cell cycle (honors biology)

Regents Biology 2006-2007

Biology is the only subject in which multiplication is the same thing as division…

Regents Biology 2006-2007

MITOSIS:Making New CellsMaking New DNA

Regents Biology

Where it all began…

Regents Biology

Where it all began…You started as a cell smaller than a period at the end of a sentence…

Regents Biology

Where it all began…You started as a cell smaller than a period at the end of a sentence…

Regents Biology

§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…

Getting from there to now…

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§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…

and divide…

Getting from there to now…

Regents Biology

§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…

and divide… and divide…

Getting from there to now…

Regents Biology

§ Going from egg to baby…. the original fertilized egg has to divide…

and divide… and divide… and divide…

Getting from there to now…

Regents Biology

Why do cells divide…

amoeba

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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

amoeba

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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction amoeba

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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)

amoeba

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Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)

§ Multi-celled organisms

amoeba

Regents Biology

Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)

§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development

amoeba

Regents Biology

Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)

§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development

§ from fertilized egg to adult

amoeba

Regents Biology

Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)

§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development

§ from fertilized egg to adult

amoeba

Regents Biology

Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)

§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development

§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement

amoeba

Regents Biology

Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)

§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development

§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement

amoeba

starfish

Regents Biology

Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)

§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development

§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement

amoeba

starfish

Regents Biology

Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)

§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development

§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement

§ replace cells that die from normal wear & tear or from injury

amoeba

starfish

Regents Biology

Why do cells divide…§ One-celled organisms

ufor reproduction uasexual reproduction (clones)

§ Multi-celled organismsufor growth & development

§ from fertilized egg to adultufor repair & replacement

§ replace cells that die from normal wear & tear or from injury

amoeba

starfish

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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied

animal cellplant cell

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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied

u DNA

animal cellplant cell

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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied

u DNAu organelles

animal cellplant cell

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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied

u DNAu organellesu cell membrane

animal cellplant cell

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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied

u DNAu organellesu cell membraneu lots of other

molecules

animal cellplant cell

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Dividing cells…§ What has to be copied

u DNAu organellesu cell membraneu lots of other

molecules§ enzymes

animal cellplant cell

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Overview of mitosis

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Overview of mitosis

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Overview of mitosis

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Overview of mitosis

interphase

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Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase

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Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)

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Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)

metaphase

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Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)

metaphase anaphase

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Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)

metaphase anaphase telophase

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Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)

metaphase anaphase telophase

cytokinesis

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Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase (pro-metaphase)

metaphase anaphase telophase

cytokinesis

I.P.M.A.T.

Regents Biology

Interphase

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Interphase§ 90% of cell life cycle

u cell doing its “everyday job”§ produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes

u prepares for duplication if triggered

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Interphase§ 90% of cell life cycle

u cell doing its “everyday job”§ produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes

u prepares for duplication if triggered

I’m working here!

Regents Biology

Interphase§ 90% of cell life cycle

u cell doing its “everyday job”§ produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes

u prepares for duplication if triggered

I’m working here!

Time to divide& multiply!

Regents Biology

Interphase

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Interphase§ Divided into 3 phases:

u G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)§ cell doing its “everyday job”§ cell grows

u S = DNA Synthesis§ copies chromosomes

u G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)§ prepares for division § cell grows (more)§ produces organelles,

proteins, membranes

Regents Biology

Interphase§ Divided into 3 phases:

u G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)§ cell doing its “everyday job”§ cell grows

u S = DNA Synthesis§ copies chromosomes

u G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)§ prepares for division § cell grows (more)§ produces organelles,

proteins, membranes

G0

Regents Biology

Interphase§ Divided into 3 phases:

u G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)§ cell doing its “everyday job”§ cell grows

u S = DNA Synthesis§ copies chromosomes

u G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)§ prepares for division § cell grows (more)§ produces organelles,

proteins, membranes

G0

signal to

divide

Regents Biology

Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”

cell is formed from a mitotic division

Regents Biology

Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”

cell is formed from a mitotic division

cell grows & maturesto divide again

Regents Biology

Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”

cell is formed from a mitotic division

cell grows & maturesto divide again

G1, S, G2, M

Regents Biology

Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”

cell is formed from a mitotic division

cell grows & maturesto divide again

G1, S, G2, M

epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells

Regents Biology

Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”

cell is formed from a mitotic division

cell grows & maturesto divide again

cell grows & matures to never divide again

G1, S, G2, M

epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells

Regents Biology

Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”

cell is formed from a mitotic division

cell grows & maturesto divide again

cell grows & matures to never divide again

G1, S, G2, M G1→G0

epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells

Regents Biology

Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”

cell is formed from a mitotic division

cell grows & maturesto divide again

cell grows & matures to never divide again

G1, S, G2, M G1→G0

epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells

brain / nerve cellsmuscle cells

Regents Biology

Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”

cell is formed from a mitotic division

cell grows & maturesto divide again

cell grows & matures to never divide again

G1, S, G2, M G1→G0

epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells

liver cells

brain / nerve cellsmuscle cells

Regents Biology

Cell cycle§ Cell has a “life cycle”

cell is formed from a mitotic division

cell grows & maturesto divide again

cell grows & matures to never divide again

G1, S, G2, M G1→G0

epithelial cells,blood cells,stem cells

liver cells

brain / nerve cellsmuscle cells

Regents Biology

Copying DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA

Regents Biology

Copying DNA§ A dividing cell duplicates its DNA

u creates 2 copies of all DNAu separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of

the cell u splits into 2 daughter cells

nucleus

cell

DNA

Regents Biology

Copying DNA§ A dividing cell duplicates its DNA

u creates 2 copies of all DNAu separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of

the cell u splits into 2 daughter cells

§ But the DNA starts loosely wound in the nucleus

nucleus

cell

DNA

Regents Biology

Copying DNA§ A dividing cell duplicates its DNA

u creates 2 copies of all DNAu separates the 2 copies to opposite ends of

the cell u splits into 2 daughter cells

§ But the DNA starts loosely wound in the nucleus

§ If you tried to divide it like that, it could tangle & breaknucleus

cell

DNA

Regents Biology

Organizing & packaging DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA

nucleus

cell

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Organizing & packaging DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA

nucleus

cellDNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell

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Organizing & packaging DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA

nucleus

cellDNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell

DNA in chromosomes in cell getting ready to divide

Regents Biology

Organizing & packaging DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA

nucleus

cellDNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell

DNA in chromosomes in cell getting ready to divide

DNA has been “wound up”

Regents Biology

Organizing & packaging DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA

nucleus

cell

4 chromosomesin this organism

DNA in chromosomes ineveryday “working” cell

DNA in chromosomes in cell getting ready to divide

DNA has been “wound up”

Regents Biology

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double-strandedhuman chromosomesready for mitosis

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DNA must be duplicated…

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DNA must be duplicated…

nucleus

cell

DNA in chromosomes

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DNA must be duplicated…

nucleus

cell

DNA in chromosomes chromosomes in cell

4 single-stranded chromosomes

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DNA must be duplicated…

nucleus

cell

DNA in chromosomes

nucleus

cell

duplicated chromosomes

chromosomes in cell

4 single-stranded chromosomes

Regents Biology

DNA must be duplicated…

nucleus

cell

DNA in chromosomes

nucleus

cell

duplicated chromosomes

chromosomes in cell

4 single-stranded chromosomes

Regents Biology

DNA must be duplicated…

nucleus

cell

DNA in chromosomes

nucleus

cell

duplicated chromosomes

chromosomes in cell

4 single-stranded chromosomes

duplicatedchromosomes

4 double-stranded chromosomes

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells

nucleus

cell

DNA

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA

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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA

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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA Copy DNA!

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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 1: cell copies DNA

nucleus

cell

DNA Copy DNA!

(interphase)

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Mitosis

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Mitosis § Dividing cell’s DNA between

2 daughter nucleiu “dance of the chromosomes”

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Mitosis § Dividing cell’s DNA between

2 daughter nucleiu “dance of the chromosomes”

§ 4 phasesu prophaseu metaphaseu anaphaseu telophase

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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells

nucleus

cell

duplicated chromosomes

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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes

u DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized

nucleus

cell

duplicated chromosomes

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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes

u DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized

nucleus

cell

duplicated chromosomes Wind up!

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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 2: DNA winds into chromosomes

u DNA is wound up into chromosomes to keep it organized

nucleus

cell

duplicated chromosomes Wind up!

(prophase)

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells

duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up

u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help

them move

duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up

u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help

them move

duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell

Line up!

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up

u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help

them move

duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell

Line up!

(metaphase)

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up

u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help

them move

duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell

Line up!

(metaphase)

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 3: Chromosomes line up

u chromosomes line up in middleu attached to protein “cables” that will help

them move

duplicated chromosomeslined up in middle of cell

Line up!

(metaphase)

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells

chromosomes split & move to opposite ends

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate

u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends

chromosomes split & move to opposite ends

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate

u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends

chromosomes split & move to opposite ends

Separate!

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate

u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends

chromosomes split & move to opposite ends

Separate!

(anaphase)

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate

u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends

chromosomes split & move to opposite ends

Separate!

(anaphase)

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 4: Chromosomes separate

u chromosomes split, separating pairsu start moving to opposite ends

chromosomes split & move to opposite ends

Separate!

(anaphase)

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 5: Cell starts to divide

u cells start to divideu nucleus forms again

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 5: Cell starts to divide

u cells start to divideu nucleus forms again

Divide!

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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 5: Cell starts to divide

u cells start to divideu nucleus forms again

Divide!

(telophase)

Regents Biology

Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells

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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 6: DNA unwinds again

u cells separateu now they can do their every day jobs

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Cell Cycle: Dividing DNA & cells§ Stage 6: DNA unwinds again

u cells separateu now they can do their every day jobs

(cytokinesis)

Regents Biology

New “daughter” cells

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New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells

u same DNAu “clones”

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New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells

u same DNAu “clones”

Regents Biology

New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells

u same DNAu “clones”

Regents Biology

New “daughter” cells§ Get 2 exact copies of original cells

u same DNAu “clones”

Regents Biology

Cell division in Animals

Regents Biology

Mitosis in whitefish embryo

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Mitosis in plant cell

Regents Biology

onion root tip

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

interphase

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase

metaphase

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase

metaphase anaphase

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase

metaphase anaphase telophase

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase

metaphase anaphase telophase

cytokinesis

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase

metaphase anaphase telophase

cytokinesis

I.P.M.A.T.C.

Regents Biology

Overview of mitosis

interphase prophase

metaphase anaphase telophase

cytokinesis

I.P.M.A.T.C.

Please Make Another Two Cells

Regents Biology 2006-2007

Regents Biology 2006-2007

Any Questions??Any Questions??