 is an acid.(T or F)8. The normal pH of blood is 7.4. (T or F)9. Enzymes decrease the rates of chemical reactions. (T or F)10. Discuss the major properties of water that make it so vital to
the proper functioning of the body.
Questions to consider1. Atomic number of an atom reveals the number of what?2. Isotopes have what? (protons, neutrons, electrons)3. The subatomic particles that are responsible for the chemical behavior
of atoms are what?4. When sodium reactes with chlorine what is happening positively and
negatively?5. When a pair of electrons is shared unequally between two atoms, the
bond formed is called what?6. Why is water useful in body processes?7. Which of the following solutions is the weakest acid?
a. pH of 2.4b. pH of 5.2c. pH of 6.4
8. Acids are what?9. What is an example of an inorganic molecule?10. Starch is an example of a(n)?
Questions to consider1. Keratin and collagen are examples of what?2. What are the disaccharides:3. The organic compounds that function in building tissues
and acting as enzymes are what?4. Neutral fats?5. Vitamin A can be described as what?6. Bile salts are what?7. What about enzymes is true?8. Globular proteins are what?9. What is true about RNA? (single or double strand)10. Carbohydrates are built up from their basic building
blocks by the:
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