b£¨vo t‡yp r™r - scert.kerala.gov.in · b£¨vo t‡yp ˙lw[ aw— lpÆj’˚\ uÙ®xd...

Page 1

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

˙LW[ AW—

LpÆj’˚\

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), ˙LW[m

2015

Yœl◊ II

TEACHER TEXTTAMIL

R™r

Page 2

Prepared byState Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala

Website : www.scertkerala.gov.inE-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com

Phone : 0471-2341883, Fax : 0471-2341869Typesetting and Layout : SCERTPrinted at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi

© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

Teacher Text Development committee

S. Babu, P.D. Teacher, Govt. LPS, Devikulam, Idukki

Dominic Savio. J, HSA, SFXHS, Parisakkal, Palakkad

M. Krishnamoorth, P.D. Teacher, GLPS, Kunnamkattapthy, Palakkad

Muniayandi, LPSA, GHS, Meenachipuram, Palakkad

M. Robert Xavier, HM, ALPS, Attempathy, Palakkad

Thankaraj. T, LPSA, GHS, Meenachipuram, Palakkad\

ExpertsDr. M. Nainar

Reader (Rtd), University College, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. S. RajaramProf.(Rtd), Tamil University, Tanjavur.

Dr. RatnasabapathyProf.(Rtd), Tamil Education, IASE, Chennai

Dr. VeerappanProf.(Rtd), NCERT

Academic Co-ordinator

Dr. D Sahaya Dhas , Research Officer, SCERT

Members

Standard II Tamil

Page 3

Au◊˚P¬o!

œZk˚RLs RÙn˘UÙØ´p ß\˚U YÙnkRYoL[ÙL UÙ\ ER‹m

Y˚L´p CkR B£¨Vo T‡Yp E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[’.

A±YÙdLm CVpTÙL SPdL ER‹m Y˚L´p ◊ßV TÙP HtTÙ”

E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[’. Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤m Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

Y[of£ Ttfl Y⁄P Cflß´p œZk˚RLs T\ Yi•V Lt\p

A˚P‹Ls ÿ›˚U ˘Tflm Y˚L´p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ SÙm

Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m. SU’ UÙ®Xjßp GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim

Ts∞dœ Y⁄°\ÙoLs. AYoLs A˚]Y⁄dœm RWUÙ] LpÆ

A∞lT˙R SU’ R˚XVÙV LP˚U. CRtœj ßhP™Pp ™L‹m

ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm.

CkRl T‡Y˚Xl TVuT”jßj ˙R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eLs ˘Nn’

ßhP™h”d œZk˚RL∞u ˘UÙØjß\u Y[˚U˘T\f

˘NVpT”≈oLs G] Sm◊°˙\u.

EeLs L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm GeLfiPu T°ok’

˘LÙsfieLs. œZk˚RLs Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚PV SÙm

Ju\ÙL ÿVt£l˙TÙm.

SpYÙrj’LfiPu,....

ÿ˚]-Yo Gv. CW-≈k-ß-Wu SÙVo

CVdœSo,

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m,

ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm.

Page 4

Es[PdLm

Tϧ A

1. TÙ’ A‘œÿ˚\.................................. 05˛25

2. UÙØd Lt\p A‘œÿ˚\........... 26˛28

3. Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\...................... 29˛38

4. TÙPl T°o‹ AhPY˚Q .............. 39

Tϧ B

1.GeL Fo TÙXÙœUÙ?.......................... 40 -75

2. ≈” SpX ≈”................................. 76˛114

3. Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu.................... 115˛138

4. E´o YÙZ................................ 139˛174

5. ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!.................... 175˛192

6. UkßWU˚Z................................. 193˛222

7. T£j’l◊£.......................... 223˛245

8. Èm Èm Yi•................................... 246˛265

Page 5

1.1. ÿu‡˚W

CkßVÙÆp YÙrd˚Lj RWjßp ©\ UÙ®XeLfidœ ÿuUÙߨVÙLj ßL›m UÙ®Xm ˙LW[˙U.

˘TÙ’dLpÆ, ˘TÙ’ UdL∞u —LÙRÙWm CYt±u ˙Uu˚UL˙[ ˙LW[jßu Cf£\l◊dœd LÙWQm.

NÍLjߤs[ GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm Ts∞´p ˙Nojß⁄kRÙ¤m AYoLfidœj RWUÙ] LpÆ

A∞jRp GuT’ LpÆj’˚\ Gßo˘LÙsfim ™Ll ˘T¨V NYÙXÙœm. 1986˛Cp BWm©dLlThP

˙R£Vd LpÆd ˘LÙs˚L´uT• RWUÙ] LpÆ˚V ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙi” A•lT˚P YNßLfim,

B£¨Vo T´t£Lfim SPjRlThP]. Cj’Pu TÙPjßhPj˚Rd œZk˚R ˚UVUÙL‹m,

˘NVpTÙh”YØ´¤m, NVpÿ˚\ A•lT˚P´¤m, LÙXjßt˙LtT UÙtflYRtLÙ] ÿVt£Ls SPkR].

CRu TV]ÙL A±‹⁄YÙdLm œZk˚RL∞Pm —VUÙL SPdœm NVp GuT˚R SÙm LiP˚Pk˙RÙm.

CRuÍXm œZk˚R˚V ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙiP ◊ßV Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\˚V S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR SmUÙp

CVu\’.

YÙrd˚L´u GpXÙj ’˚\Lfim Au\ÙPm UÙ±d˘LÙi˙P C⁄d°u\]. ARt˙LtTd Lt©dœm

ÿ˚\, Lt\p E[ÆVp, Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs, Lt\p A‡TYl T¨UÙt\m, Ußl¿” TÙu\Yt±¤m

UÙt\m HtT”jR ˙Yi”m. A˚]j’l ©¨‹ œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p Y[of£˚V SÙm ˙SÙdLUÙLd

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

˙YflThP NÍL, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf „ZpL∞≠⁄k’ Y⁄m œZk˚RLfidœm ˙YflThP EPp, E[j

ß\‡s[ GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm T•lTRtœm Ts∞d LpÆ´p Yt±l TflYRtœUÙ] YÙnl˚T

EflßlT”jR Yi”m. Bi,˘Ti, NÙß, UÙØ, TiTÙ”, URm, EPtœ˚\Ls C˚Y ÍXm E⁄YÙœm

Ht\j RÙr‹L˚[ Gßo˘LÙs[d ˘LÙs˚LLfim NhPeLfim Uh”m ˙TÙRÙ’. UÙ\ÙLd œZk˚Rl

T⁄Ym ÿR˙X ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Lt\p ˙SÙdLeL˚[Ÿm, Lt©jRp ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm ˙Rok˘R”j’

Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m. (2005 NCF TdLm 27)

TX RWlThP NÍL, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf „Z˚X E˚PVYoLs. TX RWlThP EPp, E[j ß\‡˚PVYoLs.

CqYÙfl GpXÙl ©¨˚Yf NÙokR œZk˚RLfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l T\ Lt\p NVpÿ˚\L∞u

GpXÙ UiPXeL∞¤m ÷hTUÙL‹m ÷‘dLUÙL‹m UÙt\eL˚[ HtT”jR ˙Yi”˘U] NCF·fl°\’. LÙXjßt˙LtTl TÙPjßhPj˚Rf ∫W˚Uj’ LpÆ˚Vf ˘NVpT”j’m A˚Ul◊Ls ∫WÙLf

˘NVpThPÙp Uh”˙U CkR ˙SÙdLj˚R A˚PV ÿ•Ÿm. CdLi˙QÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p

Rt˙TÙ’ TÙPl◊jRLm ∫W˚UdLlT”°\’. LpÆj ˘RÙPoTÙL ˘NVpT”m Yp¤]oL∞u

A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm Li”©•l◊L˚[Ÿm, BWÙnf£L˚[Ÿm J⁄e°˚Qj’ Cf∫W˚Ul◊

S˚P˘Tfl°\’. N¨´≠⁄k’ ™Lf N¨VÙ]Yt±tœ Gu\ A‘œÿ˚\˙V Ceœd

L˚Pl©•dLlTh”s[’.

1.2 TÙPHtTÙ” ∫W˚Ul©u ÿd°Vj’Ym

LPkR 5 Y⁄P LÙXUÙLd LpÆj’˚\´p HWÙ[m S≈] ˘LÙs˚LLs E⁄YÙ° Es[]. CkßVÙÆp

2009˛Cp S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm œZk˚RLfidœj RWUÙ] LpÆ AYoL∞u

E¨˚U G] EflߢNn°\’. E¨˚U A•lT˚P´XÙ] Ts∞d·Pm (Right Based Educational Institution)Gu\ ˙SÙdLj˚R A˚PV ÿ›l Ts∞ ˙UmTÙh”jßhPj˚R S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR SU’ TÙP

HtTÙh˚Pf NoY˙RN RWjßtœ EVojR ˙Yi”m. NoY˙RN RWm GuT’ H˙R‡m J⁄ SÙh•u

®˚XVpX. UÙ\ÙL J⁄ œ±l©hP LÙX A[˚Yd LPk’ ˘Np¤m œZk˚R EX°p Ge°⁄kRÙ¤m

˙LW[l Ts∞l TÙPHtTÙ” 2013

˘TÙ’ A‘œÿ˚\

Page 6

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

6

LÙXjßt˙Lt\ A±‹L˚[Ÿm, Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm ˘T\ ˙Yi”m. BL˙Y EXL[ÙÆV

®˚X´p ˘NVpT”jRlThP S≈]UÙ] £\kR Lt\p Lt©jRp EjßLs ˙LW[d œZk˚RLfidœm

°˚PdL ˙Yi”m.

LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPjßp ·\lTh”s[ TÙP HtTÙ”, Ußl¿” B°V˚Y ˘RÙPoTÙ] NhPeL˚[l

TÙPjßhP ∫W˚Ul©tœ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.

LpÆ E¨˚UfNhPm ˛ 2009

©¨‹ ˛ 29 (AjßVÙVm 5)

TÙPHtTÙ”m Ußl¿h”f NVpÿ˚\ Y¨˚NŸm

1. BWmTd LpÆdLÙ] TÙP HtTÙ”m Ußl¿h”f ˘NVpÿ˚\ Y¨˚NŸm AW— A±d˚L

ÍXm œ±l©”m J⁄ LpÆ A˚Ul©]Ùp ˘NVpT”jRl TP ˙Yi”m.

2. LpÆ AßLÙW®˚X 1˛m ’˚Q ©¨ÆuT• TÙPjßhPj˚RŸm Ußl¿h˚PŸm NVpÿ˚\

Y¨˚N˚VŸm ˘NVpT”j’m˙TÙ’ ∏˙Z Y⁄Y]Yt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

(a) AW£VX˚Ul©p Y≠ŸfljRlT”°u\ Ußl◊Lfidœ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙL A˚URp.

(b) œZk˚R´u TuÿL Y[of£.

(c) œZk˚R´u A±‹m ß\‡m ◊X˚UŸm T•lT•VÙL Y[Wf ˘NnRp.

(d) EPp E[j ß\˚UL∞u ÿ› Y[of£.

(e) œZk˚Rdœ ˘S⁄dLUÙ]’m œZk˚R ˚UVUÙ]’UÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls, Li”©•l◊Ls,

BWÙnf£Ls CYt±u ÍXm Lt\p.

(f) Lt©dœm ˘UÙØ œZk˚R´u RÙn˘UÙØ´p A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

(g) TVm, U]˚Rj RÙdœm „Zp, BReLm ˙TÙu\Yt±≠⁄k’ œZk˚R˚V Æ”Æj’,

—RkßWUÙLd L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞´Pd œZk˚Rdœ ERY ˙Yi”m.

(h) œZk˚R ˘Ttfld˘LÙiP A±‹ A˚Rf ˘NVpT”j’m ß\˚U CYt˚\ Ußl¿” ˘NnRp.

LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP „Z≠p ˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿h˚P

SPj’Y’ SU’ R˚XVÙV LP˚UVÙœm. C˚R Eflß ˘NnŸm Y˚L´p TÙPjßhPj˚Rf ∫W˚UlT’

Cu±V˚UVÙR’. CkRf „Z≠u A•lT˚P´pRÙu SÙm TÙPjßhPf ∫W˚Ul˚T ˙SÙdL ˙Yi”m.

Page 7

Yœl◊ II

7

CXYNd LhPÙVd LpÆ œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚ULs

˙LW[f NhPeLfim ©¨‹Lfim 2011

AßLÙWm ˘Tt\ LpÆ ˚UVm

1. 29˛Y’ ©¨Æu AUXÙdLjßtœ UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m AßLÙWm

˘Tt\ LpÆ ˚UVUÙœm.

2. TÙPjßhPm Utflm Ußl¿h”f ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[j RVÙ¨dœm˙TÙ’ CkRf NhPjßu

29˛Y’ ©¨Æu (2)˛Bm ETl©¨‹ (a) ÿRp (f) Y˚W´XÙ] Eh©¨Æu ®TkR˚]dœ

Ffl HtTPÙRYÙfl (1)˛Bm ETfNhPjßu ∏r T¨k’˚W ˘NnVlThP AßLÙWm ˘Tt\

LpÆ ˚UVm CVeœm.

(a) YVßt˙Lt\ £\lTmNm E˚PV TÙPjßhPm, TÙPËp CYt±p A•lT˚P

YÙrÆVp L⁄j’L˚[l T°okR∞dLj ˙R˚YVÙ] Lt\p L⁄ÆL˚[

E⁄YÙdœRp.

(b) Jufl ÿRp Gh” Y˚W´XÙ] Yœl◊Lfidœ Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPjßtœm ˙R˚YVÙ]

œ˚\kRThNd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ ®oQ´j’d œZk˚RLfidLÙ] Y[of£d

œ±l◊Ls RVÙ¨lT’Pu AYoLs ˘T\ ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚PV

B£¨Vo Bt\ ˙Yi•V LP˚UL˚[ Y•Y˚UjRp.

(c) Lt©jRp, Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´p B£¨Vo LfidLÙ] T¶´˚Pl

T´t£d L⁄ÆLs E⁄YÙdœRp.

(d) 1995 UÙtflj ß\]Ù∞Ls ˙UmTÙh”f NhPj æoUÙ]lT• (NU E¨˚ULs,

E¨˚UL∞u TÙ’LÙl◊m TeL∞l◊m) UÙtfljß\]Ù∞ œZk˚RLfidœd LpÆ

◊Lh”YRtLÙL B£¨VoLfidœm T¶ÿuT´t£, T¶´˚PlT´t£j ßhPeLs

E⁄YÙdœRp.

(e) ˘RÙPo Utflm TuÿL Ußl¿h˚P S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRj ˙R˚YVÙ] YØÿ˚\Ls

E⁄YÙdœRp.

(f) ˘LÙs˚L ®Lrf£Ls, ßhPeLs, TÙPjßhPm, œZk˚RL∞u Lt©jRp TXuLs

C˚Y Tt±V Bn‹Lfim, Lt\pLfim Ht˘\”j’ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’Rp.

˙LW[l Ts∞l TÙPjßhPm (2013)Cu R≤jRu˚ULs

1. œZk˚R UVUÙ]’m NVpÿ˚\LfiPu C˚QkR’m £\kR NVpTÙ” Lfi˚PV’m Ußl◊L˚[

A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP’UÙ] TÙP HtTÙh˚P A˚UdL ˙Yi”m

2. ˘T¸æL ®˚X´¤m ˘NVpÿ˚\´¤m U]®˚X´¤m Ußl◊Ls ®˚X´¤m œZk˚RL˚[f

˘Nu\˚PV ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL˙Yi”m

3. A±YÙdLm Gu\ ˘LÙs˚L˚V A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP TÙPjßhPj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

4. LpÆl T¨UÙt\f ˘NVpL∞p TXÆRUÙ] Ÿdß ÈoYUÙ] Lt\p EjßL˚[d ˚LVÙ[‹m

TVuT”jR‹m B£¨VoLfidœf —RkßWm A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

5. Lt\p A˚P‹, ˘TÙ⁄[PdLj Ru˚U, œZk˚RL∞u Tp˙Yfl RWm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l ©¨jR±k’

Tp˙Yfl Lt\p Lt©jRp EjßL˚[f ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m. Li”©•j’d Lt\p, L⁄j˚Rl

˘Ttfld ˘LÙsfim ÿ˚\, ÆßY⁄ £kR˚] ÿ˚\, £kR˚]˚Vd œ±j’f £kßdœm ß\uL˚[

Y[ojRp, J⁄e°˚QkR Lt\p, C˚QkR Lt\p, ©WßT≠dœm £kR˚] Y[ojRp, R≤VÙL‹m,

œ›YÙL‹m ˘NnV YÙnl◊ A∞jRp ˙TÙu\Yt±tœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

Page 8

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

8

6. CXYNUÙL A˚]Y⁄dœm LpÆ A∞jRp GuT’ ˙TÙX˙Y A˚]j’d œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p

A˚P‹L˚[ EflߢNnYRtœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL˙Yi”m.

7. UZ˚Xl Ts∞ ÿRp U≤˚Xl Ts∞ Y˚W Ju\ÙLd L⁄jßt˘LÙi” TÙPjßhPm E⁄YÙdLlTP

˙Yi”m.

8. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©¤m ˘Yq˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u Es[PdLm, ˙R£V A[Æp E⁄YÙdLlThP

Es[PdLeLfidœ C˚QVÙLd ˙LW[jߤm ◊jRLeL˚[j RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

9. ˙R£V A[Ƥs[˚Rl ˙TÙufl Jufl, CWi” Yœl◊L∞p RÙn˘UÙØ (—tflf„Zp ˛ LpÆ˚V

Eh˘LÙi”) L¶Rm, Be°Xm G] Íufl TÙPl◊jRLeLs RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

10. 1 ÿRp 4 Y˚WŸs[ Yœl◊Lfidœ Be°XYØ ◊jRLeLs RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

11. ˘Nm˘UÙØ Gu\ ®˚X´¤m RÙn˘UÙØ Gu\ ®˚X´¤m R™r˘UÙØd Lt\¤dœ A ß L

ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

12.UZ˚XlTs∞d LpÆdLÙL J⁄e°˚QkR TÙPjßhPj˚R E⁄YÙd°, UZ˚Xl Ts∞˚V

Ae∏L¨dLlThP LpÆjßhPjßu TœßVÙL UÙt\˙Yi”m.

13. RLYp ˘RÙØp ÷hTj˚R (ICT) J⁄ R≤VÙ] TÙPm GuTRtœ ˙UXÙL, ©\ TÙPeL∞u

T¨UÙt\jßtLÙ] L⁄ÆVÙL‹m ET˙VÙ°dL ˙Yi”m.

14. R≤dLY]m ˙R˚YlT”m œZk˚RLfidœ ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]’m ◊ßV’UÙ] Lt\p EjßL˚[

E⁄YÙd°f ˘NVpT”j’Y’Pu ˘Yq˙Yfl Ußl¿h”f ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm E⁄YÙd°f

˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m.

15.Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´XÙ] ˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿h˚P (CCE) Eflß

˘NnV˙Yi”m.

16. —LÙRÙW EPtLpÆ, L˚XdLpÆ, T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ ˙TÙu\ TÙPeL˚[d LhPÙVl

TÙPlTœßL[ÙLd L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

17. ˙U≤˚Xl ©¨Æp LÙXjßt˙Lt\ TÙPl◊jRLeL˚[j RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

18. ˙R£Vd LpÆf NhPjßuT• LpÆ ˘Tflm E¨˚U˚V Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m

19. GpXÙ B£¨VoLfim J⁄ ˘S±VÙ[o (Mentor) Gu\ ®˚X´p EVok’ ˘NVpTh”j ˙R˚YVÙ]

YÙnl◊L˚[Ÿm YNßL˚[Ÿm Ts∞d·Pjߤm YœlT˚\´¤m œZk˚RLfidœ

HtT”jR˙Yi”m.

20.B£¨VoLs L˚P©•dL ˙Yi•V Su˘]±f NhPeLfidœ (Code of ProfessionalEthics for School Teachers) ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL˙Yi”m.

21. 21˛m Ët\Ùi•tœ Ht\ ÿ˚\´p Lt\p ß\uL˚[ (21st Century Learning Skills) LÙXjßt˙LtT

UÙt± A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

22. StTi◊L˚[d L˚P©•dœm R˚Xÿ˚\˚V E⁄YÙdLjRdL Y˚L´p TÙPHtTÙ” A˚UV

˙Yi”m.

23. NUYÙnl◊m NUj’Yÿm (Equity and Equality) °˚Pdœm Y˚L´p TÙPHtTÙ” A˚UV Yi”m.

CVpTÙ] Lt\˚X EflßlT”jRd œZk˚RL∞u EPp U] A[Ƥm NVpTÙh”ÿ˚\´¤m TuÿL

Y[of£˚V CXdLÙLd ˘LÙi” A±‹, GiQm, ˘NVp CYt±t˙Lt\ TÙP HtTÙ” (Curriculum forthe harmony of Head, Heart and Hand) A˚UV ˙Yi”m. G≤p, TÙPHtTÙ” A‘œÿ˚\ GqYÙfl

A˚UV ˙Yi”m? ARu ˘LÙs˚LŸm S˚Pÿ˚\Ÿm GqYÙfl C⁄dL ˙Yi”m?

1.3. TÙPHtTÙ”˛ A‘œÿ˚\

Im◊XuL˚[ ET˙VÙ°j’f „r®˚X´≠⁄k’ —VUÙL˙Y Ltœm ß\˚ULfiPu J⁄ œZk˚R

©\d°\’. EXLj˚Rl ◊ßV ˙SÙd°p LÙiTRtœm, ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsYRtœm ˘NVpT”YRtœm

Ußl©”YRtœUÙ] YÙnl◊Ls ÿ˚\NÙokR LpÆ ÍXm œZk˚Rdœl Ts∞d·Pjß≠⁄k’ °˚PdL

˙Yi”m.

Page 9

Yœl◊ II

9

œZk˚RLs Gßo˘LÙsfim ©Wf£˚]f „ZpLfidœj

æo‹ LÙiTRu YØVÙ L˙Y Lt\p S˚P˘Tfl°\’.

TÙPjßhPl T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\´u £\l© Vp◊Ls

GqYÙfl C⁄dL ˙Yi”m?

• ˘NVpTÙh” A•lT˚P´XÙ]’.

• ˘NVpÿ˚\ ˘RÙPoTÙ]’.

• Lt\˚X EflßlT”j’m ÆRm.

• Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚PV ELkR’.

• „Z¤dœ Ht\’.

• Y[of£ UiPXeL˚[ EhT”j ßV’.

• LtTY¨u Æ⁄lTjßtœl TÙ⁄jR UÙ]’.

• Lt\¤Pu Ußl©P¤m J⁄e° ˚Qk’ A˚UkR’.

A±‹ E⁄YÙdLd LÙhTÙh•u A•l T˚P´XÙ] Lt\p

ÿ˚\˙V TÙP HtTÙh•u A•lT˚P. œZk˚R´u A±‹,

L⁄j’, „Zp CYt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” £\kR Lt\p

˘NVpTÙ”Ls E⁄YÙdœYRu ÍXm CVpTÙL A±‹ T\

CV¤m GuT˙R CRu £\l◊.

Lt\p A‡TYeLs

˘Yq˙Yfl YÙrd˚Lf „Z≠≠⁄k’ Y⁄m œZk˚RL∞u

A±‹, ß\˚U BoYm ˙TÙu\˚Y ˙YflThPRpXYÙ?

R≤STo ˙YflTÙh˚PŸm TuÿL A±˚YŸm

L⁄jßp˘LÙi” Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[ E⁄YÙdœYRtœ

ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

Lt\p „Zp

œZk˚RL∞u BoYj˚RŸm Y[of£˚VŸm L⁄jßp

˘LÙi” ˙YflThP Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Te˙LtL

CV¤m Y˚L´p YœlT˚\f ˘NVpTÙh˚P A˚UdL

˙Yi”m. œZk˚R ˚UVUÙ] Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f

˘NVpT”jR GqYÙfl Lt\p ˘NVpTÙh˚P

S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR ˙Yi”m G] A±k’s˙[ÙUpXYÙ?

Lt\p NVpÿ˚\

• œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m AYoLfi˚PV

ÿu]±‹LfiPu ˘RÙPo◊T”jß A±‹

E⁄YÙdLm (Knowledge construction)SPj’°u\]o.

• A±‹ E⁄YÙdLj˚Rj R≤STo ®˚X´¤m NÍL®˚X´¤m TÙodL ˙Yi”m.

• TXÆR Lt\p ÿ˚\L˚[d (Learning Styles) L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Im◊XuLs ÍXm TuÿL

A‡TYeL˚[d (Multisensory experiences) ˘LÙ”lT’ ÍXm Lt\p £\lT˚P°\’.

• œ›f˘NVpTÙ”Lfim LXk’˚WVÙP¤m S˚P˘Tflm ˙TÙ’ Lt\p ·”Rp ˙Uu˚UV˚P°\’.

• Lt\p YLj˚Rd L⁄jßp LÙi” Lt\p A‡TYeLs A∞lTRu ÍXm œZk˚R´u Lt\p

˙UmT”°\’.

œZk˚RL∞u A±‹ E⁄YÙœm LhPjßp

B£¨Vo £\kR ÿ˚\´p ˘NVpThPÙp,

A’ œZk˚RLfidœd °˚Pdœm A±

Æ˚] EflßTPf ˘NnŸm. Lt\≠p

D”T”m œZk˚R R]’ A±˚Yf

—VUÙL˙Y E⁄YÙdœ°\’. R]’ Ts∞´p

Ltœm L⁄j’L˚[ ˘Y∞´p SPdœm

LÙ¨VeLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊T”jRj ˙R˚Y

VÙ] ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙LhLd œZk˚R

Lfidœ YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. U]l

TÙPm ˘Nn’ J⁄ N¨VÙ] Æ˚P˚V

A∞lTRtœl TßXÙL, R]’ A‡TYeLs

YÙ´XÙLj R]’ YÙd°VeL∞p Æ˚P

A∞dL FdœÆdL ˙Yi”m. C˚Y

VÙ‹m œZk˚RL∞u A±˚Y Y[Wf

˘NnV ER‹m ÿd°VUÙ] T•L[Ùœm.

A±‹ÈoYUÙL F°jRp GuT’ J⁄

Lt\p EjßVÙœm. C˚R SÙm FdœÆdL

˙Yi”m. TX ˙Y˚[L∞¤m œZk˚R

L∞u Au\ÙP A‡TYeL∞≠⁄k’m,

FPLeL∞≠⁄k’m AYoL∞u U]ßp

£X L⁄j’Ls E⁄YÙ° C⁄dLXÙm.

B]Ùp, B£¨Vo GßoTÙodœm YÙd°Ve

L∞p AYoL[Ùp ·\ CVXÙ’. A±kR

A±Ætœm A±Vl ˙TÙœm A±Ætœm

C˚P´p RÙu ◊ßV A±‹ E⁄YÙdLl

T”°\’. TX˙Y˚[´¤m Ts∞dœ

˘Y∞´˙XÙ, ≈h•˙XÙ ApX’ NÍLj

ß˙XÙ ◊ßV A±‹ E⁄YÙ°\’. CqYÙfl

E⁄YÙœm GpXÙ A±‹L˚[Ÿm SÙm

L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. A±‹m

˘TÙfl˚UŸm E˚PV B£¨˚V C˚Rl

Tt±j ˘R¨kß⁄dL ˙Yi”m. œZk˚R

´u A±‹ Y[of£dœ ER‹m ÆRjßp

˘NVpTÙ”Ls A∞j’m ˙LsÆLs

˙Lh”m œZk˚R˚V B£¨VWÙp YØ

SPjßf ˘NpX ÿ•Ÿm.

˙RPpLs, LsÆLs LhPp, ÆYÙReLs,

˘LÙs˚LLs E⁄YÙdœRp, L⁄j’Ls,

®˚XTÙ”Ls, C˚YL∞u E⁄YÙdLjßtœ

YØ SPj’m ˘NVpLfim, £k˚RŸm

B£¨VoL∞u Te˙Lt©]Ùp HtT”

°u\]. Ts∞d·PeLs ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh

L‹m, ÆYÙReLs NnV‹m, RPpLfidœ

F°j’ ◊ßV L⁄j’L˚[ E⁄YÙdL‹m

YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

(NCF ˛ 2005, TdLm 41, 42)

Page 10

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

10

• TÙPl˘TÙ⁄sLs BoYj˚Rj Ái”Y’m ˘TÙ⁄s E˚PV’UÙL A˚UYRu ÍXm Lt\p

˙U¤m £\lTÙL A˚UŸm.

• Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[f —Zt£ ÿ˚\´p (Spiriling) A˚UlTRu ÍXm Lt\p ·”Rp

£\l◊˚PVRÙL UÙfl°\’.

• Lt\p NVpTÙ”L˚[ S°r‹ (Flexibility), Lt\p NVpTÙ”L∞p G∞Vÿ˚\´p A˚UjRp

(Adaptations), Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ˙Rok˘R”jRp (Selection) B°VYt±u ÍXm

˙YflThP Lt\p ˙R˚YŸs[ YoL˚[Ÿm Æ⁄lTm Es[YoL˚[Ÿm L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[

ÿ•Ÿm.

• ˙TÙ’UÙ] Lt\p A‡TYeLs Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm °˚Pdœm˙TÙ’ Uh”˙U Lt\p

A˚P‹ (Learning outcome) EflßlT”jRlT”°\’.

• Lt\¤m Ußl©P¤m J⁄e°˚Qk’ S˚P˘T\˙Yi”m.

• TÙPj˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Es[PdLÿm (content) œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p ˙R˚YLfidœl

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Tp˙Yfl Lt\p Lt©jRp ˘NVp ÿ˚\Lfim EjßLfim ET˙VÙ°dœm˙TÙ’

GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ (Learning Outcomes) A˚PV ÿ•Ÿm.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R´u TuÿL Y[of£˚VŸm (All round development) SÙdLUÙLd LÙi”

Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls ßhP™PlTP ˙Yi”m.

1.4. Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (Learning Outcomes)

TXÆR TÙPeL∞u Lt\p NVpÿ˚\L∞u ÍXm A±‹, ß\uLs, U]®˚XLs /L⁄j’Ls GuT˚Y

œZk˚R´Pm E⁄YÙ°u\]. CYtfls £X œfl°V LÙXA[Ƥm £X øiP LÙXjߤm °˚PlT˚Y

Bœm. CqYÙfl œZk˚R´Pm E⁄YÙL Yi•V UÙt\eL˚[ ÿu]˙W SmUÙp æoUÙ≤dL ÿ•Ÿm.

TÙPjßhPm E⁄YÙdœm ˙TÙ’ Ts∞d·Pd LpÆ´u YÙ´XÙLl TX ®˚XL∞p œZk˚R A˚PV

˙Yi•V CXh£VeL˙[ Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Bœm. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u YÙ´XÙL Jq˘YÙ⁄

AX°¤m ˘Tfl°u\ Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Y[of£ A˚Pk’ J⁄ Yœl©u Cflß´p Lt\p

A˚P‹L[ÙL UÙfl°u\]. LpÆ Ltœm LhPjßp œ±l©hP LÙX A[Æp Lt\p A˚P‹L[ÙL

Y[of£ A˚P°u\]. Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u ÿd°Vj’Ym Gu]˘Yu\Ùp AYt˚\ Etfl SÙdL‹m

(Observable) A[ÆP‹m (Measurable) CV¤m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°tœm T⁄Yjßtœm Yœl©tœm

ÿ•Æp œZk˚R A˚PV ˙Yi•V A±‹, ß\uLs, L⁄j’Ls, U]lTÙu˚U ˙TÙu\˚YL˚[

Ußl©Pd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l TœjRÙnkRÙp ˙TÙ’m. TÙPHtTÙh˚Pf £\lTÙL

S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’YRu ÍXm A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘Ttfls[]o Gufl

EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[ CqYÙfl ˘RÙœdLXÙm

• TÙPj˙RÙ” RÙPo◊˚PV Lt\p YØVÙLd œZk˚R T\˙Yi•V A±‹ (knowledge), ß\uLs

(Skills), U]lTÙeœLs (Attitudes), Ußl◊Ls (Values) GuT˚Y˙V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls.

• Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Etfl ˙SÙdLd ·•V’m (Observable) A[ÆPd ·•V’UÙL (Measurable)A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

• œfl°V, øiP LÙXeL∞p ˘Tflm Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Es[].

1.5. Lt\p BRÙWeLfim Lt\p A˚Ul◊Lfim

TÙPjßhPj˚Rl T¨UÙt\m NnYRtœl TVuT”j’°u\ TX ®˚XL˙[ Lt\p E˚\ÆPeLs. Lt\p

˘NVpÿ˚\ ÿ›˚U˘T\ TXRWlThP Lt\p E˚\ÆPeL˚[l TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• ËXLm • A±Æl◊l TX˚LLs

• Bn‹d·Pm (L¶Rm, A±ÆVp) • L¶≤ Bn‹d·Pm

• Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs • RLYp ˘RÙPo◊d L⁄ÆLs

Page 11

Yœl◊ II

11

CRtœ ˙UXÙLd œZk˚RL∞u ß\˚UL˚[ ˘Y∞lT”j’YRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls. Ts∞d·PeL∞p

EiPpXYÙ? AYt˚\Ÿm Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘TflYRtLÙLl TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• £flYo Uu\m

• LÙ˚Xd·hPm (Assembly)

• Uu\eLs (Clubs)

• ÆYÙR ˙U˚P

• LpÆf —tflXÙ

• Ru]ÙoYj ˘RÙi” ®flY]eLs (SPC, NSS, Scout, NCC)

œZk˚RL∞u ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£dœ C’˙TÙu\ A˚Ul◊Ls Cu±V˚UVÙR]YÙœm.

1.6. L˚XdLpÆŸm T¶A‡TYd LpÆŸm (Art Education & Work Experience)

L˚XdLpÆ

T˚PlTÙt\p, Etfl˙SÙdœm ß\u, UÙtflf £kR˚] ˙TÙu\˚Y œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[Wf ˘NnVd

L˚XdLpÆ Cu±V˚UVÙR’. ◊ßV TÙPjßhP A‘œÿ˚\´p ˘TÙ’YÙ] TÙPeL˚[l ˙TÙu\

ÿd°Vj’Ym L˚XdLpÆdœm A∞dLl Th”s[’. Ts∞l TÙPjßhPjßp L˚XdLpÆ´p C˚N,

SP]m, TPm Y˚WRp, £tTeLs E⁄YÙdœRp, SÙPLm, ß˚WlTPm TÙu\˚Y EhT”jRlTh”s[].

œZk˚RL∞u CkRj ’˚\L∞¤s[ ß\˚UL˚[j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi” AYt˚\ Y[Wf ˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

L˚Xd LpÆ´u ˘TÙ’YÙ] CXdœLs.

• œZk˚RL∞Pm U˚\kß⁄dœm L˚Xjß\uL˚[d Li”©•j’ Y[odL ˙Yi”m.

• L˚XL˚[l ©¨jR±V‹m œZk˚RL∞u ß\˚ULfid˙LtTd L˚XL˚[l T´tflÆdœm

YÙnl˚T A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

• Tp˙Yfl L˚XL˚[ CW£dL‹m L˚XL∞u AZ˚L Eh˘LÙs[‹m ˙Yi”m.

• L˚X˚V CW£j’ NÍL YÙrd˚L´p U≤R ˙SVj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• TiTÙh” ˙YflTÙh˚Pl ©¨jR±k’ TiTÙh” ÆØl◊Qo˚Y Y[odL ˙Yi”m.

• L˚X´u L⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi” ◊’˚UVÙ] £kR˚]L∞p D”TP‹m C˚QVÙ] NÍLf

˘NVpL∞p D”TP‹m ˙Yi”m.

• L˚X˚Vl TVuT”jßl ©\ TÙPeL∞u Lt\˚Xf £\l◊˚PVRÙdL ˙Yi”m (art appliedlearning).

• TuÿL A±‹ Y[of£dLÙ] YÙnl◊L˚[l TVuT”j’YRtœ A±V ˙Yi”m.

• Tp˙Yfl ß\˚ULs Es[ œZk˚RL˚[d Lt\p NVpTÙ”L∞p BoYÿPu D”TPf NnV

˙Yi”m.

• œZk˚RL∞u CW£l◊j Ru˚U˚V Y[Wf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ

EQo‹, A±‹ ˙TÙu\ UiPXeL∞u J⁄e°˚Ql◊m ÿu˙]t\ÿm E⁄YÙLl T¶ A‡TYd

LpÆ (Work Experience) ELkR’.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ T¶ A‡TYd Lt\p Yœl◊m A•lT˚P U≤RY[ UmTÙh˚P SÙdLUÙLd LÙi•⁄dL

˙Yi”m. GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞u ß\uLfim R≤jRu˚ULfim SÙh” Su˚Udœ Ht\ Y˚L´p

Y[W Yi”m GuT˙R U≤RY[ UmTÙh•u SÙdLm. RÙØ˚X S£lT’m RÙØp NnTYoL˚[

UßlT’m, NÍL EQo‹˚PV Utflm ˘RÙØp TiTÙh”˚PV ◊ßV R˚Xÿ˚\˚V E⁄YÙdœY’m

T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ´u ÿd°V CXdœL[Ùœm.

Page 12

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

12

• U≤RY[ ˙UmTÙ”

• ˙R£V ÿu˙]t\m

• ˘RÙØp BoYm

• EtTjßj ’˚\´p R≤j’Ym

• TuÿLj R≤STo Y[of£

StTi◊Lfim U]®˚XLfim Y[ojRp

L˚XdLpÆdœm T¶ A‡TYd LpÆdœm ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’l TÙPjßhPl T¨UÙt\m S˚P˘T\

˙Yi”m. CYt±u R≤jRu˚UL˚[Ÿm, YÙnl◊L˚[Ÿm EhT”jßl TÙPeL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’l

T¨UÙt\m NnY’ AY£VUÙœm.

1.7 EPp SXm Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ

EPp ˛ U] Y[of£´u A•lT˚P E⁄YÙY’ ˘RÙPdL ®˚X´XÙœm. G]˙Y CkRd LÙX A[Æp

GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm EPp SXm Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ´u A‡TYeLs °˚Pj’s[] GuT˚R

Eflß ˘NnV˙Yi”m. œZk˚R´u B˙WÙd°V, Æ˚[VÙh” ÿu˙]t\ ®˚XL˚[ A±ÆVp

ÿ˚\´p Y[Wf ˘NnR¤m B˙WÙd°VUÙ] YÙrd˚L ÿ˚\Lfim U]®˚XLfim Y[Wf ˘NnRp

GuT˙R EPpSX Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ´u ÿd°V ˙SÙdLm. EPp SX Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ´p

YÙnl◊L˚[ ®˚X ®flj’Y˙RÙ” ˘Yq˙Yfl TÙPeL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’l T¨UÙt\m ˘NnV‹m

˙Yi”m.

EPpSX Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ´u ÿd°V CXdœLs :

• Tp˙Yfl „ZpL∞p ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ÿ˚\´p EP˚X A˚NlTRtLÙ] ß\˚]l

˘Ttfld˘LÙsY’.

• EPp A˚N˚Yd Lh”lT”j’m Tp˙Yfl LhPeL˚[l ©¨jR±V‹m EP˚Xl TuÿL

A˚N‹L∞u FPLUÙL ÿu˙]\‹m ˘NnY’.

• NÍLd LP˚ULs œ±jR ÆØl◊Qo‹ E⁄YÙL‹m UdL[Ùh£ ÿ˚\´XÙ] YÙrd˚L

ÿ˚\L˚[d L˚P©•dL‹m CW£dL‹m ˘NnY’.

• œZk˚R´u TuÿL Y[of£˚V Eflß ˘NnY’.

1.8. EhT”jßV LpÆ (Inclusive Education)

ReLs Yœl©¤s[ NL UÙQY‡dœ ≈” Cp˚X; YØ˙VÙWjßp œ•øodœZÙ´p ˙Noj’d

Lh•V RLW˙U AY‡˚PV ≈” Gu\ RLY˚Xl Tt±d œZk˚RLs LXk’˚WVÙ•]ÙoLs.

LY˚XL˚[l Te°”YRu YØVÙLj æo‹ LÙQ CVXÙ’ G]l ◊¨k’˘LÙiP œZk˚RLs

B£¨V¨u ERÆŸPu ˙NL¨jR ˘RÙ˚L˚V ET˙VÙ°j’ SiT‡dœ ≈” Lh•d ˘LÙ”j’

AkRl Ts∞d·Pm J⁄ SpX UÙߨVÙL A˚UkR’.

(J⁄ Ts∞ A‡TYm)

YœlT˚\´p GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm EhT”jß VÙ˚WŸm ◊\dL¶dLÙUp J⁄ Lt\p „Z˚X

E⁄YÙdL Yi”m. SU’ Ts∞d·PeL∞p GpXÙl ©¨Æ]⁄dœm R≤d LY]ÿm Lt\p ERÆŸm

A∞j’ NUf∫WÙ], RWUÙ] LpÆ (Equitable Quality Education) Eflß ˘NnVlTP ˙Yi”m.

R≤d LY]ÿm Lt\p ERÆŸm TÙ’LÙl◊m ˙R˚YlT”˙YÙo VÙo?

(A) NÍLl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWd LÙWQeL[Ùp ◊\dL¶dLlThPYoL∞u œZk˚RLs

• Tp˙Yfl TÙœTÙ”L[Ùp NÍLl TiTÙh”d œ”mTl ©u]¶´p ◊\dL¶dLlThP

œZk˚RLs, Yfl˚U´p YÙ”TYoLs, BßYÙ£Ls, Ti œZk˚RLs, RÙrjRlThP ©¨˚Yf

NÙokRYoLs. Y∞SÙh•≠⁄k’ œ•˙V±VYoLs, ®˚XVÙLj Reœm YNßVt\YoLs TÙu\

A˙SLl ©Wf£˚]L˚[ A‡TÆlTYoLs Cßp APeœYo.

Page 13

Yœl◊ II

13

CqYÙ\Ù] œZk˚RL∞u œ˚\L˚[Ÿm œ˚\TÙ”L˚[Ÿm LiP±k’ AYoL˚[ Ae∏L¨j’

Ußj’ SPlTRÙL SU’ A‘œÿ˚\ C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. Ts∞L∞p œ›f ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YØVÙL

CYoL∞u ©Wf£˚]˚V KW[‹ æodLÿ•Ÿm.

(B) EPp ˛ U]d œ˚\TÙ”L˚[d ˘LÙiP œZk˚RLs

EPp ˛ U] A[ÆXÙ] œ˚\TÙ”Ls Es[YoLfidœm, Lt\≠p £WUm A‡TÆdœm

œZk˚RLfidœm £\l◊d LY]m ˙R˚Y (Special Education Needs). ˙LsÆd œ˚\‹, TÙo˚Yj

ß\u œ˚\‹, ◊jß œ˚\‹, ˚L, LÙp F]m, Lt\≠p ©uRe°V ®˚X, Bh•Nm, ˘N¨©Wp TÙp£,

TuÿLd œ˚\TÙ”, U]®˚X TÙßdLlThP œZk˚RLs, LY]d œ˚\‹s[YoLs B°˙VÙo Cßp

APeœYo.

CYoLfidLÙLl TÙPjßhPjßu T¨UÙt\ ˙Y˚[´p ˚LVÙ[˙Yi•V˚Y G˚Y?

• Lt\p ˙R˚YLs, BoYm B°VYt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j

ßhP™”Rp.

• Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim Te˙Ltœm Y˚L´p TÙPjßhP™Pp

∫W˚UdLlTP ˙Yi”m.

• Tp˙Y\Ù] Lt\p YLm, Lt\p ÿ˚\ B°VYt˚\d L⁄jßt˘LÙi” Im◊XuLfidœhThP

A‘œÿ˚\˚V (Multisensory approach) S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’Rp.

• œ˚\ ødœm ˘NVpTÙ”Ls (Remedial Practices), FdLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls (EnrichmentPractices) ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm ˙R˚Yd˙LtTj ßhP™h”f

˘NVpT”j’Rp.

• Tp˙Yfl Ußl¿h” YÙnl◊L˚[ S°r‹Pu (Flexiblity) NVpT”j’Rp

• £\l◊ Y[ B£¨VoLs (Resource Teachers) Utflm Yp¤]oL∞u ERÆ˚V E.flߢNnRp.

• œZk˚R´u LpÆ, TÙ’LÙl◊ B°VYt±p ˘Tt˙\Ù¨u ˘RÙPof£VÙ] ERÆ˚V

EflߢNnRp.

CkRl©¨‹L∞¤s[ œZk˚RL˚[j RÆW £\l◊ LY]ÿm TÙ’LÙl◊m °˚PdL ˙Yi•V

œZk˚RL˙[ R≤lThP ß\‡m ◊jßd·o˚UŸm ™œkR œZk˚RLs (Gifted Children). GpXÙl

©¨Æ¤s[ œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm LY]jßp LÙi” Ts∞f NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm „ZpL˚[Ÿm £\lTÙL

A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

1.9. RLYp RÙØp÷hTd LpÆ´u YÙnl◊ (ICT)

RLYpL˚[l T¨UÙflYRtœ HWÙ[UÙ] ÿ˚\Ls S˚Pÿ˚\´p EiPpXYÙ? Cßp ™L‹m

ÿd°VUÙ]’ ICT LpÆ. œZk˚RLs Tp˙Yfl YØÿ˚\L∞p CkRj ˘RÙØp ÷hTj˚R H\dœ˚\V

˘R¨kß⁄lTÙoLs. CkR A±˚Y YœlT˚\d Lt\≠p ET˙VÙLlT”jR ˙Yi”m. Lt\˚X

G∞˚UVÙdL‹m EtNÙLUÙdL‹m CRuYØ CV¤m.

ICTCu R˚Y

TÙPjßhPl T¨UÙt\jßtLÙLl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] „ZpL∞p ICT ’˚Qd L⁄ÆL˚[ ˙R˚Yd˙LtT

EhT”jR ˙Yi”m. TÙPl◊jRLjßu ˘S°rÆu˚U / ®LrÆu˚U, ˙TÙu\ œ˚\L˚[ ICTCu

YÙnl◊Ls ÍXm Gßo˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm. ICTCu R˚Y Gk˘RkRf „ZpL∞p Yi”m GuT˚RŸm

A˚R GlT•f ˘NVpT”jRXÙm GuT˚RŸm ßhP™P B£¨Vo ß\˚U YÙnkRYoL[ÙL C⁄dL

˙Yi”m.

˘TÙ⁄jRm

œZk˚R´u T˚PlTÙt\˚XŸm A±Æu TuÿLj Ru˚UL˚[Ÿm FdœÆdL ICT YÙnl◊L˚[l

TVuT”jR Yi”m. TÙPeL∞p BoYj˚RŸm FdLj˚RŸm ®˚X®flj’YRÙL ICT YÙnl◊L˚[

A˚UdL ˙Yi”m. ICTCu ET˙VÙLm Im◊XuL∞p œ˚\TÙ”s[ œZk˚RLfidœ AßLUÙ]

Page 14

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

14

TV]∞d°\’. J≠ YØVÙL‹m TÙo˚Y YØVÙL‹m L⁄j’L˚[ AßLUÙL Eh°W°dL ICTTVuT”°\’. ˘Yq˙Yfl Lt\p ß\‡˚PV œZk˚RL˚[d L⁄jßt˘LÙi” Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[

ICT ÍXm A∞lTRtœm C’ ER‹°\’.

SmTLjRu˚U

RLYp ˘RÙPo◊ FPLeL∞u SmTLjRu˚U˚V EflߢNnV ˙Yi”m. AW— Y˚X R[eLs, LpÆ

Y˚X R[eLs, Portal, Blog, Social Network ˙TÙu\Yt±¤s[ RLYpL˚[ AßLÙWÈoYUÙL

EflߢNn’ ET˙VÙ°dL ˙Yi”m. YœlT˚\ T¨UÙt\jßtœ ET˙VÙ°dLd·•V L⁄ÆL∞u

˘NVpTÙh”j Ru˚U˚V Eflß NnV˙Yi”m. CjR˚LV L⁄ÆLs NVpT”YRtœl TÙ⁄jRUÙ]

˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s G∞ßp °˚PdLd ·•VRÙL‹m ET˙VÙ°dL CVu\RÙL‹m C⁄dL˙Yi”m. ICTYÙnl◊Ls œZk˚RL∞u YV’, U]®˚X ˙TÙu\Yt±tœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

1. 10 ˙Uu˚ULs, U]®˚XLs, LP˚UŸQo‹ ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Y[odL ER‹m UiPXeLs

(Core- Elements)

œZk˚RLs U≤R ˙SVj˚Rl Tt±Ÿm AW£VX˚Ul©u ˙Uu˚UL˚[l Tt±Ÿm ÆØl◊Qo‹

E˚PVYoL[ÙL Y[W ˙Yi”m. NÍL YÙrd˚L˚V FdœÆdœm U]®˚X˚V E⁄YÙdœRp, NÍL

LP˚UŸQo˚Y Y[ojRp TÙu\˚Y TÙPjßhPjßp ÿd°VUÙL EhT”jR Yi•V TœßL[Ùœm.

CYt˚\ Y[Wf ˘NnV ˙Ut·±V L⁄j’UiPXeL∞p Æ[dLm A∞dLlTh”s[’.

UdL[Ùh£ EQo‹

Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u Es[PdLj˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’ UdL[Ùh£j ˘RÙPoTÙ]

Li˙QÙhPj˚Rd L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ßhP ™”R≠¤m T¨UÙt\f

˘NVpL∞¤m UdL[Ùh£ A‘œÿ˚\ A˚UV ˙Yi”m. UdL[Ùh£ ÿ˚\´XÙ] Yœl◊, Ts∞

CPeLs (UdL[Ùh£ AWeœLs) UdL[Ùh£ YÙrd˚L A‘œÿ˚\ ˙TÙu\˚Y YØVÙL UdL[Ùh£

EQo‹ E⁄YÙdœRp GuT’ TÙPjßhPjßu CXdLÙœm.

AW£VX˚Ul◊ Uu˚ULs

Smÿ˚PV AW£VX˚Ul◊ ·flm Uu˚ULfim CXdœLfim TÙPjßhPjßp ©WßT≠dL Yi”m.

AW£VX˚Ul◊ ˙Uu˚UL˚[ UÙQYu A˚PYRtœ ELkR Es[PdLj˚RŸm T¨UÙtflf

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

URfNÙoTt\ U]®˚X

URfNÙoTt\ U]®˚X˚V Y[odL ERYd ·•V TÙP UiPXeL˚[ Es[PdLjßp ˙NodL‹m.

ARtœ ER‹m Y˚L´XÙ] T¨UÙt\ ÿ˚\˚Vd ˚LVÙ[‹m ˙Yi”m.

N°l◊j Ru˚U

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]YoLs Uh”UpX ˘TÙ⁄jRUt\YoL˙[Ù”m N°l◊j Ru˚U LÙhP ˙Yi”m Gu\

A•lT˚Pd ˘LÙs˚L˚Vl TÙPjßhPm CXdLÙLd ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

˘NVXÙdL T˚PlTÙt\p £kR˚]

UÙQYoL∞Pm NVXÙdLÿm T˚PlTÙt\¤UÙ] £kR˚]˚VŸm RP˚XŸm Y[Wf NnV Yi”m.

TÙPjßhPjßu Es[PdL UiPXeL∞¤m Lt\p EjßL∞¤m T˚PlTÙt\p YØVÙ] RP¤dLÙ]

YÙnl◊Ls C⁄dL Yi”m. TuÿL A±Æu (Multiple Intelligence) RXeL˚[Ÿm L⁄jßp LÙs[

˙Yi”m.

TiTÙh”P‡m TÙWmT¨VeLfiP‡m Es[ BRW‹

SU’ TiTÙ”, TÙWmT¨Vm, YWXÙfl CYt±tœ BRW‹ LÙh”m U]lTÙu˚U˚V E⁄YÙdœRp GuT’

TÙPjßhPjßu ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeL∞p Ju\Ùœm.

Page 15

Yœl◊ II

15

NUj’Ym Gu\ L⁄j’

Tp˙Yfl „r®˚XL∞¤m Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞¤m NUj’Ym, NU®˚X ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Eflß

˘NnV˙Yi”m.

R˚X˚Ul Ti◊

◊ßV Ët\Ùi•u NYÙpL˚[ Gßo˘LÙs[‹m YÙnl◊L˚[l TVuT”jR‹m RœkR R˚XYoL˚[

E⁄YÙdLl TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Lt\p EjßL˚[ E⁄YÙdL Yi”m. YœlT˚\f NVpTÙ”L∞p GpXÙd

œZk˚RL∞u Te˙Lt˚TŸm Eflß ˘Nn’ R˚X˚U˙Vtœm ß\˚] Y[odL ER‹m „r®˚XL˚[

E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

YÙrd˚Lj ß\u LpÆ

Au\ÙP YÙrd˚L´p R≤SToLfidœ HtT”m ©Wf£˚]L˚[Ÿm NYÙpL˚[Ÿm ß\mTP

Gßo˘LÙs[ ER‹m NÙRLUÙ] Utflm ß\˚UVÙ] Ti◊L˙[ YÙrd˚Lj ß\uLs. Ru˚] A±Rp,

NL D”TÙ”, L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\jß\u, R≤U≤R E\‹, T˚PlTÙt\p, ÆUo£dœm ß\u. ÿ•‹L˚[

G”jRp, æo‹ LÙ‘Rp, EQo‹L˚[d Lh”lT”j’Rp, U] A›jRj˚R Gßo˘LÙsfiRp TÙu\˚Y

ÿd°VUÙ] YÙrd˚Lj ß\uL[Ùœm. œZk˚RL∞u „r®˚XL˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo◊T”jß CkR

UiPXeL∞u LÙW¶L˚[l TÙPjßhPjßp EhT”jR Yi”m. YÙrd˚L˚Vj Ru]m©d˚LŸPu

A‘L‹m ÿu˙]\‹m Cjß\uLs œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹°u\].

œ•UL≤u LP˚U

SÙh•tœ UdL∞Pm Es[˚Rl ˙TÙufl, œ•UdLfim SÙh•tLÙLf £X LP˚U L˚[Ÿm

˘TÙfll◊L˚[Ÿm L˚P©•dL ˙Yi”m. SÙh•u Y[of£ GuT’ U≤Rj ß\≤u Y[of£ Gu\

Li˙QÙhPjßp TÙodœm CkRd LÙXLhPjßp SÙh•tœ ER‹m SpX œ•UL˚] E⁄YÙdœY˙R

LpÆ´u ÿd°V ˙SÙdLm. J⁄ —RkßWUÙ] NÍLj˚R E⁄YÙdœY’Pu J›eLÙ]l ˘TÙfll◊s[

NÍLj˚R E⁄YÙdœm œ•UdL˚[l T˚PlT˙R LpÆ´u ÿd°V ˙SÙdLUÙœm.

U≤R E¨˚ULs

R≤U≤Ru Gu\ ®˚X´p Ußl◊Pu YÙrYRtLÙ] E¨˚U˙V U≤R E¨˚U. Id°VSÙh”f N˚T´u

U≤R E¨˚U Æ[mTWjßu ÍXm EXL˘Ueœm Ae∏L¨dLlThP U≤R E¨˚ULfidœl TÙPjßhP

E⁄YÙdLjߤm ARu T¨UÙt\ ˙Y˚[´¤m ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚ULs

œZk˚RL∞u GpXÙÆR E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm TÙ’LÙlT’ SU’ LP˚UVÙœm.

CVt˚L CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl◊ —tfll◊\j Án˚U

CVt˚L CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl◊, —tfll◊\j Án˚U B°VYt˚\l TÙ’LÙdLd L˚P©•dL Yi•V

A•lT˚Pd Li˙QÙhPeL˚[ BWmT Yœl◊ ÿR˙X EhT”jR Yi”m. R≤U≤Rj Án˚U˚Vl

˙TÙufl ÿd°VUÙ]˙R —tfll◊\j Án˚U GuT˚RŸm Án˚UŸQo‹ œ•UL≤u LP˚UL∞p

A•lT˚PVÙ]’ Gu\’UÙ] EQo˚Y UÙQYoL∞P˙V HtT”jR ˙Yi”m. CVt˚L U≤R≤u

˙R˚Ydœ Uh”ÿs[RpX GuT˚R CVt˚L´u NU®˚X´p HtT”m UÙt\eLs GßoLÙXjßp

∫WØ‹Ls HtTPd LÙWQUÙœm Gu\ U]lTÙu˚U˚VŸm œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[odL ˙Yi”m.

CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl◊m —tfll◊\j Án˚UŸm E⁄YÙYRtœj RœkR NVpTÙ”L˚[ A∞dL Yi”m.

NUÙRÙ]d LpÆ

R≤lThP ÿ˚\´¤m ©\˙WÙ” NUÙRÙ]UÙL‹m AuTÙL‹m TZœm ß\˚]Ÿm U]lTÙu˚U˚VŸm

E⁄YÙdœY˙R NUÙRÙ]d LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLm. LXYWeL˚[Ÿm LXYWeL˚[j Ái”m „ZpL˚[j

RÆodL‹m A˚Uß˚V ®˚XSÙhP‹m NUÙRÙ]m, Au◊ CYt±u YÙnl◊L˚[l TÙPjßhPjßp

Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u YØVÙLf ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi•V’ NUÙRÙ]d LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLUÙœm.

Page 16

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

16

NhP A±‹

NhPeLs Tt±V A±˚YŸm ÆØl◊Qo˚YŸm J⁄ œ•VW— SÙh•p YÙ›m TÙ’UdLs LÙi•⁄dL

˙Yi”m. NhP A±‹ œZk˚RLfidœd °˚Pdœm ÆRjßp TÙPlTœßL∞p CYt˚\ EhT”jR

˙Yi”m. NhP ERÆ Uu\m, NhP ˚UVm, NhP B˙XÙN˚], NhP ÆØl◊Qo‹ ˙TÙu\ Tp˙Yfl

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhP™h”f ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m.

˚NTo œt\eLs

RLYp ˘RÙØp ÷hTj ’˚\ Y[of£V˚Pk’s[ Cu˚\V LÙXjßp Au\ÙP YÙrÆp CYt˚\j

RY\ÙLl TVuT”j’Y’m œt\f NVpLfim S˚P˘Tfl°u\]. œZk˚RLs C’˙TÙu\ NVpL∞p

D”TPÙU≠⁄dL ER‹m ÆØl◊Qo‹f ˘NVpL˚[l TÙPjßhPjßp EhT”jR ˙Yi”m. C˚QV

R[m, NÍL Y˚X R[m, ™u]gNp ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”j’Y’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘R∞YÙ]

A±˚YŸm TœjR±k’ ˘NVpT”m Ru˚U˚VŸm TÙPjßhPjßu ÍXm A∞dL ˙Yi”m. ˚NTo

œt\eLfidœ YZeœm RiP˚]L˚[Ÿm, C˚QVR[j˚R ÿ˚\VÙLl TVuT”j’m A±˚YŸm

TÙP HtTÙh•p EhT”jR Yi”m.

FPL ÆØl◊Qo‹

SU’ NÍLm J≠, J∞ FPLeLfidœ AßL ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞d°\’. œZk˚RL∞Pm J∞ FPLm

˘T⁄m BßdLj˚Rf ˘N¤j’°\’. G]˙Y, FPL ÆØl◊Qo˚Y E⁄YÙdœm Tp˙Yfl ·flL˚[l

TÙPjßhPjßp ˙NodL ˙Yi”m.

®˚Xÿu˙]t\d Li˙QÙhPm

SÙm YÙ›m È™ U≤R‡dœ Uh”m E¨˚UVÙ]Rufl Gu\ —tfll◊\ ÆØl◊Qo˚Yl TÙPjßhPm

A∞dL ˙Yi”m. —tflf„Z¤dœ Ffl Æ˚[Ædœm U≤R≤u TZdL YZdLeL∞≠⁄k’

—tfll◊\j˚R GlT•d LÙlTÙt\XÙm Gufl A±Rp Cd LÙXLhPjßp ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm. —tfll◊\ÿm

ÿu˙]t\ÿm GlT• J⁄e°˚Qk’ ˘NpXXÙm Gu\ BWÙnf£Ÿm ®˚Xÿu˙]t\m ˘RÙPoTÙ]

Li˙QÙhPÿm BWÙnf£Lfim TÙPjßhPm ˘Y∞d ˘LÙQW ˙Yi•VRÙœm. J⁄e°˚QkR

—tfll◊\ ÆØl◊Qo‹ E⁄YÙdœY˘RuT’ TÙPjßhPjßu ˙SÙdLeL∞p Ju\Ùœm.

C˚[Oo LpÆ

œZk˚R E[ÆVp Yp¤SoLs —LÙRÙW ˙N˚YVÙ[oLs, U⁄j’YoLs, B£¨VoLs B°˙VÙ¨u

·h” ÿVt£Ls YØVÙL C˚[Oo LpÆdœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Es[PdL UiPXeLs Tp˙Yfl

TÙPeL∞p EhT”j’YRtLÙ] YÙnl˚Td L⁄jßt˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. LtTYoL∞u EPp ®˚X,

Án˚U ˙TÙu\˚Y ˘RÙPoTÙ] Nk˙RLeLfim ˘R∞Æu˚UŸm A±ÆVp ®˚X´p L⁄jßp

˘LÙs[Y’ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]RÙœm.

÷Lo˙YÙo TiTÙ” Æ˚[‹Ls

÷Lo˙YÙo TiTÙh•u æV Æ˚[‹Ls œ±jR Ei˚ULs RÙPdL Yœl◊Ls ÿR˙X TÙPjßhPjßp

EhT”jR ˙Yi”m. ÷Lo˙YÙo Gu\ ®˚X´p SU’ E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm ÷Lo˙YÙof NhPeL˚[Ÿm

TÙPj˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV]YÙL A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

˙TÙ˚Rl TÙ⁄s Gßol◊ U]lTÙu˚U

U’, TÙ˚R U⁄k’Ls, ◊˚L´˚X TÙu\Yt±u TVuTÙ” ◊ßV R˚Xÿ˚\´u B˙WÙd°Vj˚Rl

TÙßlT˚PVf ˘Nn°\’ GuT˚R SÙm EQW ˙Yi”m. Y⁄eLÙX R˚Xÿ˚\˚V CYt±≠⁄k’

TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m. CRtLÙLl ˙TÙ˚Rl ˘TÙ⁄s ET˙VÙLjßu EPp ˛ U] E˚[fNpL˚[Ÿm

ÆTj’L˚[Ÿm £jR¨dœm TPeLs, £flœ±l◊Ls, LÙh£Ls TÙu\Yt˚\ Es[PdLjßp EhT”jR

˙Yi”m. ˙TÙ˚R Gßol◊ U]lTÙu˚U˚V E⁄YÙdœY˙R CRu A•lT˚P ˙SÙdLm.

Page 17

Yœl◊ II

17

Bi, Ti NUj’Ym

TÙP HtTÙ” Bi, Ti NUj’Yj˚R EflßlT”j’YRÙL C⁄dL Yi”m. Bi Ti YflTÙ”

TÙP HtTÙh•p C⁄jRp ·PÙ’. TÙPË≠p Es[ TPeL∞p ·P Bi ˛ ˘Ti NUj’Ym C⁄dL

˙Yi”m. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ SPj’m˙TÙ’ Bi ˘Ti NUj’Yj˚R EflßlT”j’Y’

B£¨V¨u LP˚UVÙœm.

˙N™l◊ U]lTÙu˚U

BWmTd LpÆ ÿR˙X œZk˚RLfidœf £dL]UÙLf ˘NX‹ ˘Nn’ ˙N™dœm U]lTÙu˚U˚Vl

Tt±d Lt©dL ˙Yi”m. £dL]jßu £\l˚TŸm ÿd°Vj’Yj˚RŸm ˘R∞‹T”jR ˙Yi”m.

£dL]l Ti©˚]d L˚P©•lTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

NÙ˚Xl TÙ’LÙl◊

NÙ˚X ÆßLs, NÙ˚X ÆTj˚Rj R”lTRtLÙ] A±‹˚WLs, ˘NVpLs ˙TÙu\˚Y NÙ˚Xl

TÙ’LÙl©u LÙW¶L[Ùœm. NÙ˚X GuT’ J⁄ ˘TÙ’ CP˘UuT˚RŸm Sm˚U ˙TÙX˙Y

Ut\YoLfidœm NÙ˚X˚Vl TVuT”j’YRtœf —RkßWm Ei” Gu\ U]lTÙu˚U˚VŸm E⁄YÙdL

˙Yi”m. NÙ˚Xl TÙ’LÙl˙TÙ” RÙPo◊˚PV NVpTÙ”Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym LÙ”dL Yi”m.

TÙP HtTÙh•p CkRj ’˚\L˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[ EflßlT”jR

˙Yi”m. TXÆR TÙPTÙLeL∞u EhL⁄j’dL˚[j Rok˘R”dœm TÙ’m CRtLÙ] NVpTÙ”L˚[

ÿ˚\lT”j’m TÙ’m R˚YVÙ] ÿu‡¨˚U °˚PdL Yi”m. Lt\p NVpTÙh•u TÙ’ C’

˘RÙPoTÙ] A±‹, StTi◊Ls U]lTÙeœ B°VYt±tœ ÿd°Vj’Ym Yi”m. RÙPo Ußl¿”

ÍXm CkR CXh£VeL˚[ A˚PV ÿ•kRRÙ Gufl TÙodL ˙Yi”m. TXÆR Uu\eL∞u

˘NVpTÙ”Ls SPC, NCC, Scout & Guides, JRC ÆjVÙWeLm ˛ L˚X CXd°V Uu\m LÙkß Ro`u

B°V CVdLeLs UÙQYoL∞˚P˙V SpX U]lTÙu˚ULfim, LP˚U EQo‹m, StTi◊Lfim

Y[W YØYœd°u\].

1.11. E¨˚U A•lT˚P´XÙ] LpÆ ( Right based Education)

œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[j æoUÙ≤j’ AYt˚\ EXL˘Ue°¤m S˚Pÿ˚\l T”j’YRtLÙL

Id°VSÙh”d LpÆ, NÍLm Utflm TiTÙh” A˚Ul◊ UNESCO) ÿuYkR’. CR˚]j ˘RÙPok’

Tp˙Yfl SÙ”L∞p œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[l TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙL HWÙ[UÙ] NhPeLs

E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[]. CkßVÙÆp ˙R£Vd LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm 2009˛Bm Bi”

S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP’ J⁄ ÿd°V ®Lr‹ Bœm. œZk˚RL∞u GpXÙ ÆRUÙ] E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm

TÙ’LÙd°u\ ˘TÙfll◊ ˘T¨VYoL∞u LP˚UVÙœm. LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPj˚Rl Tt±d ·flm˙TÙ’

AYt˚\ ÿd°VUÙL Íufl UiPXeL[ÙL Y˚LlT”jRXÙm.

• Te˙Lt◊ (Participation)• YÙnl◊ (Provision)• TÙ’LÙl◊ (Protection)

Te˙Lt◊ (Participation)

• œZk˚RL˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV GpXÙj æoUÙ]eL˚[l Tt±Ÿm Gu≤Pm LXkRÙ˙XÙ£lT’

Ei”.

• G”dLd·•V ÿ•‹L∞p G]’ L⁄j’Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym °˚PlT’i”

• Gu‡˚PV ß\uL˚[Ÿm Y˚Wÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm A±k’ ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Te˙LtL YÙnl◊

°˚Pd°u\].

• G]’ ß\uLs Y[W‹m Y˚Wÿ˚\Lfidœ AlTÙt˘NpX‹m ER‹m Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls

G]dœd °˚Pd°\’.

Page 18

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

18

• G]’ L⁄j’Lfidœ ÿu‡¨˚U °˚Pd°\’.

• G]dœm G]’ SiToLfidœm Yœl©p SPdœm ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p SpX ÿ˚\´p Te˙LtL

YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’.

• G]’ ß\uL˚[ ˘Y∞lT”jR YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’.

YÙnl◊ (Provision)

• RœkR LpÆj RœßŸ˚PV, LÙXjßt˙LtT A±˚Y Y[odœm B£¨VoL∞u ˙N˚Y

GeLfidœd °˚Pd°\’.

• J’dLlTh”s[ ˙SWm ÿ›Y’m Lt\p A‡TYeLs GeLfidœd °˚Pd°u\].

• EPp, U] Y[of£dœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Yœl◊f „Zp GeLfidœ °˚Pd°\’.

• GeLs B£¨VoL[Ùp Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœ ELkR Lt\p L⁄ÆL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]

˙SWjßp A∞dL ÿ•°\’.

• L˚X, Æ˚[VÙh”j ß\uL˚[ FdœÆdLj ˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄ÆLfim YÙnl◊Lfim

GeLfidœd °˚Pd°u\].

LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm RTE (2009)

• 1 ÿRp 5 Y˚W T•dœm œZk˚RLfidœ 200 ˙Y˚XSÙhLfim, 800 U¶˙SWm Lt\p

˙SWÿm °˚PdL ˙Yi”m.

• 6 ÿRp 8 Y˚W T•dœm œZk˚RLfidœ 220 ˙Y˚X SÙhLfim 1000 U¶ ˙SWm Lt\p

˙SWÿm °˚PdL ˙Yi”m.

TÙ’LÙl◊ (Protection)

• Ts∞d·Pjߤm ˘Y∞´¤m SÙu GkR ÆRUÙ] TÙœTÙ”L˚[Ÿm A‡TÆlTßp˚X.

• Gu˚] VÙ⁄m GkR˘YÙ⁄ Y˚L´¤m ◊\dL¶lTßp˚X.

• EPp, U] √ß´p VÙ⁄m Gu˚]j ’u◊flj’Yßp˚X.

• TV™u± B£¨VoLfiPu TZL ÿ•°\’.

• œZk˚R Gu\Ù¤m G]dœj R≤j’Ym, E¨˚U Ei” Gufl A˚]Y⁄m Ae∏L¨d°u\]o.

• Ts∞´¤m ≈h•¤m SÙu ™L‹m TÙ’LÙlTÙL C⁄d°˙\u Gufl Gu]Ùp EflßVÙLd

·\ÿ•Ÿm.

˙LW[ UÙ®X TÙXo E¨˚Ul TÙ’LÙl◊ B˚QVm

2002Cp ˙U UÙRm ˙NokR Id°V SÙh”f N˚T´u œZk˚RLfidLÙ] £\l◊ UÙSÙh•p

œZk˚RLfid˙Lt\ Ko EXLm G‡m R˚Xl©p NhPm ˘LÙi” YWlThP’. 2005˛Bm

Bi•p UjßV AW— E⁄YÙd°V TÙXo E¨˚Ul TÙ’LÙl◊d œ› NhPm, 2012˛Cp

˙LW[ UÙ®Xl TÙXo E¨˚Uf NhPm B°VYt±u A•lT˚P´p ˙LW[ UÙ®Xl TÙXo

E¨˚U B˚QVm ˘NVpT”°\’. AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPm EflßlT”j’m TÙXo

E¨˚UL˚[l TÙ’LÙlT˙R CkR B˚QVjßu ÿd°V LP˚UVÙœm.

œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[ EflßT”jR Gu]Ùp Gu] NnV ÿ•kR’. SÙu C≤ Gu˘]u] NnV

˙Yi”m G] Jq˘YÙ⁄ B£¨V⁄m £kßdL ˙Yi”m.

1.12. ˘S±lT”j’Rp (Mentoring)˙R£Vd LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPjßp B£¨Vo / B£¨˚V J⁄ ˘S±VÙ[o (Mentor) Gufl

L⁄’lT”°u\Ùo. Ts∞´u ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£dœ ˘S±VÙ[o ÿd°Vl Teœ Y°dL ˙Yi”m.

Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ EflßlT”jR SpX YØLÙh”Rp ˙R˚Y.

Lt©jRp NV≠p ÿd°V LÙW¶L[Ù] B£¨Vo œZk˚R E\Æp Cufl SpX UÙt\m HtTh”s[’.

Page 19

Yœl◊ II

19

B£¨V˚W A±˚Y A∞dœm STWÙLd L⁄RÙUp œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y A±˚Y A˚PV ELkR

Tp˙Yfl YÙnl◊L˚[ HtT”j’m STWÙLd L⁄’UÙfl AYo ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m.

N¨VÙLd ·±]Ùp Ts∞d·Pm GuT’ B£¨V⁄dœ R]’ ≈” ˙TÙufl Cu˘]Ù⁄ ≈PÙœm.

B£¨VoLs ˘Tt˙\ÙoL˚[l ˙TÙXf ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m. ≈h•≠⁄k’ °˚Pdœm Au◊,

AWY˚Ql◊, ÿd°Vj’Ym, TÙ’LÙl◊ EQo‹, Ae∏LÙWm C˚Y Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm °˚PdLf

˘NnV Yi”m. CYt˚\d LiP±k’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm R˚Y´u A•lT˚P´p B£¨Vo

A∞dœm˙TÙ’ RÙu AYW’ ˘TÙfll◊ ÿ›˚UV˚P°\’. Al˙TÙ’ RÙu Ts∞ ≈PÙL UÙfl°\’.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R´u R≤lThP œ”mTf „Z˚Xj R¨k’˘LÙs[ ∏˙Z LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt˚\

B£¨VoLs ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m.

• œZk˚RL∞u ≈”Lfidœf ˘Np¤Rp

• ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfiP]Ù] L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m

• œZk˚R˚Vj ˘RÙPof£VÙLd LY≤jRp

• œZk˚RL∞u Au\ÙPl ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙ‘Rp. ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfidœ ÆØl◊Qo‹

A∞jRp.

CqYÙfl œZk˚Rdœ Au◊m AWY˚Ql◊m TÙ’LÙl◊ EQo‹m Ae∏LÙWÿm A∞j’ J⁄ Tt˙\Ùo

˙TÙp SPk’˘LÙi” œZk˚RLfidœd Lt\p A˚P‹Ls °˚PdL ER‹m STWÙL SÙm UÙflm˙TÙ’

RÙu CkRl ◊ßV LÙX LhPjßu B£¨VWÙL UÙfl°˙\Ùm.

˘S±lT”j’Rp (Mentoring) ÍXUÙL YØLÙh”Rp, A±‹˚W YZeœRp, BRW‹ ˘LÙ”jRp,

˙UmT”YRtLÙ] YÙnlT∞jRp CYt˚\ B£¨Vo œZk˚RLfidœ A∞d°\Ùo. A‡TYm YÙnkR

STo Gu\ ÿ˚\´¤m ©uTt\j RœkR UÙߨ STo Gu\ ÿ˚\´¤m ˘S±VÙ[o œZk˚RLfiPu

TZL ˙Yi”m. Lt\¤dœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ERÆLfim B˙XÙN˚]Lfim A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RL∞Pm U˚\kß⁄dœm ß\˚UL˚[ ˘Y∞d ˘LÙi”YW J⁄ SpX ˘S±VÙ[WÙp Uh”˙U

ÿ•Ÿm.

˘S±lT”j’Rp YÙ´XÙL,

• B£¨V⁄dœm œZk˚RLfidœm £\kR LpÆ A‡TYeLs °˚Pd°u\].

• B£¨Vo Utflm œZk˚RL∞u A±‹ UiPXm Y[of£V˚P°\’.

• œZk˚R, Ts∞ E\‹ Y¤Y˚P°\’.

• œZk˚R´u Lt\p Y[of£Ÿm, Bfi˚U Y[of£Ÿm Eflßl T”jRlT”°u\].

• Jufl ˙Nok’ £kßdL‹m, ÿ•‹ G”dL‹m, ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘NnV‹m CV¤°u\’.

• ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœm Ts∞dœ™˚P˙V ˘RÙPo◊ Y¤lT”°\’. œZk˚R´u Lt\p ®˚X Tt±V

A±‹ ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœd °˚Pd°\’.

• L˚X, Æ˚[VÙh”, —LÙRÙWm, T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ ˙TÙu\ UiPXeL∞p œZk˚R´u

Te˙Lt◊m Ußl©P¤m Y¤lT”°u\].

˘S±lT”j’Rp SPdL ER‹m ÆRjßp Tß˙Y”L˚[ E⁄YÙd°l Tß‹ NnV Yi”m. Ts∞´p

Es[ GpXÙ B£¨VoL˚[Ÿm ˘S±VÙ[oL[ÙL‹m GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm

˘S±lT”jRlT”TYoL[ÙL‹m S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR Yi”m. Yœl©¤s[ GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm

£fl œ›dL[ÙLd L⁄ß Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æu Y[of£˚V EflßlT”jR AkR YœlTÙ£¨V⁄dœl

˘TÙfll˚T A∞dLXÙm.

1.13. B£¨Vo RÙØp √ßVÙLd L˚Pl©•dL Yi•V Æßÿ˚\Ls (Code of Profes-sional Ethics for School Teachers)

1. B£¨VoL∞u LP˚ULs

1.1. GpXÙ UÙQY UÙQÆV¨Pÿm Au◊m AWY˚Ql◊m LÙhP ˙Yi”m.

• GpXÙd œZk˚RLfiP‡m J˙W ˙TÙp Au◊Pu TZL˙Yi”m.

Page 20

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

20

• LpÆ´p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœj R≤lThP LY]m A∞dL˙Yi”m.

• œZk˚RLfidœj Ru]m©d˚L, BoYm, GßoTÙol◊ E⁄YÙœm ÆRm SPk’˘LÙs[ Yi”m.

1.2. _Ùß, URm, C]m, ®\m, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW ®˚X, ˘UÙØ, Bi ˛ ˘Ti ˙YflTÙ”, ©\kR CPm

C˚YLfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dLÙUp øߟPu TÙWThN™u± SPk’˘LÙsfiRp

• B£¨VoLs _]SÙVLd ˘LÙs˚L, ˘TÙfl˚U, NÍLøß ¡RÙ] Sm©d˚L B°VYt˚\d

œZk˚RLfidœ A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

• B£¨V¨u R≤lThP Sm©d˚LLs AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPjßtœ GßWÙL C⁄kRÙp A’

Ts∞d·Pj˚R ™L‹m TÙßdœm.

1.3. œZk˚R´u EPp, E[, EQo‹, TiTÙ”, NÍL, BuU Y[of£dœ Ht\ „Z˚X E⁄YÙdœRp.

• EPp, E[ ß\uLs ÿ› Y[of£V˚PŸm LÙXmRÙu Ts∞d LÙXm.

• LpÆVÙp A±‹ UiPXm Uh”m Y[of£ A˚PkRÙp ˙TÙRÙ’.

• ÿ›˚UVÙ] R≤U≤R Y[of£˙V LpÆ´u ÿd°V ˙SÙdLm.

1.4. Ts∞ YÙrd˚L´p GpXÙ ®˚X´¤m œZk˚R´u R≤j’Yjßtœ UßlT∞dLlT”°\’

• U≤Ru Gu\ ®˚X´p J⁄ œZk˚R´u _]SÙVL E¨˚ULfim ˘L¸WYÿm TÙ’LÙdLlTP

˙Yi”m.

• B£¨V¨P™⁄k’ E⁄YÙœm ˙UÙNUÙ] ˘NVpLs œZk˚RL∞u RuUÙ]jßtœ C›dœ

HtT”jßd Lt\˚Xl TÙßlT˚PVf ˘Nn°\’.

• Ts∞´u GpXÙf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞¤m GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞u ÿ›˚UVÙ] D”TÙh˚P

FdœÆdL ˙Yi”m.

• Id°V SÙh”f N˚T Ae∏L¨j’ CkßVÙ Jl◊Rp A∞jR œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚U

Æ[mTWj˚RŸm œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚Ul TÙ’LÙl◊ B˚QVjßu A±d˚L˚VŸm

B£¨VoLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” ARt˙LtTf ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m.

• Ts∞L∞p J›dLm, Lh”lTÙ” CYt˚\ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’YRtLÙL E⁄YÙd°V NhPeLs

œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[ UfldLd ·•V]YÙL C⁄dLd ·PÙ’.

1.5. œZk˚RL∞u TWmT˚Wj ß\uLfim £\l◊j ß\uLfim ˘Y∞lT”m Y˚L´p ßhP™hP

J›eœT”jßV ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R´u Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Uh”Uu±d œZk˚R´u ß\uL˚[Ÿm £\l◊j

ß\uL˚[Ÿm ˘R¨k’˘LÙsY’ B£¨V¨u ÿd°V LP˚UVÙœm.

• J⁄ œZk˚R´u GpXÙj ß\uLfim Y[Wj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ AYo A∞dL

˙Yi”m.

1.6. AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPm G”j’˚Wd°u\ Ußl◊L˚[Ÿm U]lTÙu˚UL˚[Ÿm Eh˘LÙsfim

ÆRjßp TÙPHtTÙ” A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

• _]SÙVLm, UR Sp≠QdLm, NUj’Ym, øß, —RkßWm B°V AW£VX˚Ul◊ Ußl◊Ls

TÙPHtTÙh•u ÿd°V ·flL[ÙL A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

• AW£VX˚Ul©p œ•ULuL∞u LP˚UL˚[l Tt±d ·flm ©¨‹ 51 A ◊¨k’˘LÙi” Aßp

A ÿRp K Y˚WŸs[ ©¨‹L˚[ ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ARuT•f ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m.

1.7. œZk˚RL∞u ˙R˚Yd˙LtT B£¨Vo / B£¨˚V´u Lt©jRp ÿ˚\ ◊]W˚UdLlT”°\’.

• ˘RÙPo Ußl¿h•u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RL∞u Ru˚U, ˘Tt\ A˚P‹, Æ⁄lTm, Ltœm

ÿ˚\ ÿR≠VYt˚\ L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Lt©jRp EjßL∞p ˙R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eL˚[j

˘RÙPoS’ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

1.8. œZk˚RL∞u R≤lThP RLYp CWL£VeL˚[l TÙ’LÙj’ AkRj RLYpL˚[f NhPlT•VÙL

VÙ⁄dœj ˘R¨ÆdL ˙Yi”˙UÙ AYoL∞Pm ˘R¨ÆjRp.

Page 21

Yœl◊ II

21

• J⁄ B˙XÙNLWÙLf NVpT”m B£¨V⁄dœd œZk˚RL∞u R≤lThP RLYpL˚[j R¨k’

˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm

• CkRj RLYpL˚[d œZk˚RL∞u Su˚UdLÙL Uh”m A±‹ÈoYUÙL TVuT”jR Yi”m

1.9. œZk˚RL˚[l TVÿflj’Rp, EPp √ßVÙLj RiP˚] A∞jRp, U] √ßVÙL‹m, EQo‹

√ßVÙL‹m ’u◊flj’Rp ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpL∞p D”TPd·PÙ’.

• œZk˚RL˚[l TÙ≠Vp ˘LÙ”˚UL∞≠⁄k’m ◊\dL¶l©≠⁄k’m —WiPpL∞≠⁄k’m

TÙ’LÙdœm LP˚U B£¨V⁄dœ Ei”.

• RiP˚] A∞jRÙp œZk˚RLs Su\ÙLl T•lTÙoLs G‡m RY\Ù] L⁄j˚R UÙt\

˙Yi”m.

• CqYÙ\Ù] „Z≠p œZk˚Rdœd °˚Pdœm NhPl TÙ’LÙl◊l Tt±

B£¨VoLs ˘R¨k’˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

1.10. GpXÙÆRUÙ] TÙ≠Vp ˘LÙ”˚UL∞≠⁄k’m œZk˚R˚Vl TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• GpXÙ ÆRUÙ] TÙ≠Vp ˘LÙ”˚ULfim EPp LÙVeL˚[ Uh”™u± øiP LÙXm ®tœm

U]dLÙVeL˚[Ÿm HtT”j’°u\].

• ˙Y˚X NnŸm CPeL∞¤m Ts∞L∞¤m SPdœm TÙ≠Vp LÙ”˚ULfidœ GßWÙL CkßV

EfN øßUu\ÿm ˙R£VdœZk˚RLs TÙ’LÙl◊f NhPm (National Children Protection Rule)Æßj’s[ ÆßL˚[ B£¨VoLs Ußj’ SPdL ˙Yi”m.

2. Tt˙\ÙoL∞Pÿm NÍLj˙RÙ”m Es[ LP˚ULs

2.1. ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfiPu Au◊P‡m, BRW‹P‡m ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

• B£¨VoLs œZk˚R˚Vl Tt± Su\ÙLj R¨k’˘LÙs[ AYoL∞u Tt˙\ÙoLfiPu SpX

E\‹L˚[ Y[odL ˙Yi”m.

• B£¨V⁄dœm ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœm C˚P˙VŸs[ £\kR ˘RÙPo◊ œZk˚Rdœ B£¨V⁄Pu

·”RXÙL ˘S⁄eL ER‹m.

• ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfim ReLfi˚PV œZk˚RL∞u Ts∞f ˘NVpL˚[l Tt±

B£¨VoL∞P™⁄k’ ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[ BYXÙL C⁄lTÙoLs.

• œZk˚R´u Y[of£d LhPjßp HtT”m RYflL˚[Ÿm ˙Uu˚UL˚[Ÿm ˘Tt˙\ÙoL˙[Ù”

T°ok’ ˘LÙsfim˙TÙ’ ˘T¨V BTj’L˚[d ·Pj R”dL ÿ•°\’.

2.2. œZk˚RL∞u RuUÙ]jßtœj æeœ Æ˚[Ædœm GkRf ˘NV≠¤m D”TPd·PÙ’.

• ©\ œZk˚RL∞u ÿu≤˚X´p œZk˚RL∞u ˘L¸WYj˚Rl TÙßdœm ÆRjßp ˙TNd

·PÙ’. A’˙TÙX˙Y ˘Tt˙\ÙoL∞u ˘L¸WYj˚Rl TÙßdœm ÆRjßp SPk’˘LÙs[d

·PÙ’.

• HRÙY’ J⁄ ©¨‹d œZk˚RL∞u „Z˚X (_Ùß, URm, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWm) ◊LrY’ Ut\

œZk˚RL∞Pm RÙr‹ U]lTÙu˚U˚V HtT”j’m.

2.3. œZk˚RLs CkßVÙÆu TiTÙh˚Pd œ±j’l ˘T⁄˚UlTP BY] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

• TXÆRl TiTÙ”, ˘UÙØ, URm, Sm©d˚L ˘LÙiP SÙ˙P CkßVÙ C’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©¤m

©WßT≠dL ˙Yi”m.

• CkßVÙÆp ˙Ytfl˚U´p Jtfl˚U L˚P©•dLlT”°\’.

• TWvTW N°l◊jRu˚UŸm GpXÙd LXÙfNÙWeL˚[Ÿm Ußdœm U]lTÙu˚UŸm ˙Yi”m.

• CkRd ˘LÙs˚LLs TÙPjßhPjßu ÍXm Y[Wf ˘NnV ÿVt£dL ˙Yi”m

2.4. Tp˙Yfl ©¨Æ]¨˚P˙V HtT”m Gßol˚T E⁄YÙdœm ˘NVpL˚[j RÆodL ˙Yi”m,

• YœlT˚\´p GpXÙ URjß]˚WŸm Sm©d˚LL˚[Ÿm ˘UÙØL˚[Ÿm NUUÙL Ußdœm

ÆRjßp ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

Page 22

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

22

• ˙R£V Jtfl˚U˚V A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” ÿR≠p CkßVu ©u]˙W J⁄ ©¨Æu

Efll©]o Gu\ GiQj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• HRÙY’ J⁄ ©¨Æ]¨u Æ[mTWjßtLÙLl Ts∞/YœlT˚\˚Vl TVuT”jRd ·PÙ’.

• RtLÙX NÍL AW£V˚Xl Tt± E˚WVÙ”m ˙TÙ’ B£¨Vo/B£¨˚V HRÙY’ J⁄

©¨Æ]⁄dLÙLl ˙TNd ·PÙ’.

3. B£¨Vo Gu\ RÙØ˙XÙ”m, NL B£¨VoL˙[Ù”m Bt\ Yi•Vd LP˚ULs

3.1. ˘RÙØp ß\u Y[Wj ˘RÙPof£VÙL ÿVt£ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

• J⁄ œZk˚Rdœ ®WkRWUÙLd Lt©dL ÿV¤m B£¨V⁄m A˙R˙TÙufl LtL ˙Yi”m.

• Gl˙TÙ’m Y[ok’ ˘LÙi•⁄dœm A±‹ UiPXeL˚[d œ±j’m Lt©dœm ÿ˚\L˚[d

œ±j’m RLYpL˚[j ßWh•f ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• Ge°⁄k˘RpXÙm R]dœl ◊ßV A±‹Ls °˚Pdœ˘Uufl ÆNÙ¨lT’ B£¨V¨u R˚XVÙV

LP˚UVÙœm.

3.2. ©\ B£¨VoL˙[Ù”m Utfls[YoL˙[Ù”m L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m SPjR˙Yi”m

• LpÆj ˘RÙPoTÙ] EQo‹ E⁄YÙdœYRtœ A˚]j’ B£¨VoLfidœm Ru]ÙXÙ]

T˚Pl◊L˚[ E⁄YÙdœm YiQm J⁄ NkRolTj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• CqYÙ\Ù] EQo‹ E⁄YÙdLj ßhP™P¤m, TV‡s[ Jj’˚Zl◊m B£¨VoL∞Pm E⁄YÙL

˙Yi”m.

• Ts∞d·Pjߤs[ GpXÙl ©Wf£˚]Lfidœm æo‹LÙiTRtœ A˚]j’ B£¨VoLfim

Jufl ˙Nok’ LXk’˚WVÙ•j æoUÙ]m G”dL‹m ˘NVpTP‹m ˙Yi”m.

• B£¨VoLs Uh”™u±l Ts∞d·Pjߤs[ ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙQ ÿuY⁄TYoLs

A˚]Y˚WŸm Jufl ˙NojRp ˙Yi”m.

3.3. NL B£¨VoL˙[Ù” ˘T⁄˚U˙VÙ”m U¨VÙ˚R˙VÙ”m TZL ˙Yi”m.

• Ts∞´¤s[ A˚]j’ B£¨VoL∞Pÿm AYoL∞u LpÆj RWj˚R˙VÙ AYoLs

Lt©dœm TÙPj˚R˙VÙ L⁄jßp LÙs[ÙUp T⁄˚U˙VÙ”m Ußl˙TÙ”m TZœRp Yi”m.

3.4. B£¨VoLs R≤VÙL •ÎNu SPjR˙YÙ R≤VÙo ®flY]eL∞p Lt©lT˙RÙ Cp˚X.

• B£¨VoLs R≤VÙL •ÎNu SPj’Y’ AY⁄˚PV Ts∞d·Pf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l

TÙßd°u\’.

• ˘NÙkRf ˘NV˚X ˙UmT”j’YRtLÙ] ˙SWm CpXÙUp ˙TÙ°\’.

• ˘NÙkR UÙQYoLfidœj R≤VÙL •ŸNu ˘LÙ”dœm˙TÙ’ Ts∞d·Pjßu A•lT˚Pj

Rj’YeLfidœ GßWÙLf ˘NVpT”Y’ ˙TÙufl B°\’

3.5. Ru‡˚PV NVpL∞¤m æoUÙ]eL∞¤m BßdLm N¤jß Æ”YÙoLs GuTRÙp GkR ÆRUÙ]

T¨—L˙[Ù ˙Yfl ERÆL˙[Ù YÙeœYßp˚X.

• TX˚] GßoTÙoj’d ˘LÙ”dLlT”m Æ˚X EVokR T¨—L˚[ B£¨VoLs

UÙQYoL∞P™⁄k˙RÙ Tt˙\ÙoL∞P™⁄k˙RÙ YÙeLd ·PÙ’.

3.6. ©\ B£¨VoLs œ±j˙RÙ, ˘T¨V AßLÙ¨Ls œ±j˙RÙ ˙R˚YVt\ œt\m ·flYßp˚X.

• J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo œt\m ·fl°u\ YZdLm B£¨VoLfid°˚P´p ˙R˚YVt\RÙœm.

• ©\ B£¨VoLfidœ GßWÙL ø⁄©dL ÿ•VÙR œt\eL˚[d ·flRp ·PÙ’.

• HRÙY’ J⁄ ©\ B£¨Vo / B£¨˚V´P™⁄k’ RYfl ˘RuT”˘U≤p AR˚] ÍjR

B£¨VoL∞u LY]jßtœd ˘LÙi”YW ˙Yi”m,

Page 23

Yœl◊ II

23

3.7. ©\ B£¨VoLs, UÙQYoLs, ˘Tt˙\ÙoLs CYoL∞u ÿu≤˚X´p NL B£¨V˚Wd œ˚\

·flYßp˚X.

• B£¨VoLs œ±j’ YflThP L⁄j’Ls C⁄dLXÙm. B]Ùp AYt˚\ Y∞lT”j’m ÿ˚\

N¨VÙ]RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

• ©\ B£¨VoLs Lt©dœm ÿ˚\˚Vd œ˚\ ·flm ÆRm ˙TNd·PÙ’.

3.8. ©\ B£¨VoL∞u Lt©jRp ÿ˚\L˚[ UßdL ˙Yi”m.

• £\lTÙLd Lt©lTYoL∞u ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ ÿ˚\T”jR‹m AlT•lThP £\l˚T

Eh˘LÙs[‹m ˙Yi”m. B]Ùp AYt˚\ ÿ›Y’m LiÍ•jR]UÙL Htfld˘LÙs[d

·PÙ’.

3.9. ©\ B£¨VoLs œ±jR R≤STo ÆTWeL˚[ CWL£VUÙL ˚YdL‹m, NhP√ßVÙLj

˙R˚YlT”m˙TÙ’ Uh”m Y∞lT”jR‹m Yi”m.

• HRÙY’ ˙R˚YdLÙLf ˙NL¨d°u\ NL B£¨VoL∞u R≤ STo ÆTWm CWL£V œQm

E˚PV˘R≤p A˚YL˚[f NhP√ßVÙ] ˘NVpLfidœ Uh”˙U ˘Y∞´”Rp ˙Yi”m.

1.14. Lt©jRp ˚L˙V” (Teaching Manual)

Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ CXh£VUÙLd ˘LÙi” Jq˘YÙ⁄ B£¨V⁄dœm —VUÙ] ÿ˚\´p

˘NVpTÙ”Ls E⁄YÙdL CVX ˙Yi”m. TÙPË≠¤m, B£¨Vo T‡Y≠¤m ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j Ru‡˚PV YœlT˚\´p Es[ œZk˚RLfidœ Ht\YÙfl UÙt\eLs ˘Nn’m,

·”Rp ˙Noj’m ˘NVpT”jߟm £\lT˚PVf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Lt\p A˚P˚Y

A˚PV‹m ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NVpL˚[j ßhP™P≠p EhT”jR ˙Yi”m.

Lt\p NVpTÙ”LfiPu Ußl©P˚XŸm Jufl Noj’j ßhP™h”f NVpTdLjßp G›R Yi”m.

˘RÙPo Ußl¿h•u YØVÙLd °˚Pd°u\ ÆTWeL˚[ A˚PVÙ[lT”j’Y˙R Ußl¿h”l Tœß´p

A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

A”j’Y⁄m J⁄ YÙWjßtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh˚P, Ts∞ Y[dœ› (SRG) TÙPdœ›

(Subject Councils) CYt±p ˘Y∞´”Y’ Sufl. J⁄ YÙW LÙXjߤs[ Ußl©”Rp Tœß´¤s[

ÆTWeL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙd° B£¨Vo J⁄ £fl ©WßT≠l◊ œ±l◊ (Reflection Note) RVÙWÙdL‹m

SRG´p ÆYÙßdL‹m ˘NnVXÙm. CkRd œ±l©u A•lT˚P´p B£¨V¨u ˘RÙPoßhP™Pp

œ±l◊ RVÙWÙdL ˙Yi”m.

Page 24

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

24

Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•u UÙߨ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

Lt©jRp ˚L˙V”

TÙPjßu ˘TVo :

SÙs :

˙SWm :

˚UVdL⁄j’.... :

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls :

L⁄j’Ls :

ß\uLs :

˘UÙØ Ei˚ULs (˘UÙØdœ Uh”m) :

˘UÙØ Y•YeLs (˘UÙØdœ Uh”m) :

Ußl◊Ls, U]lTÙu˚ULs :

Lt\p LڮLs :

GßoTÙodœm T˚Pl◊Ls :

˘NVpÿ˚\ TdLm Ußl¿h”l TdLm

˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Ußl©P¤m Ußl©hP RLYpL˚[

APe°V ˘NVpÿ˚\ Ceœ G›R ˙Yi”m

R˚X˚U B£¨V¨u JlTm B£¨Vo JlTm

Page 25

Yœl◊ II

25

©WßT≠l◊d œ±l◊ (Reflection Note)

G]’ LiP˚PRpLfim, TœjR±‹m. (Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u Ußl©Pp ˘NVpYØ °˚PjR

ÆTWeL∞u A•lT˚P´p)

•

•

•

•

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim, æo‹ LÙ‘m ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim

•

•

•

•

©WßT≠l◊d œ±l◊ .... GRtœ?

œ±l©hP Lt\p A˚P‹Lfid˙LtT Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ” ÿ›˚UVÙL ®˚\Y˚PkR ©u]˙W

©WßT≠l◊ RVÙWÙdœRp ˙Yi”m.

• CkRd œ±l◊L˚[ SRG ·hPjßp ˘Y∞lT”jRXÙm.

• ˘RÙPo ßhP™P¤dœ YØ YœdLXÙm.

• T⁄Y Ußl¿h•u J⁄e°˚Ql◊dœl TVuT”jRXÙm.

Page 26

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

26

˘UÙØd Lt\p A‘œÿ˚\

L⁄j˚R Y∞lT”jR‹m Eh˘LÙs[‹m ER‹m L⁄Æ˙V UÙØ. A±˚Y A˚PYRtœm £kR˚],

TiTÙ”, LtT˚] B°VYt˚\l ◊ßV TÙ˚R´p N¤j’YRtLÙ] YØLÙh•VÙL‹m UÙØd LpÆ

A˚U°u\’. NÍLjßp Ut\YoLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs[ œZk˚R ˘UÙØjß\˚] Y[oj’d

˘LÙs°\’. RÙu NÙokR NÍLjß≠⁄k˙R ˘UÙØjß\˚]d œZk˚R ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs°\’. GkR

˘UÙØ˚VŸm Ltfld˘LÙs[ ER‹m ß\u GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞Pÿm ©\Æ´˙X˙V Ei”. Cl©\Æj

ß\˚]l TVuT”jß˙V ˘UÙØ˚V GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim ˚LVÙfi°u\]. TX Y˚LVÙ] ˘UÙØf

„ZpL∞p ß\˚UVÙL‹m RVdL™u±Ÿm ©\⁄dœl ◊XlT”j’m ß\u ˘T\f ˘NnR˙X ˘UÙØd

Lt\≠u ˙SÙdLm.

1997˛98 ÿRp SU’ UÙ®Xjßp S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP TÙPHtTÙ” ∫W˚Ul©u TV]ÙLl TÙPjßhPm,

TÙPËp, Lt\pÿ˚\, Ußl¿” ˙TÙu\Yt±p ◊’˚UVÙ] UÙt\eLs Yk’s[]. T˚ZV Lt©jRp

E[ÆVp ÿ˚\dœ UÙ\ÙL UÙQYoLs —VUÙL A±YÙdLm ˘NnV YÙnlT∞dœm Y˚L´p ◊ßV

A‘œÿ˚\ A˚Uk’s[’. ÿ›˚U´≠⁄k’ Tœßdœ (Whole to Part) G‡m CkR

A‘œÿ˚\lT• RÙn ˘UÙØd LpÆ L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m ÍXm SPkR’. C’ T˚PlTÙt\˚X

FdœÆlTRÙL‹m YÙrd˚L˙VÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PVRÙL‹m A˚Ukß⁄kR’. ˘RÙPok’ 2007 Cp

S˚Pÿ˚\dœ YkR TÙPHtTÙ” Cmÿ˚\´≠⁄k’ ÿu˙]Ùd°f ˘Nufl ˘UÙØÿ›˚U

A‘œÿ˚\´u(Whole Language Approach) A•lT˚P´p ˘UÙØ˚V E⁄YÙdœm ß\u ˘T\

YØYœjR’ UÙQY≤u A±˚YŸm ˘UÙØ˚VŸm TVuT”jß Au\ÙP ®Lr‹L˚[Ÿm

T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞lT˙R Cm˘UÙØdLpÆ´u ˙SÙdLUÙœm.

—VUÙL YÙ£jRp, —VT˚Pl◊ TÙu\˚YLfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’m, YÙ£l◊, G›j’ CYt±p

˘T\ Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ EflߢNn’m J⁄ NUf∫o A‘œÿ˚\˚V (Balanced Approach) Rt˙TÙ˚RV TÙPHtTÙ” ∫W˚Ul©u ÿXm S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚R´u ˘UÙØ A±‹, £kR˚]j ß\u CYt±u Y[of£ Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ˘RÙPo◊˚PVRÙœm.

BL˙Y L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m, ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs, ˘UÙØd·flLs B°VYt±tœ

ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dœm ÆRm ˘UÙØ Yœl◊Ls S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”m. F°jRp, LtT˚] ˘NnRp,

Æ[dœRp, Y⁄¶jRp TÙu\ ß\uLs YLUÙL‹m, LtT˚] Y[j’P‡m TVuT”j’m YÙnl◊Ls

˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ÍXm œZk˚RLfidœd °˚PdL ˙Yi”m. Cl◊ßV A‘œÿ˚\ B£¨Vo

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A˚Udœm TÙ’ TÙ’YÙ] A‘œÿ˚\˚Vd L⁄jßt LÙi” —VUÙLf NVpTP

YÙnlT∞d°\’.

• G›jR±‹.

• ©\⁄dœl ◊¨Ÿm ÆRm SpX EfN¨l◊Pu YÙ£jRp.

• YÙ£j’d L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨Rp.

• CW£jRp.

• T˚Pl◊L˚[ E⁄YÙdœRp.

• ˙Lh”l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsfiRp.

• ˘NÙpY[m ˘T⁄dœRp.

• CXd°Vl T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm, L˚XY•YeL˚[Ÿm Ußl©”Rp.

• RLYp˘RÙPo◊ L⁄ÆL˚[l TVuT”jßj RLYp ˙NL¨jRp.

˙Ut·±V ß\uLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ UÙQYoLfidœ EflßlT”jR Ts∞d LpÆ

ÍXm CVX ˙Yi”m.

Page 27

Yœl◊ II

27

˘UÙØd LpÆ˛ BWmT Yœl◊L∞p

˘UÙØ AZ˚LŸm, T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm A±k’ LÙs[‹m —RkßWUÙ]l T˚Pl◊Lfidœ YÙnT∞dœm

ÆRÿm ˘UÙØdLpÆ „Zp BWmT Yœl◊L∞p A˚UV ˙Yi”m. ˘NnßjRÙsLs Utflm £flYo

CRrLs ®˚\kR YœlT˚\f „Z˚X A˚UdL ˙Yi”m. G∞V —˚YVÙ] L˚RLs, Lh”˚WLs,

LÆ˚Rs ˙TÙu\ ˘UÙØ Y•YeL˚[d œZk˚RLs ˘R¨k’˘LÙs[‹m T˚Pl◊L˚[f —VUÙL

E⁄YÙdL‹m YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. G›j’Ls, ˘NÙtLs, TVuTÙ”, ˘UÙØS˚P ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j

˙R˚Yd˙LtTf N¨VÙL‹m ’p≠VUÙL‹m TVuT”j’m ß\uL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[Wf˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

˘UÙØdLpÆ˛ EVo®˚X´p

YÙrd˚Lf „Z¤d˙LtTf £\kR ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØ˚Vd ˚LVÙ[‹m Tp˙Yfl CXd°V Y•YeL˚[

CW£dL‹m, Ußl©P‹m, T˚PdL‹m CXd°VeL˚[l Tt±V ÿ›˚UVÙ] A±‹˘T\‹m CkR

®˚X´p YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. ˙YflThP TiTÙh” Y•YeL˚[j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[‹m R]’

L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm, EQo‹L˚[Ÿm ˘Y∞´P‹m YÙnT∞dL ˙Yi”m. A•lT˚P ËpL∞≠⁄k’m

C˚QVR[eL∞≠⁄k’m RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨dL‹m J≠, J∞ FPLeLs, ß˚WlTPeLs

˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ußl©”YRtLÙ] ˘UÙØjß\u EVo®˚X´p ˘T\˙Yi”m.

˘UÙØ YœlT˚\ GqYÙfl A˚UV˙Yi”m

• L˚R, LÆ˚R ˘NÙp¤Rp S•l◊ ˙TÙu\Yt±tLÙ] YÙnlT∞jRp.

• ÆYÙRm, L⁄jRWeLm SPj’Rp.

• RLYp ˙NL¨jRp, CWN˚]dLÙL YÙ£jRp

• ˘NÙtLs, AYt±u TVuTÙh˚P F°j’l ˘TÙ⁄s Li”©•j’ ALWÙß TÙoj’l ˘TÙ⁄s

EflßlT”j’Rp.

• œfl SÙPLeLs G›R‹m, S•dL‹m TXY˚Ll T˚Pl◊Ls E⁄YÙd° ˙UmT”jß CRrLs,

—YolTjߨd˚LL∞p ˘Y∞´”Rp.

• L⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi”, L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞´”YRtLÙ] YÙnlT∞jRp.

• ˘TÙ’ Su˚U, L˚X CXd°VeLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹L˚[d ˙Lh”d L⁄j˚Rl

◊¨k’˘LÙsfiRp.

˙UmT”j’Rp

J⁄ œZk˚R T˚Pl˚T E⁄YÙdœm˙TÙ’ LY≤dL ˙Yi•V T•Ls.

• R≤VÙL G›’Rp.

• £X˚W YÙ£dLf ˘NnRp.

• œ›Æp YÙ£jRp ˛ RW ®oQVd œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Ußl©”Rp.

• œ›Æ¤s[ A˚]Y⁄m ˙Nok’ G›’Rp YÙ£jRp.

• B£¨Vo T˚Pl˚T ˘Y∞´”Rp.

• Jl©”Rp (B£¨Vo T˚Pl◊, œZk˚RLs G›ßV’)

• HRÙY’ J⁄ œ›Æu T˚Pl˚T A˚]Y⁄m ˙Nok’ ˙UmT”j’Rp.

• ©\ œ›dL∞u T˚Pl◊L˚[ AkRkRd œ›Æ]˙W ˙UmT”j’Rp.

• AYWYo R≤VÙL ÿR≠p G›ßV T˚Pl◊L˚[f ˘NVpÿ˚\ YØd °˚PjR A±Æu YØ

˙UmT”j’Rp. CR˚]l T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ˙NojRp.

Page 28

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

28

œZk˚RLs E⁄YÙdœm ˘UÙØ Y•YeL∞p HWÙ[m œ˚\TÙ”Ls HtTPXÙm. CR˚] Ußl©h”

˙UmT”jß]Ùp Uh”˙U œZk˚RL∞u G›j’j ß\˚] Y[Wf NnVÿ•Ÿm. T¨˙VÙoLs G›’m

T˚Pl◊L˚[ Y∞´”YRtœ ÿu]Ùp CqYÙfl UmT”j’Y’i”.

L⁄j’l©˚Z, YÙd°V A˚Ul◊l ©˚Z, NÙt©˚Z, G›j’l©˚Z TÙu\Yt˚\d L⁄jßp LÙi”

T˚Pl◊L˚[ ˙UmT”jR ˙Yi”m.

RÙn˘UÙØŸm, ©\˘UÙØŸm

˙LW[ UÙ®Xjßp Ts∞dLpÆ ÍXm T•dœm œZk˚Rdœ ÿm˘UÙØj ßhPj ßuT• RÙn˘UÙØ,

Be°Xm, ∂kß ˙TÙu\˚Y T•dL YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’. C’ Uh”™u± œZk˚RL∞u

Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtTl Tp˙Yfl CkßV UÙØL˚[Ÿm, Y∞SÙh” UÙØL˚[Ÿm T•lTRtLÙ] YÙnl◊

Ts∞d LpÆ´p Es[’. ˘Yq˙Yfl ˘UÙØL˚[d LtTRu ÍXm Tp˙Yfl TiTÙ”L˚[j ˘R¨k’

˘LÙs[d œZk˚Rdœ YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’.

œZk˚R´u GiQeLs, EQo‹Ls, L⁄j’Ls B°VYt˚\ ˘Y∞lT”jR ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ˘UÙØ

RÙn˘UÙØ˙V. BL˙Y RÙn˘UÙØdœl Ts∞dLpÆ´p ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RL∞u A±YÙdLjßtœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]’m RÙn˘UÙØ˙V.

Lt©dœm UÙØ

EVo LpÆ ˙TÙX˙Y Ts∞d LpÆ´¤m Be°Xm YØ Lt\p SPdL ˙Yi”m Gufl RY\ÙL

®˚]dœm ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] UdLs ˙LW[ UÙ®Xjßp Es[]o. B]Ùp, RÙn˘UÙØ ÍXm Lt\˙X

£\kR’ Gufl LpÆf £kR˚]VÙ[oLfim, E[ÆVp Yp¤]oLfim, R˚XYoLfim L⁄j’

˘R¨Æd°u\]o. Y[of£ ˘Tt\ EXLSÙ”L˚[l TÙojRÙp EVoLpÆ´¤m, A¤YXLeL∞¤m

øßUu\eL∞¤m RÙn˘UÙØ˚V˙V ©uTtfl°\ÙoLs. œZk˚Rl T⁄Ym ÿR˙X RÙn˘UÙØ ÍXm

Lt\Ùp A±YÙdLm ˙YLUÙL SPk’ ARuÍXm Í˚[ Y[of£ ’¨RlT”m. B]Ùp, Be°Xd

LpÆVÙp L⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙsYßp £WUm HtTh”d œZk˚R U]A›jRjßtœ Es[ÙLd Lt\pß\u

TÙßd°\’.

Page 29

Yœl◊ II

29

Lt\p (Learning) GuT’ œZk˚RL∞Pm CVpTÙL‹m ˘RÙPof£VÙL‹m SPdœm E[f ˘NVXÙœm.

Lt\p £\lT˚PV ˙Yi”˘U≤p œZk˚RLfidœ A∞dœm A‡TYeLs ˙SÙdLjßu

A•lT˚P´p A˚UV˙Yi”m. Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙi” AYoLs ˘T\˙Yi•V

ß\uL˚[Ÿm A±‹L˚[Ÿm Tt±V ˘R∞YÙ] A±‹ B£¨V⁄dœ C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄

TÙPlTœß´¤m œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ ÿu]˙W LiP±k’ Lt\p

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhP™P˙Yi”m. CkRf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ YÙrd˚Lf „Z˙XÙ” ˘RÙPo◊T”jßf

˘NVpT”jR˙Yi”m.

CqYÙfl ˘Tt\ ß\uLfim, A±‹Lfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ EflßT”jR ˙TÙ’UÙ]˚YVÙ? Lt\p

A˚P‹L˚[ ÿ›˚UVÙLl ˘T\ÙRYoLfidœ C≤ Gu˘]u] ˘RÙPo˘NVpTÙ”Ls A∞dL

˙Yi”m? GqYÙfl A∞dL ˙Yi”m? B£¨V¨u CqYÙ\Ù] £kR˚]Ls Ußl©”R¤dœ

YØYœd°\’.

Tp˙Yfl Ußl¿”Ls

J⁄ TÙPlTœß / AXœ T¨UÙt\jßtœl ©u]o UÙQYoLs Gu˘]u] Lt\]o? GuT˚R Ußl©”m

˘NV˚Xd Lt\˚X Ußl©”Rp (Assessment of learning) Gufl ·\XÙm. TÙPlTœß˚Vd Lt\©u

UÙQY≤u ß\u, Lt\p ®˚X ˙TÙu\˚Y Ceœ Ußl©PlT”°u\]. C’ Ußl©”R≠u J⁄

®˚X˙V Bœm.

C⁄l©‡m Lt\˚X EflßlT”j’YRtLÙ] Ußl¿h•tœd ·”Rp ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.

Lt\p SPd°u\ ˙Y˚[´p A’ ˙Uu˚UV˚PYRtLÙL B£¨V˙WÙ UÙQYoL˙[Ù ERYXÙm.

Lt\¤Pu SPdœm CkR Ußl©”R¤m ©uÚhPm (feed back) A∞jR¤m Ußl¿h•u ˙Y˘\Ù⁄

®˚XVÙœm. C˚Rd Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl©”Rp (Assessment for learning) Gufl ·\XÙm. C’ Lt\p

ÿu˙]t\U˚PVj ˘RÙPok’ S˚P˘T\˙Yi•V ˘NVp Bœm. C’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Lt\p

˘NVpTÙh”P‡m C˚Qk’ C⁄d°u\’.

Cj’Pu Lt\≠u YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tt\ L⁄j’dL˚[Ÿm ÿ•‹L˚[Ÿm —V ÆUoN]m ˘Nn’

UÙt\eL˚[ HtT”jß UmT”jR Yi”m. C’˙Y —VUßl©”Rp Bœm. CqYÙfl —VUßl©”Rp

YÙ´XÙL‹m Lt\p S˚P˘Tfl°\’. C˚R Ußl©”R˙X Lt\p (Assessment as learning) Gufl ·\XÙm.

Lt\p ·”Rp ˙Uu˚U˘T\ Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl©”Rp, Ußl©”R˙X Lt\p GuTYt±tœd ·”Rp

ÿd°Vj’Ym LÙ”dL Yi”m. CqYÙfl Lt\p Uu˚UV˚PVYRtLÙ] Ußl¿h”f NVpLfidœ

ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”dœm A‘œÿ˚\˚V˙V SÙm Htfld˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\

Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Eflß ˘NnYRtLÙ] Lt\p A‘œÿ˚\˚V SÙm Y•Y˚Udœm ˙TÙ’ ARtœl

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm SÙm ©uTt\ ˙Yi”m. B˚LVÙp Lt\p

A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dœm Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\˚V (outcome focused assessmentapproach) Htfld˘LÙs[ Yi”m. Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd LÙi” Y•Y˚UdLlThP

Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p UÙQY≤u ÿ›˚UVÙ] Te˙Lt◊ EflߢNnVlT”°\’. ÆUoN]

ÿ˚\´XÙ] £kR˚], Ÿdß ÈoYUÙ] £kR˚], Lt\≠u ©WßT≠l◊, ˘Y∞´”Rp, Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl

˘RÙPo◊T”j’m A±‹ B°V˚Y˙V CkR A‘œÿ˚\´u £\l◊L[Ùœm.

˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿” (CCE)

˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿h” ÿ˚\˙V Ts∞L∞p S˚Pÿ˚\l T”jRlT”°\’. Lt\p

˘NVp œZk˚RL∞Pm ˘RÙPof£VÙL SPd°\’. G]˙Y ß\uLfim A±‹Lfim GkR A[‹

A˚Pk’s[ÙoLs GuT˚Rl T¨˙NÙßdœm Ußl¿”m ˘RÙPok’ S˚P˘T\˙Yi”m. œZk˚R´u

Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\

Page 30

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

30

ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£ GuT’ A±‹, NÍLm, U]m NÙokR Y[of£˙V Bœm. Ußl¿h•u

ÿ›˚U˚VŸm ˘RÙPof£˚VŸm EflßlT”jR ˘RÙPoUßl¿h•p CWi” ÿd°VUÙ]

UiPXeL˚[d L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

CCE UiPXeLs

1. A±‹ NÙokR UiPXm.

2. NÍL, E[m NÙokR UiPXm.

C˚Y Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm ƨYÙLl TÙol˙TÙm.

A±‹ NÙokR UiPXm (BWmT ®˚X)

œZk˚R Ltœm GpXÙl TÙPeLfim A±‹NÙo UiPXjßu Th•V≠p EhT”m. ˘UÙØ, A±ÆVp,

L¶Rm, NÍL A±ÆVp, L˚XdLpÆ, T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ, B˙WÙd°Vm ˙TÙu\ GpXÙl

TÙPeL˚[Ÿm CkRl Tœß´p EhT”jRXÙm. Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPj˙RÙ”m ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Lt\p

A˚P‹L˚[d LiP±k’ AYt˚\ GkR A[‹ œZk˚RLs Ttfls[ÙoLs Gu\ Ußl¿” SPjRlTP

˙Yi”m. Ceœ CWi”ÆRUÙ] Ußl¿”Ls S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”m.

1. ˘RÙPo Ußl¿” (CE)

2. T⁄Y Ußl¿” (TE)

˘RÙPo Ußl¿” (CE)

BWmT ®˚X´p ˘UÙØd Lt\p HWÙ[UÙ] ß\uL˚[l ˘TflYRtLÙL S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi•Ÿs[’.

C˚Y L⁄j’Ls, Ei˚ULs, Tp˙Yfl A±‹ UiPXeLs T˚Pl◊Ls GuT]YÙœm. CYt˚\

EhT”jRÙUp ˘UÙØj ß\uL˚[ ÿ•‹ ˘NnV CVXÙ’. ˙Lh”m YÙ£j’m L⁄j’L˚[

Eh˘LÙsfiRp, Tf— G›j’ ÍXm A˚R Y∞´”Rp, T˚Pl◊Ls Y∞´”Rp TÙu\ ß\uLs

˘UÙØdLt\p ÍXm Y[Wf NnV˙Yi”m. BL˙Y UÙØdLt\p GuT˚R NÙRÙWQ ß\uL[ÙL˙YÙ

A±‹ R⁄T˚YVÙL˙YÙ Y˚Wÿ˚\lT”jRd ·PÙ’.

Ceœ Íufl ÿ˚\´XÙ] ˘RÙPo Ußl¿”Ls SPjRlTP˙Yi”m.

• ˘NVpÿ˚\ Ußl¿”

• T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ (Port folio) Ußl¿”

• AXœ Ußl¿” (Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤s[ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Ußl©”Rp)

C˚Y Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm ƨYÙLl TÙol˙TÙm.

˘NVpÿ˚\ Ußl¿”

Lt\p Y˚[´p NVpÿ˚\˚V Ußl©”Rp ™L‹m ÿd°VUÙœm. Lt\p NVpÿ˚\´u

GpXÙf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm Ußl©Pj ˙R˚YVÙ] ERÆL˚[ A∞dL˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄

L⁄j’⁄YÙdLd LhPjߤm œZk˚RL∞u L⁄j’Ls ˘Ttfld˘LÙiP ß\uLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\

Ußl©PXÙm. —VUßl¿h•tœm TWvTW Ußl¿” ˘NnYRtœm B£¨Vo Ußl¿” ˘NnYRtœm

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Ußl¿h”d œ±l◊L˚[ AXœL∞u A•lT˚P´p E⁄YÙd°l TVuT”jR˙Yi”m.

˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[ Ußl©P ˘TÙ’YÙLd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm.

1. ˘NVpTÙh•p œZk˚RL∞u Te˙Lt◊ (˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Htfl G”jRp, R≤ STo ˘NVp

˙Uu˚U, œ› D”TÙ”, L⁄j’lT¨UÙt\m)

2. L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹

3. ß\uLs ˘TflRp

4. ˘Y∞´”Rp

5. Tß‹ ˘NnRp / RVÙWÙdœRp

Page 31

Yœl◊ II

31

˘NVpÿ˚\˚V Ußl©P ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLlThP œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘NV˚XŸm

Ußl©h”, B£¨V¨u Ußl¿h”l TdLjßp Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SPdœm ˙Y˚[´p

˙R˚YVÙ]Yt˚\d œ±j’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m. œZk˚RL∞u ˙SÙh”l◊jRLj˚Rf

˘NVpUßl¿h•tLÙ] Lt\p NÙu\ÙLl TVuT”jR˙Yi”m. T⁄Y (Term) ÿ•Æp Uh”˙U CYt˚\j

RWUÙL UÙt± ARtLÙ] AhPY˚Q´p œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.

• T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Ußl¿”

Lt\p ˘RÙPoTÙLd œZk˚RLfidœm ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœm B£¨V⁄dœm ©uÚhPm (feedback)A∞lTRtœl T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ TVuT”m. C’ Lt\˚X ˙YLUÙdL ER‹m. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

YÙ´XÙLd LPk’ Np¤m TÙ’ E⁄YÙœm GpXÙl T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm T˚Pl◊j RÙœl©p EhT”jß

Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. TÙPm ˘RÙPoTÙ] Lt\p NÙuflLfim Cßp APeœm.

T˚Pl◊j RÙœl©p

• ˙SÙh”l◊jRLm

• ©\ Lh”˚WLs (R≤STo T˚Pl◊, ˙Uu˚UlT”jßV’)

• ©\ Lt\p NÙuflLs (TPeLs, ˙NL¨l◊)

• Lt\p NÙuflL˚[ Ußl©Pd œZk˚RLs E⁄YÙd°V Ußl¿h”d œ±l◊Ls

• T˚PlTÙt\p Lh”˚WLs

• T´t£j RÙsLs (Work Sheet)

˙TÙu\˚Y APeœm.

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚T Ußl©”YRtœd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[d œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm.

• L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹

• ÿ•‹L∞u J⁄e°˚Ql◊

• £\kR Y•Y˚Ul◊

• ÿ›˚U

• R≤jRu˚U

˘NVpÿ˚\, T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ CYt±u RWm ®oQ´dœm ÿ˚\

˘NVpÿ˚\L∞u Ußl¿”, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Ußl¿” ˙TÙu\Yt±p Jq˘YÙ⁄ RW®oQVd

œ±l˚TŸm ™Lf £\kR’ / £\kR’ / NWÙN¨ / C≤Ÿm £\lTÙL ˙Yi”m ˙TÙu\ A[Æu

A•lT˚P´p 4/3/2/1 ◊s∞Ls A∞dL˙Yi”m.

5 ˘NVpTÙh”j RW®oQVd œ±l◊Ls Jq˘YÙu±¤m 4/3/2/1 G] Ußl˘Ti A∞j’ ˘UÙjRm 20

Ußl˘Ti G]d LQd°P ˙Yi”m.

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ÿ˚\´p Ußl˘Ti˚Qj RWUÙL UÙt\XÙm.

Ußl˘Ti NR≈Rm RWm

15-˛20 75-- ˛ 100 A12 ˛ 14 60 ˛ 74 B9 ˛ 11 45 ˛ 59 C7 ˛ 8 33 ˛ 44 D

Below 7 Below 33 E

J⁄ T⁄Yjßu ˘NVpÿ˚\˚VŸm, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚TŸm ÿ›˚UVÙLd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi”,

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ±l©tœm Ußl˘Ti A∞j’j RWUÙL UÙt\ Yi”m. Lt\p NVpTÙh•p UÙQY≤u

ß\u, E⁄YÙd°V T˚Pl◊Ls TÙu\˚Y Ußl¿” NnV B£¨V¨u Lt©jRp L˙V”, UÙQY≤u

˙SÙh”l◊jRLm ˙TÙu\Yt±u Es[PdLj˚R B£¨Vo TVuT”jRXÙm.

Page 32

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

32

(1) B£¨Vo Lt©jRp L˙Vh•u Æ[dLm (Teaching Manual)

Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[ ÷hTUÙLj ßhP™P‹m ˘RÙPo Ußl¿h˚Pf £\lTÙLf ˘NnV‹m B£¨Vo

Lt©jRp ˚L˙V” RVÙ¨dL ˙Yi”m. CRtœj Rt˙TÙ’s[ Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh˚Pf ∫W˚UdL

˙Yi”m. Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•p ∏˙Zj RWlTh”s[Yt˚\ EhT”jRXÙm.

1. Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

2. L⁄j’Ls / ÿ•‹Ls

3. ß\uLs

4. U]lTÙu˚ULs / StTi◊Ls

5. Lt\p ’˚Qd L⁄ÆLs

6. GßoTÙodœm T˚Pl◊Ls

7. ˙SWm

8. ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Ußl©”R¤m APe°V ˘NVpTÙh”l

TdLÿm Ußl¿h” ÆTWeLs APe°V Ußl¿h”l TdLÿm

9. Ußl¿h”l TdLjßu ÆYWeL∞u A•lT˚P´p ©WßT≠l◊d

œ±l◊Ls

B£¨Vo Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•p Ußl¿h•tœj ˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄ÆLs L⁄j’⁄YÙdLjßtLÙ] Lt\p

˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ßhP™Pp, Ußl¿h”f „ZpLs, EjßLs ˙TÙu\˚Y C⁄dL˙Yi”m.

(2) TÙPeLs RÙPoTÙ] SÙh”l◊jRLm Tt±V Æ[dLm

A±‹ UiPXj˚R Ußl¿” ˘NnVl TVuT”j’m ÿd°VUÙ] L⁄Æ˙V UÙQYoL∞u

˙SÙh”l◊jRLm. Jufl CWi” Yœl◊L∞p Lt\p ˘NVpLfidœ HtTl Tp˙Yflf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[

®˚\‹ ˘NnV ˙SÙh”l◊jRLm TVuT”°\’. ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßu YÙ´XÙLd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l

˘Tflm YÙnl◊ UÙQYo Lfidœd °˚Pd°\’. TÙPl◊jRLjßp RWlTh”s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f

˘NnYRu ÍXm UÙQYu Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘Ttfls[Ùu GuT˚R B£¨VWÙp Eflß ˘NnV

CV¤m. B˚LVÙp Íufl SÙuœ Ik’ Yœl◊L∞p TÙPm ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˙SÙh”l ◊jRLeL˚[

Ußl¿h•tœ EhT”jR˙Yi”m. ˘NVpTÙh•u YÙ´XÙL E⁄YÙ] T˚Pl◊Ls ˘RÙPoTÙ]

Æ[dLeL˚[ UÙQYu œ±j’ ˚YlT’m CkR ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßp RÙu.

LÙXY˚WV˚\dœs B£¨Vo A˚P‹L˚[ Ußl©h”d Lt\p ÿu˙]t\j ßtLÙ] A±‹˚WL˚[Ÿm

ERÆL˚[Ÿm A∞dL ˙Yi”m. AXœ ÿ•Y˚PŸm ˘TÙ›’ AkR AXœ ˘RÙPoTÙ] Lt\p

A˚P‹Ls A˚]j˚RŸm UÙQYu ˘TtflÆhPÙ]Ù GuT˚R A±V ER‹m L⁄ÆVÙL

˙SÙh”l◊jRLm UÙ\˙Yi”m.

L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹, „Z¤dœm L⁄j’Lfidœm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Æ[dLm, —V £kR˚]L∞u ˘Y∞¬”,

J⁄e°˚Ql◊ ˙TÙu\˚Y ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßp C⁄dL˙Yi”m. L⁄j’L˚[j ˘R∞YÙL

˘Y∞´P˙Yi”m. L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm £kR˚]L˚[Ÿm ÿ›˚UVÙL ˘Y∞´”Rp, ˘RÙPof£VÙ]’m

Ju±t˘LÙufl ˘RÙPo◊s[ Æ[dLeLs B°V˚Y Y⁄UÙfl ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjߤs[ œ±l◊Ls

A˚UV˙Yi”m.

• AXœ Ußl¿”

Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤m, TXÆRd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘TflYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl

˘RÙPo◊lT”jßd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. CRtœ J⁄ ÿ›˚UVÙ] œQm Ei”. Ko AX˚L

Ußl©”YRu YÙ´XÙL CkR ÿ›˚U˚V Ußl¿” ˘Nn°˙\Ùm. YÙn˘UÙØ Ußl¿”, Æ]Ù•Æ]Ù,

ß\kR ◊jRL Ußl¿”, LsÆLs RVÙ¨jR¤m Tßp Li”©•jR¤m, ◊ßV T˚Pl◊L˚[ Ußl©”Rp

˙TÙu\˚Y AXœ Ußl¿h•p EhT”m. œ±l©hP AX°p Lt\p A˚P‹L∞p œZk˚RLs Ge˙L

Page 33

Yœl◊ II

33

C⁄d°u\]o GuT˚R A±Vj RW®oQV A[‹˙LÙp (Rating Scale) B£¨Vo NÙR˚]l Th•Vp

(Check list) CYt˚\l TVuT”jRXÙm.

AX˚L Ußl©Pd œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p ◊s∞Ls A∞j’ T⁄Yjßu (Term) Cflß´p

Tß˙Yh•p Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m Ju±tœ ˙UtThP AXœL˚[ Ußl©h”, AXœ Ußl¿h•u

NWÙN¨˚Vl T⁄Yjßu (Term) Cflß´p Tß‹ NnRÙp TÙ’m. CRtœ HtTj RW®oQV œ±l◊L˚[

B£¨Vo RVÙWÙdL ˙Yi”m. CqYÙfl œ±l◊L˚[j RVÙ¨dœm ˘TÙ›’ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[

GqY[‹ Ttfls[Ùu GuT˚R A±V ÿd°Vj’Ym LÙ”dL˙Yi”m. CkR Íufl T⁄YeL∞¤m

(Term) °˚PjR ˘UÙjRl ◊s∞Lfidœ HtTj RWm (Grade) ˘LÙ”j’ œZk˚R´u ˘RÙPoUßl¿h•u

RWj˚Rd (Grade) Li”©•dL Yi”m. L˚XdLpÆ, T¶A‡TYd LpÆ B˙WÙd°V Æ˚[VÙh”d

LpÆ ˙TÙu\ TÙPeLfidœm C˙R ÿ˚\´p RWm (Grade) A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

˘RÙPo Ußl¿h”j RWm LiP±Ÿm ÿ˚\ (CE Grade)

Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPjßu ˘NVpÿ˚\, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊, AXœ Ußl¿” ˙TÙu\Yt±p Jq˘YÙu±u

RWj˚Rd LQd°hP©u AYt˚\ A,B,C,D,E Gu\ RWjßtœ ÿ˚\˙V 5/4/3/2/1 G] Ußl˘Ti

A∞dLXÙm. CqYÙfl °˚Pdœm ˘UÙjR Ußl˘Ti¶u A•lT˚P´p LtTY¨u CE RWm

Li”©•dLXÙm.

CE RWm =°˚PjR Ußl˘Ti

X 100˘UÙjR Ußl˘Ti

G”j’dLÙhPÙL J⁄ œZk˚Rdœj R™Øp ˘NVpÿ˚\, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊, AXœ Ußl¿”

˙TÙu\Yt±tœ ÿ˚\˙V A,B, B G]d ˘LÙiPÙp °˚PjR Ußl˘Ti 5+ 4 +4 =13 Bœm. ˘UÙjR

Ußl˘Ti 15 Bœm. RW Ußl˘Ti (NR≈Rjßp) = = 86.67 Bœm. Th•Vp A•lT˚P´p

R™ØtLÙ] CE °˙W” A Bœm.

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”j’s[ Th•V˚X ET˙VÙ°j’ CE RWm LQd°PXÙm.

RW Ußl˘Ti NR≈Rm RWm

12- ˛ 15 75-- ˛ 100 A9 ˛ 11 60 ˛ 74 B7 ˛ 8 45 ˛ 59 C5 ˛ 6 33 ˛ 44 D

Below 5 Below 33 E

T⁄Y Ußl¿” (TE)

T⁄Y Ußl¿h•p UÙØl TÙPeL∞p Ußl©P Yi•V AX°u Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´p

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs, ˘UÙØd ·flLs, ˘UÙØj ß\uLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ußl¿”

˘NnV˙Yi”m. Es[PdLm, ß\uLs CYt±tœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’l Tp˙Y\Ù] ˙LsÆL˚[

EhT”jRXÙm. A±ÆVp TÙPeLfidœl T⁄Y Ußl¿h•p Ußl©P Yi•V AXœL∞u Es[PdLl

TœßL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” Lt\p A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’d ˙LsÆLs

RVÙo ˘Nn’ Ußl¿” ˘NnVXÙm.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ AXœ/L⁄j’ UiPXjßtœ E¨V ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’l Tp˙Y\Ù] E[f NVpLfidœ

(A±‹, AX£ BWÙnk’ ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄Rp, A±Æu TVuTÙ” T˚Pl◊j ß\u Ußl©”Rp ˙TÙu\

E[f ˘NVpLs) RœkR ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’ J⁄ ◊©¨uh RVÙo ˘Nn’ TXÆRUÙ] ˙LsÆLs

RVÙ¨dL Yi”m. LsÆLfidœl TÙ⁄jRUÙ] RW ®oQV œ±l◊Ls E⁄YÙd° AR]•lT˚P´p

Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

L˚XdLpÆ, T¶A‡TYd LpÆ, —LÙRÙWd LpÆ TÙu\ TÙPeL˚[f Nnÿ˚\´u A•lT˚P´p

T⁄Y Ußl¿” ˘NnV˙Yi”m. C˚Rf ˘NVpÿ˚\ Ußl¿” (Performance Assessment) Gufl ·\XÙm.

13 X 100

15

Page 34

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

34

ARtLÙ] UÙߨLs AkRkRl TÙPeL∞u ˚L˙Vh•p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. L˚XdLpÆ,

T¶A‡TYdLpÆ, —LÙRÙWd LpÆ ˙TÙu\ TÙPeLfidœ CkR ÿ˚\´p RWm A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

Ußl¿h•tLÙ] Tp˙Yfl T•YeLs (BWmT ®˚X)

T⁄Yjßp J⁄ ÿ˚\ Uh”˙U RWeL˚[d œ±l©hP T•Yjßp A˚PVÙ[lT”jR ˙Yi”m. 1

ÿRp 4 Y˚W Yœl◊L∞p T•Ym F1 J⁄ T⁄Yjßp J⁄ ÿ˚\ Tß‹ Nn’ Cß≠⁄k’ CE RWÿm TERWÿm Bi” J⁄e°˚Ql◊l T•Yjßp (T•Ym F3) UÙt± G›RXÙm. TÙPeL∞u Ußl˘Ti˚Q

Uh”UpXÙUp œZk˚R´u NÍL U] A[ÆXÙ] £\kR œ±l◊L˚[Ÿm Bi” J⁄e°˚Ql◊l

T•Yjßp A˚PVÙ[lT”jRXÙm. 5 ÿRp 8 Y˚WŸs[ Yœl◊L∞p Bi•p J⁄ RP˚Y Jq˘YÙ⁄

TÙPjßu Ußl˘Ti˚Ql T•Ym F2˛p A˚PVÙ[lT”jßV ©u, Bi” J⁄e°˚Ql◊l T•Ym

F4˛p UÙt± A˚PVÙ[lT”jR ˙Yi”m.

TÙPeL˚[ SPj’m B£¨VoL˙[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ T⁄Yjߤm F2 p Tß‹ ˘Nn’ Yœl◊ B£¨V⁄dœ

A∞dL Yi”m. YœlTÙ£¨Vo AR˚] J⁄e°˚Qj’ F4˛p A˚PVÙ[lT”jR Yi”m. Tp˙Yfl

Y•YeLs LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

TE-RWm ®oQ´dœm ÿ˚\

T⁄Y Ußl¿h•u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˙LsÆL∞u RW ®oQV œ±l◊Lfidœ Ußl˘Ti A∞j’ 4/3/2/1

ARu A•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ NVpTÙ”Lfidœm RWm LQd°P Yi”m. UÙjR RWm Ußl˘Ti

A•lT˚P´p TÙPjßu RWm LQd°P ˙Yi”m. ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”j’s[ ÿ˚\´p RWm. gradeLQd°PXÙm.

RW ◊s∞Ls (NR≈Rjßp) RWm

75 ˛ 100 A60 -˛ 74 B45 -˛ 59 C33 -˛ 44 D

33dœ œ˚\YÙL E

Ußl¿” ˛ Y⁄P J⁄e°˚Ql◊ (BWmT ®˚X)

T⁄Y Ußl¿h•p °˚Pdœm CE ◊s∞Ls / RWj˚Rd LQd°h” 3 T⁄Yjߤm œZk˚Rdœd °˚PjR

™L‹m EVokR ◊s∞ / RWj˚R Y⁄PjßtLÙ] RÙPo Ußl¿h•u UÙjR RWUÙL A∞dL Yi”m.

ÿRp T⁄Yjßp J⁄˙Y˚[ œ˚\kR °˙W” YÙe°V J⁄ œZk˚R ©u]o Lt\≠p ÿu˙]±

Y⁄m˘TÙ›’ CE˛Cp œZk˚R´u RWj˚R ˙UmT”jR ˙Yi”m. œZk˚R RWjßp ˙Uu˚U

˘Ttfls[Ùu GuT˚R ˙UtTÙo˚Y YÙ´XÙL Eflß ˘NnV˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©‡˚PV‹m

Y⁄P J⁄e°˚Ql◊ T•Ym ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[’.

NÍL E[m NÙokR UiPX Ußl¿” (BWmT ®˚X)

A±‹ UiPXj˚Rl ˙TÙX˙Y ™L‹m ÿd°VUÙ] Ju˙\ NÍL ˛ E[ UiPXjßu Ußl©”Rp.

Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning together, Learning to be ˙TÙu\ ß\uL˚[d LY]jßp

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. NÍL U]√ß UiPXeL∞u Ußl¿h”Pu ˘RÙPo◊ T”jßd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[

ß\uL˚[ Ußl¿” ˘NnVXÙm.

1. L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\jß\u (Coummunication Skills)

2. R≤STo ß\u (Interpersonal Skills)

3. T¨‹ (Empathy)

4. EQo‹LfiPu Jj’l˙TÙRp (Coping with emotions)

5. æoUÙ]˘U”jRp (Decision making)

Page 35

Yœl◊ II

35

6. U] A›jRj˚Rj Gßo ˘LÙsfim ß\u (Coping with Stress)

7. T˚PlTÙt\p ß\u (Creative thinking Skills)

8. ÆUoN] √ß´XÙ] £kR˚] (Critical thinking)

9. ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\u (Problem Solving Skills)

10. —V ˙UXÙi˚U (Self - Management)

A±‹NÙo UiPXjßu TÙPeL˚[ SPj’m B£¨V˙W CYt±u Ußl¿h˚PŸm ˘NnV˙Yi”m.

AkRkRl TÙPeL∞u NVpÿ˚\˚V Ußl¿” NnŸm TÙ˙R CkR Ußl¿h˚PŸm NnV˙Yi”m.

Ce˙L ˘NVpß\˚] Ußl¿” ˘NnY’Pu StTi◊Ls U]®˚XLs ˙TÙu\˚Y E⁄YÙœm ÆRm

Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

NÍL E[ UiPXjßp UÙQYu ˘Tt\ £\l◊ CVp◊L˚[ LiP±k’ Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙQY≤u SpX ß\uL˚[ FdœÆdL˙Yi”m. C’ RÙPoTÙL B£¨Vo œ±l˙Th•p

œ±dL ˙Yi”m. NÍL E[ UiPXeL˚[ Ußl¿” ˘Nn’ Y⁄P J⁄e°˚Ql◊ AhPY˚Q´p

œ±dL Yi”m. CRtLÙ] T•Yjßp œ±l©hP LhPm RWlTh”s[’. UÙQY‡˚PV Lt\p Rof£

A±d˚L´¤m C’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] SpX œ±l◊Ls A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

Page 36

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

36

b) ˘

RÙP

o U

ßl¿

” (

CE)

, T

⁄Y

Uß

l¿

” (

TE)

˙T

Ùu

\˚

Y J

q˘

YÙ⁄

T⁄

Yjß

¤m

Tß

‹ ˘

Nn

V E

R‹

m

TÙP

j ˘

RÙP

oT

Ù]

J⁄

e°

˚Q

l◊ T

•Y

m (F

2)

T⁄

Ym

1/2

/3

TÙP

m ..................................................... Y

œl◊ ......................................... ©

¨‹

...............................

Gi

UÙQ

Y≤

u

TV

oCE

˘NVp ÿ˚\

T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl◊

AXœUßl¿”

CE RWm

TE RWm

Remark

Page 37

Yœl◊ II

37

Y⁄

P J

⁄e

°˚

Ql◊ T

•Y

m (5 ˛

8 Y

œl◊) ˛ F

3

Yœ

l◊

:©

¨‹

:

Y⁄

Pm

:

Page 38

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

38

Ußl¿”

A‘œÿ˚\ : Lt\p A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym

A∞dœm A‘œÿ˚\

˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿” CCE

A±‹ UiPXm NÍL E[ UiPXm

˘RÙPo T⁄Y

Ußl¿” Ußl¿”

CE TE

♦ ˘NVpÿ˚\ ♦ L⁄j’Ls

♦ T˚Pl◊j ♦ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

˘RÙœl◊ ÿR≠V˚Y

♦ AXœ

1. L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\jß\u.

2. R≤ STo ß\u.

3. T¨‹.

4. EQo‹LfiPu Jj’l ˙TÙRp.

5. U] A›jRj˚R Gßo

˘LÙsfim ß\u

6. æoUÙ]˘U”jRp.

7. ©WfN˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘Rp.

8. ÆUoN] √ß´XÙR £k˚R.

9. T˚PlTÙt\p ß\u.

10. —V ˙UXÙi˚U.

Page 39

Yœl◊ II

39

Yœl◊ II (R™r)

TÙPl T°o‹ AhPY˚Q

AXœ : 1 GeL Fo TÙXÙœUÙ? 20 SÙhLs

AXœ : 2 ≈” SpX ≈” 23 SÙhLs

AXœ : 3 Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu 15 SÙhLs

ÿRp ®˚X Ußl¿”

AXœLs 1, 2, 3

(7 ®Lr‹Ls Y˚W)

AXœ : 3 ˘RÙPof£... 5 SÙhLs

AXœ : 4 E´o YÙZ 15 SÙhLs

AXœ : 4 ˘RÙPof£... 8 SÙhLs

¡sTÙo˚Y 12 SÙhLs

AXœ : 5 ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L 17 SÙhLs

AXœ : 6 UkßW U˚Z 15 SÙhLs

CWiPÙm ®˚X Ußl¿”

AXœLs 3, 4, 5, 6

AXœ : 6 RÙPof£.... 5 SÙhLs

AXœ : 7 T£j’l ◊£ 16 SÙhLs

AXœ : 7 ˘RÙPof£ 3 SÙhLs

AXœ : 8 Èm Èm Yi• 15 SÙhLs

AXœ : 8 ˘RÙPof£... 6 SÙhLs

¡sTÙo˚Y Cflß ®˚X Ußl¿”

_¯u

_¯˚X

BLv”

˘NlPmTo

Ad˙PÙTo

SYmTo

•NmTo

_]Y¨

©lWY¨

UÙof

T⁄Ym UÙRm AXœ T°o‹ ˙R˚YlT”m SÙhLs

Íu

\Ùm

T⁄

Ym

CWi

PÙm

T⁄

Ym

ÿRp

T⁄

Ym

Page 40

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

40 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?AXœ 1

CkßVÙÆp ˘T⁄mTœßŸm °WÙUeL˙[. °WÙUj˚RlTt±

A±k’˘LÙsYRtœm D”TÙ” ˘LÙsYRtœm ER‹m ÆRjßp CqYXœ

Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

°WÙUjßu CVt˚LVZœ, °WÙUl◊\ Æ˚[VÙh”Ls, °WÙU UdL∞u

˘RÙØpLs ˙TÙu\˚YTt±V L⁄j’⁄YÙœUÙfl TÙPlTœßŸm

˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLl-Th”s[].

1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W´XÙ] GiL˚[d ·\‹m G›R‹m,

˘T¨V’ £±V’ LiP±V‹m, CWi•XdL GiL˚[l

Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Æ[dL‹m, ·hPp LØjRp

°¨˚VLs ˘NnV‹m, G∞Vÿ˚\˚Vd LiP±Ÿm

L¶Rd L⁄j’L˚[ A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m ER‹m

ÆRjßp CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

CqYX°u YÙ´XÙL...

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs ˛ TÙPp, Æ”L˚R

˘UÙØjRı\uLs : JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[

YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”j’Rp, ◊ßV NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœRp

Page 41

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

41

LÙX AhPY˚Q

AXœ 1 ˛ GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ? (R™r ˛ „r®˚X´Vp)

G]’ Fo (L¶Rm)

®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs

1. ˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ 3

2. J⁄ Æ”ÿ˚\d LÙXjßp (L¶Rm) 2

3. F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm 2

4. SÙPL AWeœ (L¶Rm) 1

5. Gu] BhPm BPXÙm? 2

6. GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh” (L¶Rm) 3

7. GeL AlTÙ... AmUÙ 3

8. ˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ (L¶Rm) 3

19 SÙhLs

AXœ Ußl¿” 1 SÙs

˘UÙjRm 20 SÙhLs

Page 42

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

42 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

1. F¨u CVt˚L AZ˚L Yo¶dœm TÙP˚Xj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’, UhP˚Uj’/TÙ”Y˚Rd Lh”l

TÙ”°\ÙoLs.

2. TÙP≠p CPm˘Ttfls[ JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.

3. Lt\ ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jßl ˘TÙ⁄[˚UkR ÿ›˚UVÙ] YÙd°VeL˚[ E⁄YÙd°

G›’°\ÙoLs.

4. ˙LhP/YÙ£jR Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P G›’°\ÙoLs.

5. LiP/LÙ‘m LÙh£L˚[ G∞V YÙd°VeL∞p Æ[d°f ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

6. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’/YÙ£lT˚Rd Lh” Aߤs[ L⁄j’L˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs/

G›’°\ÙoLs.

7. ˘LÙ”dLlThP „Z¤dœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ◊ßV L⁄jR˚UkR YÙd°VeLs G›’°\ÙoLs.

8. ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ NÙtL∞u TÙ⁄s ◊XlT”UÙfl ÿ›˚UVÙ] YÙd°VeLs G›’°\ÙoLs.

9. N¨VÙ] J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”L˚[l TVuT”jßl ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

10. ˘UÙØ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.

11. TP YÙ£l©u YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tt\ L⁄j’L˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

12. LXk’˚WVÙPpL∞p Te˙Ltflj Rm L⁄j˚Rd ·fl°\ÙoLs.

13. YÙ£l◊l TœßL˚[j RY±u±j ˘R∞YÙ] EfN¨l˙TÙ” YÙ£d°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

1. Rm F¨¤s[ CVt˚LV˚Ul◊ (Bfl, œ[m, U˚X, œufl...) Tt±d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

2. CWi” CVt˚LV˚Ul◊L˚[ Jl©h” AYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ Jtfl˚U ˙Ytfl˚UL˚[l

Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

3. ReLs F¨p Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh”L∞u ˘TVoL˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

4. Tp˙Yfl ˘RÙØpL∞u ˘TVoL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

5. ReLs F¨¤s[ ˘TÙ’f ˙N˚Y ˚UVeL∞u ˙Y˚XL˚[ ÆY¨d°\ÙoLs.

6. AYt±u YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tflm ˘TÙ’f˙N˚YL˚[ C]m LÙi°u\]o.

L¶Rm

1. 1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W Y¨˚NVÙL Gi‘°u\]o; YÙ£d°u\]o; G›’°u\]o,

2. J⁄ œ±l©hP Gi¶≠⁄k’ Y¨˚NVÙL Gi‘°u\]o; YÙ£d°u\]o. G›’°u\]o.

3. Tp˙Yfl Gi‘m ÿ˚\L∞p ·fl°u\]o (Æh”, 2 Æh”, 5 Æh”, 10 Æh”)

4. CPUßl◊ A±k’ GiL˚[l ©¨j˘R›’°u\]o.

5. CWi•XdL GiL˚[ UÙflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ[dœ°u\]o.

6. CWi•XdL GiL˚[ Jl©”m ÿ˚\˚V Æ[dœ°u\]o.

Page 43

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

43

7. CWi•XdL Gi˚Ql Tp˙Yfl GiL∞u RÙ˚LVÙL Gi¶¤m G›jߤm G›’°u\]o,

8. GiL˚[ Hfl Y¨˚Nd˙LtT A”dœ°u\]o.

9. K¨XdL GiL∞u ·hPp, LØjRp ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹LÙi°u\]o.

10. S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ Li” Æ[d°d ·fl°u\]o.

11. U]dLQdLÙLf ˘Nn’ ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.

12. ·hPp ˘RÙPoTÙ] ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹LÙ‘m G∞V ÿ˚\L˚[d Li”©•d°u\]o.

L˚XdLpÆ

1. ◊s∞L˚[ C˚Qj’l TPm Y˚W°\ÙoLs.

2. TPeLfidœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh”°\ÙoLs.

Page 44

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

44 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789

AX

œ Y

˚X

fNh

Pm

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

1 GeL F

o ˙TÙXÙœ

UÙ?

R™

r

$°

WÙU

jß

u G

Ø˚

X Y

o¶

dœ

m T

ÙP˚

Xl

TÙ”

Rp

, R]

’ °

WÙU

jß

u £

\l◊Ls

.

$°

WÙU

eL∞

p Tp

˙Y

fl Æ

˚[

VÙh

”Ls

Æ˚

[V

ÙPl T

”°

u\]

.

$Æ

˚[

VÙh

”j

˘

RÙP

oT

Ù]

T

p˙

Yfl

Æ”

L˚

RLs

Es

[]

.

$°

WÙU

jß

p T

p˙Y

fl

RÙØ

p

Nn

TY

oLs

Es

[]

o.

$J

q˘

YÙ⁄

˘

RÙØ

≠tœ

m A

Rt˙L E

¨V

£\l◊Ls

Ei

”.

$T

p˙

Yfl

˘

TÙ’

f˙

N˚

Y

˚U

Ve

Ls

°WÙU

jß

p ˘

NV

pT”

°u

\]

(Ae

Li

YÙ•

, A

gNX

Lm

, Ts

∞d·

Pm

,

BWm

Tf—LÙR

ÙW ®

˚X

Vm

)

$˘

TÙ’

f˙

N˚

Y

˚U

Ve

L[

Ùp

SU

dœ

Tp

˙Y

fl ˙

N˚

YLs

°˚

Pd°

u\]

.

L˚

XdLp

Æ

$°

WÙU

jß

u A

Z˚

Ll T

Pm

Y˚

WRp

$"˘

LÙh

•d°

Pdœ

m ˙

TWZ

œ'

TÙP

˚X

l

TÙ”

Rp

, LX

k’

˚WV

Ù”

Rp

, R]

’

L⁄

j’

L˚

[d ·

flRp

.

$Æ

”L˚

R Æ

˚[

VÙh

”L∞

p D

”T”

Rp

.

$J

jR

K˚

NŸ

˚P

V

˘NÙtL˚

[d

Li

”©

•jRp

.

$˘

NÙp

¤e

Ls

, ˙

Yfl

Æ

˚[

VÙh

”Ls

Æ˚

[V

Ùh

”

Æ”

L˚

RLs

˙

TÙu

\

˘NV

pTÙ”

L∞

p D

”T”

Rp

.

$Tp

˙Y

fl Æ

˚[

VÙh

”Ls

Æ˚

[V

Ù”Rp

.

$˘

RÙØ

pLs

˘

RÙP

oT

Ù]

Æ

”L˚

RLs

E⁄

YÙd

œRp

.

$˘

NÙp

Æ˚

[V

Ùh”

L∞

p T

e˙Lt\p

.

$œ

±l

◊L∞

u

A•

lT

˚P

´p

˘RÙØ

pL˚

[d

Li

”©

•jRp

.

$Y

Ùd°

Vjß

p T

Vu

T”

jß

G›

’Rp

.

$"F

⁄dœ

s˙[

E

tNÙLm

' TÙP

lTœ

ß˚

V

YÙ£

jRp

.

$˘

NÙt

Ls

E⁄

YÙd

œRp

˘NV

pTÙ”

.

$Y

˚WRp

˘NV

pTÙ”

; Y

iQ

m æ

h”

Rp

.

$°

WÙU

jß

u A

Z˚

L Y

o¶

dœ

m T

ÙP˚

Xl

TÙ”

°u

\]

o.

$LX

k’

˚WV

ÙP

p

YÙ´

XÙLj

RU

’

°WÙU

jß

u £

\l◊L˚

[d ·

fl°

u\]

o.

$C

Vt˚

LV

˚U

l˚

Tl T

t±

V Æ

”L˚

RLs

G›

’°

u\]

o; ·

fl°

u\]

o.

$J

jR K

˚NŸ

˚P

V ˘

NÙtL˚

[d Li

”-

©•

j’

d ·

fl°

u\]

o; G

›’

°u

\]

o.

$TÙP

˚X

˘U

hP

˚U

j’

l T

Ù”°

u\]

o.

$TÙP

≠p

Y

k’

s[

Æ

˚[

VÙh

”L˚

[d

·fl

°u

\]

o; G

›’

°u

\]

o.

$T

ÙP

≠p

Y

WÙR

Æ˚

[V

Ùh

”L˚

[d

·fl

°u

\]

o; G

›’

°u

\]

o.

$R]

dœ

l ©

•jR Æ

˚[

VÙh

˚P

Æ˚

[V

Ù-

”Y

’ G

lT•

G]

d ·

fl°

u\]

o; Æ

˚[

VÙ-

”°

u\]

o.

$Æ

˚[

VÙh

”j ˘

RÙP

oTÙ]

Æ

”L˚

RLs

·fl

°u

\]

o; G

›’

°u

\]

o.

$˘

UÙØ

Æ˚

[V

Ùh

”L∞

p

D”

Th

”

˘NÙtL˚

[Ÿ

m

YÙd°

Ve

L˚

[Ÿ

m

G›

’°

u\]

o.

Page 45

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

45

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

$˘

RÙØ

pL˚

[l T

Ùh•

V≠

”°

u\]

o.

$˘

LÙ”

dLlTh

”s

[ ˘

NÙt

L∞

u ˘

TÙ⁄

s

◊X

lT”

UÙfl

ÿ›

˚U

VÙ]

YÙd

°V

eL˚

[

G›

’°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$Y

Ù£

l◊

l

Tœ

ßL˚

[j

RY

±u

±j

˘R∞

YÙ]

EfN¨l˙TÙ”

YÙ£

d°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$N¨

VÙ]

J

≠j’

˚Q

d œ

±¬

”L˚

[l

TV

uT

”jß

l ◊

ßV

˘

NÙtLs

G

›’

°-

\Ùo

Ls

.

$T

P

YÙ£

l©

u

YÙ´

XÙLl

˘

Tt\

L⁄

j’

L˚

[

Æ[

dœ

°\ÙoLs

/G›

’-

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$LX

k’

˚WV

ÙP

pL∞

p T

e˙

Ltfl

j Rm

L⁄

j˚

Rd ·

fl°

\Ùo

Ls

. G

›’

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$◊

s∞

L˚

[ C

˚Q

j’

l T

Pm

Y

˚W-

°u

\]

o.

$TP

jß

tœ

l ˘

TÙ⁄

jRU

Ù] Y

iQ

m æ

h”

-

°u

\]

o.

Page 46

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

46 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789

AX

œ Y

˚X

fNh

Pm

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

L¶

Rm

$1 ÿ

Rp

99 Y

˚WŸ

s[

Gi

L˚

[l T

t±

V

A±

‹. G

iLs

˘

RÙP

oTÙ]

L¶

Rl©

Wf-

£˚

]Lfi

dœ

j æ

o‹

LÙQ

ER‹

m.

$J

ufl

Lfi

˚P

V‹

m ◊

jRLfi

˚P

V‹

m

œ›

dLs

˙

Nok’

C

Wi

•X

dL G

iLs

E⁄

YÙ°

u\]

.

$C

Wi

•X

dL G

iL∞

p Y

X’

TdL G

i

Ju

flL˚

[Ÿ

m

CP

’T

dL

Gi

Tj’

L˚

[Ÿ

m œ

±l©

”°

u\]

.

$C

PU

ßl©

t˙

LtT C

Wi

” G

iL∞

p

˘T¨V

’/£

±V

’ G

’ G

ufl

Li

”©

•d-L

ÆV

¤m

$G

iL˚

[l

T

p˙

Yfl

ÿ

˚\L∞

p

Æ[

dœ

Rp

.

$C

Wi

•X

dL

Gi

L∞

p

˘T

¨V

Gi

˚Q

Ÿm

£

±V

G

i˚

QŸ

m

˙Y

flT”

jß

ÆV

¤m

.

$C

Wi

” K

¨X

dL G

iL∞

u ˘

RÙ˚

L

Li

”©

•dLÆ

V¤

m.

$œ

±l

©h

P

Gi

¶d˚

LŸ

s[

˘TÙ⁄

hL˚

[ G

i¶

G”

jRp

, Y

Ù£jRp

,

Æ”

Th

P G

i˚

Q ®

Wl◊Rp

.

$J

⁄ œ

±l©

hP

Gi

¶≠

⁄k’

Y¨˚

NV

ÙL

G›

’Rp

.

$Tj’

Ls

U

tfl

m J

ufl

L∞

u œ

›dL˚

[

Etfl

˙SÙd

° G

i‘

Rp

, G

›’

Rp

.

$˘

TÙ⁄

hL˚

[l

T

j’

U

tfl

m J

ufl

m

œ›

dL[

Ùd°

C

Wi

•X

dL G

iL˚

[

E⁄

YÙd

œRp

. C

Wi

” G

iL∞

p ÿ

R≠

p

Tj

˚RŸ

m

A˚

Y

NU

UÙ]

Ùp

Ju

flL˚

[Ÿ

m J

l©

h”

l ˘

T¨V

G

i/

£±

V G

i L

i”

©•

jRp

.

$C

Wi

•X

dL

Gi

L˚

[l

T

jß

u

œ›

dL[

ÙL‹

m J

u±

u œ

›dL‹

m RWm

©¨j’

d L¶

Rl ©

Wf£

˚]

dœ

j æo‹

LÙ‘

Rp

.

G.L

Ù. 3

7 =

30 +

7

$1

ÿRp

99 Y

˚W Y

¨˚

NV

ÙL G

i‘

-

°u

\]

o, G

›’

°u

\]

o. Y

Ù£d°

u\]

o.

$J

⁄ œ

±l©

hP

Gi

¶≠

⁄k’

Y¨˚

NV

ÙL

Gi

‘°

u\]

o;

G›

’°

u\]

o.

YÙ£

d-

°u

\]

o.

$T

p˙

Yfl

G

iQ

p

ÿ˚

\L∞

uT

•

·fl

°u

\]

o (1 Æ

h”

, 2 Æ

h”

, 5 Æ

h”

, 10

Æh

”)

$C

PU

ßl

©t˙

LtT

G

iL˚

[l

©¨j˘

R›

’-°

u\]

o.

$C

Wi

•X

dL

Gi

L˚

[

UÙfl

Th

P

ÿ˚

\L∞

p Æ

[dœ

°u

\]

o.

$C

Wi

•X

dL G

iL˚

[ J

l©

”m ÿ

˚\˚

V

Æ[

dœ

°u

\]

o.

$C

Wi

•X

dL

Gi

˚Q

l

Tp

˙Y

fl

Gi

L∞

u

˘RÙ˚

LV

ÙL‹

m

Æj

ßV

Ù-

NU

ÙL‹

m

Gi

¶¤

m

G›

jß

¤m

G›

’°

u\]

o.

$G

iL˚

[l

˘

T¨

Vß

t˙

LtT

A

”dœ

-

°u

\]

o.

Page 47

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

47

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

$C

Wi

•X

dL G

iLs

U

tfl

m K

¨X

dL

Gi

L∞

u

Æj

ßV

ÙNm

Li

”©

•dL

ÆV

¤m

.

$G

iLs

˘

RÙP

o◊

˚P

V

S˚

Pÿ

˚\l

©WfN˚

]dœ

j æ

o‹

LÙQ

XÙm

.

$K

¨X

dL G

iL∞

u ·

hP

p LØ

jRp

°¨˚

VL˚

[ U

]dLQ

dLÙL

f ˘

Nn

VX

Ùm.

$C

Wi

” K

¨X

dL G

iL∞

u ·

hP

˚X

l

Tp

˙Y

fl ÿ

˚\L∞

p ·

hP

XÙm

.

$G

iL˚

[

Jl

©h

”

CWi

•X

dL

Gi

L∞

p ˘

T¨

V G

i˚

QŸ

m £

±V

Gi

˚Q

Ÿm

Li

”©

•jRp

, H

fl C

\e

œ

Y¨˚

N´

p G

›’

Rp

.

$©

Wf£

˚]

˚V

l T

œl

TÙn

‹ ˘

Nn

’m

˘TÙ⁄

hL˚

[l TV

uT”

jß

Ÿm

·

hP

p

LØ

jRp

°¨˚

VLs

˘Nn

Rp

.

$„

Z¤

d˙

LtT

l

Tœ

lT

Ùn

‹

˘Nn

’

°¨˚

VL˚

[ U

]dLQ

dLÙL

f ˘

Nn

Rp

.

$Tjß

u œ

›dL[

Ùd°

d ·

hP

p L

Qdœ

Ls

˘Nn

Rp

.

$K

¨X

dL G

iLs

˘

RÙP

oTÙ]

·

hP

p,

LØ

jRp

©

Wf£

˚]

Lfi

dœ

j

æo‹

LÙi

°u

\]

o.

$S˚

Pÿ

˚\l ©

Wf£

˚]

dœ

j æo‹

Li

”

Æ[

dœ

°u

\]

o.

$U

]dLQ

dLÙLf ˘

Nn

’ ©

Wf£

˚]

dœ

j

æo‹

LÙi

°u

\]

o.

$·

hP

p °

¨˚

VLs

˘

Nn

YRtLÙ]

G

∞V

YØ

ÿ˚

\L˚

[d L

i”

©•

d°

u\]

o.

Page 48

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

48 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789

AX

œ Y

˚X

fNh

Pm

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

„r®˚

X´

Vp

$°

WÙU

jß

p œ

ufl

, U

˚X

, LP

tL˚

W, B

fl

œ[

m

˙T

Ùu

\Y

t±

p

H˙

R‡

m

£X

A˚

Ukß

⁄dœ

m.

$C

Wi

”

CV

t˚

LV

˚U

l◊

Lfi

dœ

C˚

P˙V

£

X J

tfl

˚U

Ls

˙Y

tfl

˚U

Ls

Es

[]

.

$°

WÙU

eL∞

p Tp

˙Y

fl Æ

˚[

VÙh

”Ls

Æ˚

[V

ÙPlT”

Y’

i”

.

$J

q˘

YÙ⁄

°

WÙU

jß

¤m

TX

˘

RÙØ

pLs

˘Nn

TY

oLs

Es

[]

o.

$T

p˙

Yfl

˘

TÙ’

f˙

N˚

Y

˚U

Ve

Ls

°WÙU

jß

p ˘

NV

pT”

°u

\]

.

(Ae

Li

YÙ•

, A

gNX

Lm

, Ts

∞d·

Pm

,

BWm

T —

LÙR

ÙW ®

˚X

Vm

)

$TP

j˚

R E

tfl

˙SÙdœ

Rp

, L[

lTV

Qm

˘Np

¤Rp

, LX

k’

˚WV

Ù”Rp

,

˘NV

pT

Ù”

:

Ei

PÙ

Cp

˚X

VÙ?

(Ah

PY

˚Q

)

˘NV

pTÙ”

: ˙

Yfl

TÙ”

(Th

•V

≠”

Rp

)

$œ

[m

B

fl ˙TÙu

\Y

t±

t°

˚P

˙V

Ÿs

[

Jtfl

˚U

Y

tfl

˚U

L˚

[l T

h•

V≠

”Rp

.

˘NV

pT

Ù”

:

˘NÙp

¤e

Ls

, ˙

Yfl

Æ˚

[V

Ùh”

Ls

.

$Tp

˙Y

fl Æ

˚[

VÙh

”L∞

u

TV

oL˚

[d

·fl

Rp

, G

›’

Rp

.

˘NV

pTÙ”

; S

Ùu V

Ùo?

$Tp

˙Y

fl ˘

RÙØ

pL∞

u ˘

TV

oL˚

[l

Th

•V

≠”

Rp

.

$T

Pe

L˚

[l

T

Ùoj’

m,

˙S¨

p ˘

Nu

fl

TÙo˚

Y´

h”

m,

RLY

p

ßWh

•Ÿ

m

˘TÙ’

f˙N˚

Y ˚

UV

eL∞

u ˙

Y˚

XL˚

[

G›

’Rp

.

$Rm

F

¨¤

s[

C

Vt˚

LV

˚U

l◊ (B

fl,

œ[

m, U

˚X

, œ

ufl

) Tt±

d ·

fl°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$C

Wi

” C

Vt˚

LV

˚U

l◊L˚

[ J

l©

h”

AY

t±

t°

˚P

˙V

Ÿs

[

Jtfl

˚U

˙Y

tfl

˚U

L˚

[l T

h•

V≠

”°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$Re

Ls

F

¨p

Æ

˚[

VÙ”

m

Æ˚

[V

Ùh

”L∞

u

˘T

VoL˚

[d

·fl

°\Ùo

Ls

; G

›’

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$T

p˙

Yfl

˘

RÙØ

pL∞

u ˘

TV

oL˚

[l

Th

•V

≠”

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$Re

Ls

F

¨¤

s[

˘

TÙ’

f˙

N˚

Y

˚U

Ve

L∞

u

˙Y

˚X

L˚

[

ÆY

¨d°

\Ùo

Ls

.

Page 49

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

49

L˚RdL[m

®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

R™rf ˘NpÆ ThPQjßp T•d°u\Ùs. Ts∞ Æ”ÿ˚\ BWmTUÙ]’. ""AlTÙ..

G]dœl TÙh•˚Vl TÙodL‘m... °WÙUj’dœl TÙL‘m'' R™rf˘NpÆ AlTÙÆPm

˘Lg£]Ùs. ""SÙm SÙ˚[dœl TÙh•˚Vl TÙodL AjßÎ⁄dœl ˙TÙ°˙\Ùm'' AlTÙ

£¨j’d LÙi˙P ·±]Ùo. ""AlTÙ... °WÙUjßp Yfl Gu˘]u] TÙodLXÙm?'' NpÆ

BoYj’Pu ˙LhPÙs. AlTÙ °WÙUjßu AZ˚Ll TÙhPÙLl TÙ•]Ùo.

TÙPlTœß :

°WÙUjßu AZ˚L Yo¶dœm '˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ' TÙPp.

®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

R™rf ˘NpÆ AlTÙ‹Pu AjßÎo °WÙUj˚R YkR˚PkRÙs. TÙh•˚Vd

Lh•jR›Æ]Ùs. ""TÙh•... TÙh• GlT• C⁄d∏eL?'' ""SpXÙ C⁄d˙LiPÙ... Gu

˘NpXm''. TÙh• AY˚[j RPÆd ˘LÙ”jRÙs. R™rf ˘NpÆ YkR ÆYWm A±kR

SiToLs K• YkR]o. R™rf ˘NpÆ´u Au◊j ˙RÙØ Læ_Ù AY˚[ A˚Zj’d

˘LÙi” ÿt\jßtœ YkRÙs.

L¶Rl Tœß :

≈h” ÿt\jߤs[ ˘Sp≠UWjR•dœ YkR]o. ˘Sp≠dLÙnL˚[l ˘TÙfld°

G”jR]o.

®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

˘Sp≠UWjR•´p AYoLs ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘Sp≠dLÙnL˚[l ˘TÙfld° G”jR]o.

""G]dœ F˚Wf —t±lTÙodL B˚NVÙ C⁄dœ'' R™rf ˘NpÆ ˙LhPÙs.

""A’d˘Lu]... SÙu ·h•d°h”l ˙TÙ°˙\u''. ¿hPo ·±]Ùu. AYoLs F˚Wf

—t±lTÙodLf ˘Nu\]o. „oVÙ‹m ˙LÙ°XÙ‹m AYoLfiPu C˚QkR]o.

TÙPlTœß :

F¨¤s[ øfNpœ[jßtœf ˘Np¤Rp (F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm)

Page 50

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

50 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

A˚]Y⁄m øfNpœ[jßp œmUÙ[m ˙TÙhP]o. R™rf ˘NpÆ ™L‹m

U°rf£V˚PkRÙs. ""R™rf ˘NpÆ, SÙm UÙ˚X´p SÙPLm TÙodLf ˘Np˙YÙUÙ?''

Læ_Ù ˙LhPÙs. ""SÙPLUÙ? Ge˙L?'' R™rf ˘NpÆ ˙LhPÙs. ""Su˚U °[l©u 25

Bm Bi”ÆZÙ. Aeœ RÙu SÙPLm SPdLl˙TÙ°\’'' „oVÙ ·±]Ùu, ''N¨...N¨..

UÙ˚X´p ˙TÙLXÙm'' R™rf ˘NpÆ NmUßjRÙs.

L¶RlTœß :

A˚]Y⁄m SÙPLm TÙodL Su˚U °[l©tœf Nu\]o. AYoLs SÙPL AWe°tœs

÷˚ZkR]o ˛ "SÙPL AWeœ'.

®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

SÙPLm TÙojR©u A˚]Y⁄m ≈h•tœj ß⁄m©]o. ""SpX SÙPLm'' R™rf ˘NpÆ

·±]Ùs. ""AmUÙYÙL S•jR Ti GqY[‹ A⁄˚UVÙL S•jRÙo'' „oVÙ ·±]Ùu.

AYoLs Ntfl SWm SÙPLj˚Rl Tt±l T£]o. ARu©u UflSÙs Gu] NnVXÙm

G] B˙XÙ£jR]o. Æ˚[VÙPXÙm G]j æoUÙ]m G”jR©u ≈h•tœf ˘Nu\]o.

TÙPlTœß :

Æ˚[VÙPj æoUÙ≤jR SiToLs Jufl ·•]o. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m Jq˘YÙ⁄

Æ˚[VÙh˚Pd ·±]o ˛ Gu] BhPm BPXÙm?

®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

K•VÙ• Æ˚[VÙ•]o. L˚[j’l TÙ´]o. ""K•VÙ•d L˚[lTÙL C⁄dœ. EhLÙok’

Æ˚[VÙPXÙm'' LÙ°XÙ ·±]Ùs. ""BUÙ... BUÙ.. EhLÙok’ Æ˚[VÙ”˙YÙm' Læ_Ù

·±]Ùs, ""Gu] Æ˚[VÙPXÙm?'' R™rf ˘NpÆ ˙LhPÙs. ""Gu°hP GiLh˚P

Es[’'' „oVÙ ·±]Ùu. A˚]Y⁄m EhLÙokR]o.

L¶RlTœß :

AYoLs A˚]Y⁄m ≈h”j ßi˚Q´p AUok’ GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh”

Æ˚[VÙ•]o.

Page 51

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

51

®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

AYoLs Ntfl˙SWm GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙ•]o. A”j’ Gu]

˘NnVXÙm? AYoLs B˙XÙ£jR]o, ""SÙu J⁄ Æ”L˚R Lh°˙\u. Æ˚P NÙpX

ÿ•ŸUÙ?'' Læ_Ù NYÙp ÆhPÙs. AYoLs UÙ± UÙ± Æ”L˚RLs ˙LhL

BWm©jR]o. Æ”L˚R Æ˚[VÙh” BWmTUÙ]’.

L¶RlTœß :

AYoLs TÙh• TÙh”d˘LÙi” Æ”L˚RLs LhL BWm©jR]o "GeL AlTÙ

˛ AmUÙ.'

®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

Æ”ÿ˚\ ÿ•k’ R™rf NpÆ F⁄dœf Np¤m SÙs S⁄e°V’. R™rf NpÆ

R]’ Y⁄jRj˚R SiToL∞Pm ˘R¨ÆjRÙs. ""˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ ÿ•k’ ˙TÙLXÙm''

Læ_Ù ·±]Ùs. TÙh•Ÿm AqYÙ˙\ ·\j R™rf ˘NpÆ SÙhL˚[ Gi¶]Ùs.

TÙPlTœß :

R™rf˘NpÆ SÙhLÙh•˚V G”jRÙs. ˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙÆu SÙhL˚[Ÿm

ThPQjßtœf ˘Np¤m SÙ˚[Ÿm Gi¶l TÙojRÙs. "˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ'.

ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹

˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ ÿ•kR’. R™rf˘NpÆ R]’ TÙh•´Pÿm SiToL∞Pÿm

Æ˚P˘Ttfll ThPQjßtœj ß⁄m©]Ùs. AYs A”jR Æ”ÿ˚\˚V

Gßo˙SÙd°´⁄kRÙs.

YœlT˚\dœf ˘Np¤mÿu...

Ko AX˚Lj ˘RÙPeœYRtœ ÿu AqYX°tLÙ] L˚RdL[j˚R

ÿ›˚UVÙL YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙Lt\YÙfl L⁄j’f £˚RVÙUp ·\

˙Yi”m.

˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆL˚[ ÿu]˙W RVÙ¨j’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m.

NÙoh•p G›R ˙Yi•V TœßL˚[ ÿu·h•˙V G›ß ˚YdL

˙Yi”m.

Page 52

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

52 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

®Lr‹ ˛1

˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ

CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ ˛ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 1, 2

L˚XdLpÆ ˛ 17˛18

TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸm ÿu...

˙LÙ˚PÆ”ÿ˚\ ÿ•k’ Ts∞ BWmTUÙœm Cq˙Y˚[´p œZk˚RLfiPu Æ”ÿ˚\dLÙX

A‡TYeL˚[d ˙Lh”l ©u]o TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm.

• Æ”ÿ˚\´p øeLs Gu˘]u] ˘NnæoLs?

• E\Æ]oLs ≈h•tœf ˘Nu\YoLs GjR˚]˙To?

• Æ”ÿ˚\´p øeLs ™L‹m W£jR’ Gu]?

• —tflXÙf ˘Nu\YoLs VÙo VÙo?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh” œZk˚RLfiPu CVpTÙL E˚WVÙ”eLs. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm

·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. EeLfi˚PV Æ”ÿ˚\ A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RL∞Pm ·fleLs.

EeL˚[l TÙu\ J⁄ œZk˚R R™rf˘NpÆ R]’ Ts∞ Æ”ÿ˚\dœ Geœf Nu\Ùs R¨ŸUÙ?

G]d˙Lh”,

®Lr‹ Ju±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs ARu ©u.

• R™rf˘NpÆ´u AlTÙ °WÙUj˚Rl Tt± Gu]˘YpXÙm TÙ•´⁄lTÙo Gufl ˙LfieLs.

œZk˚RLs œ[m, YVp, U˚X, œ•˚N, BhLs Gu\ G’ ˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m ·\h”m. œZk˚RLs

·flY˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´˙XÙ T—mTX˚L´˙XÙ G›’eLs.

EeL∞p VÙo VÙo ·±V’ N¨ Gufl TÙol˙TÙm G]d·±l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

TP YÙ£l◊

œZk˚RLs TPj˚R Etfld LY≤dLh”m. TPjßu A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.

• TPjßp øeLs Gu˘]u] LÙi°»oLs?

• Gu˘]u] E´¨]eLs TPjßp Es[]?

• ˘TiLs Gu] ˘Nn’˘LÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs?

œZk˚RL∞u EtfldLY≤dœm ß\u Y[W Cf˘NVpTÙ” ER‹UpXYÙ?

˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ

R™rf˘NpÆ´u AlTÙ °WÙUj˚Rl Tt±l TÙ•]Ùo ApXYÙ? AYo TÙ•V TÙh˚Pd ˙LfieLs

G]d·±l TÙP˚X ˘Uh”Pu TÙ•d LÙi©ŸeLs. œZk˚RLs ˙LhLh”m.

©•jR Y¨ G’? Hu?

CWiPÙm Yœl◊d œZk˚RL˚[l TÙfljRUh•p TÙP≠p "©•jRY¨ G’?' G]d˙LhPÙp TÙP˚Xd

˙Lhœm ˘TÙ›’ ˙LhL C≤˚UVÙL C⁄dœm Y¨L˚[ Uh”˙U ·flYÙoLs. AkR Y¨´u

L⁄j’L˚[ Eh˘LÙi” ·flY’ Ntflf £WUm RÙu. G]˙Y TÙP≠p EeLfidœl ©•jR Y¨˚Vd

·± ARtLÙ] LÙWQj˚RŸm ·\˙Yi”m. ARu ©u]od œZk˚RLs ReLfidœl ©•jR Y¨˚Vd

Li”©•j’d ·± ARu LÙWQj˚RŸm Æ[dLh”m.

Page 53

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

53

TÙPp A±ÿLm GqYÙ˘\pXÙm?

B£¨Vo TÙP œZk˚RLs ˙LhPp...

B£¨V⁄Pu ˙Nok’ TÙ”Rp

œZk˚RLs œ›YÙLl TÙ”Rp

œZk˚RLs R≤VÙLl TÙ”Rp

EWdLl TÙ”Y’ VÙo Gufl NYÙp G›l©l TÙP˚YjRp

J⁄ Y¨˚V B£¨Vo TÙP, A”jR Y¨˚Vd œZk˚RLs TÙ”Rp.

J⁄ œ› ÿRpTjß˚Vl TÙP, A”jR œ› CWiPÙm Tjß˚Vl

TÙ”Rp

˘NÙp¤eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RLs RU’ °WÙUj˚Rl Tt± A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m, EtfldLY≤j’j R]’

°WÙUjßu AZ˚L W£dL‹m £\l◊L˚[d ·\‹m ER‹m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. ◊jRLjßp £X Æ]ÙdLs

RWlTh”s[]. A’Uh”Uu± U¤m Æ]ÙdLs RVÙ¨j’d œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs. GpXÙd

œZk˚RLfim ·\ YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtLs

TÙP˚X A±ÿLm ˘NnR ©u œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL YÙ£j’l TÙP≠p Y⁄m JjR K˚NŸ˚PV

˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m. ARu ©u R≤VÙL G›ßVYt˚\ C⁄Yo œ›Æp

T¨˙NÙßdLh”m. H˙R‡m CWi” œ›dLs "JjR K˚NŸ˚PV NÙtL˚[' Y∞´Ph”m. œZk˚RLs

G›’YRtœf £WUm HtThPÙp Ju\Ùm Yœl©¤s[ "K˘W›j’ UÙt±]Ùp' ˘NVpTÙh˚P ®˚]‹

T”j’eLs.

LÙp ˛ TÙp ˛ YÙp

Yi” ˛ Li” ˛ Ri”, œi”

"˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ' TÙP≠p Yk’s[ JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtLs.

LÙt±≤˙X ˛ ˙Nt±≤˙X

œ⁄Æ ˛ A⁄Æ

œh• ˛ ˘LÙh• ˛ øh• ˛ TÙh•

˘NeL⁄m◊ ˛ ˘Nq˘Yflm◊

..................................... ˛ ....................................................................

ARu©u TÙPlTœß´p RWlTh”s[ £X ˘NÙtLfidœ ®LWÙ] JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d

œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLd Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

Page 54

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

54 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”j’eLs

RWlTh”s[ NÙt˘\ÙP˚Wl TVuT”jßl ◊ßV YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœY’ GuT’ CWiPÙm Yœl◊d

œZk˚RL˚[l TÙfljRUh•p BWmTd LhPUÙœm. BRXÙp ™L‹m LY]UÙLf NVpTP Yi”m.

J⁄ NÙp˚Xl TVuT”jß YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœm NVpTÙ”Ls Sp°V ©u]˙W Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P

SpL ˙Yi”m.

Y˚[k’ ˘S∞k’ ˛ YV≠u S”˙Y Bfl Y˚[k’ ˘S∞k’ ˘Np°\’

TWk’ ƨk’ ˛ ÍQÙ±p ˙R´˚Xj˙RÙhPm TWk’ ƨk’ LÙQlT”°\’

œ≤k’ ®™ok’ ˛ œ≤k’ ®™ok’ EPtT´t£ ˘NnRRÙp EPp Y¤Y˚PkR’

Í•jß\k’ ˛ ˙T]Ù˚Y Í•jß\k’ Æ˚[VÙ•VRÙp ˙T]Ù ∏˙Z Æ›kR’

ÿh•˙UÙß ˛ Y˚[dœs ALlThP G≠ ÿh•˙UÙß ˘Y∞˙VYW ÿVu\’

SÙu VÙo?

œZk˚RLfidœ Æ”L˚R˘Vu\Ùp ™L‹m ©•dœm. Ju\Ùm Yœl◊ ÿRp œZk˚RLs Tp˙Yfl

Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚PLÙQ‹m Æ”L˚RLs E⁄YÙdL‹m ˘Nn’s[]o. Cf˘NVpTÙh•p Y⁄m

Æ”L˚RLfidœd œZk˚RLs Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m. ˙U¤m TX Æ”L˚RLs ßWh• J⁄

˘RÙœlTÙdLh”m. Æ”L˚Rj ˘RÙœl©u A•lT˚P´p Æ”L˚Rl ˙TÙh• SPjRXÙm.

VÙo ˘T¨VYu?

œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. J⁄ œ›Ætœ U˚Z Guflm A”jR œ›Ætœ ˘Y´p

Guflm ˘TV¨”eLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m AR‡˚PV £\l◊L˚[d ·\h”m. AqYl˙TÙ’ øeLs

NÙoh•p G›’eLs.

U˚Z ˘Y´p

• •

• •

• •

• •GkRdœ› AßLm £\l◊L˚[d LiP±kR’ G]d ˙LfieLs. AkRd œ›˙Y ˘Yt± ˘Tt\’.

CkRf NVpTÙh•tœl©u TÙPl◊jRLjߤs[ "˙YflTÙ”' Gu\ NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf

˘NnVh”m. ""VÙo T¨VYu?' Gu\ NVpTÙh•tœl ©u U˚Zdœm Y´¤dœÿs[ YflTÙh˚Pd

œZk˚RLs A±k’s[ÙoLs ApXYÙ? AR]•lT˚P´p Bfl œ[m, U˚X œufl, YVp ◊p˘Y∞

CYt±tœ C˚P˙VVÙ] ˙YflTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

EiPÙ? Cp˚XVÙ? A˚PVÙ[™”eLs.

C’ œZk˚RLfidœj "RLYp ßWh”Rp' ß\u T\ ER‹m BWmTdLhPf NVpTÙPÙœm. RWlTh”s[

AhPY˚Q´u ERÆŸPu ReLs °WÙUj˚Rl Tt±V RLYpL˚[j ßWh• ˘Y∞´Ph”m.

˘NÙpÆ˚[VÙh”

Eu ˘TVo Gu]?

SÙu ·flm Íufl ˘NÙtL∞p Gu ˘TVo Ei”

˘NÙtL˚[d ·fl

Page 55

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

55

Æ Wp

_ u]p

VÙ o

Eu ˘TVo Æ_VÙ

C’˙TÙu\ ˘NÙpÆ˚[VÙh˚P SPj’eLs. œZk˚RLs BoYÿPu Æ˚[VÙ”YÙoLs ApXYÙ?

©uRe°V UÙQYoLfidœ SÙu A∞jR˚Y

JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•dLf £WUm HtThP

œZk˚RLfidœ "K˘W›j˚R UÙt±]Ùp' NVpTÙh˚P Sp°˙]u.

œ›Æu R˚X˚Ul ˘TÙfll˚T Sp°˙]u.

YÙ£l©p ©u Re°VYoLfidœ YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞u A•lT˚P´p

T´t£ Sp°˙]u.

G›’Yßp ˙YLm CpXÙRYoLfidœl ˙TÙßV ˙SWm Sp°˙]u.

J∞kß⁄dœm YÙd°VeL˚[d Li”©•jRp

CWi˙PÙ Íu˙\Ù £u]f£u] YÙd°VeL˚[j Rok˘R”eLs. AYt±¤s[

˘NÙtL˚[d L⁄mT˚X˚L´p £R± G›’eLs. Cßp GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs

Es[]? VÙWÙp Li”©•dL ÿ•Ÿm? Gufl NYÙp Æ”eLs. œZk˚RLs

Li”©•dL ÿVt£dLh”m. ARtLÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm A∞ŸeLs. ""SÙu

Jq˘YÙ⁄ YÙd°VUÙLf ˘NÙp¤˙Yu. øeLs AqYÙd°Vjßp CPm ˘Tflm

˘NÙtL˚[ C˚Qj’d LÙ” Y˚WkRÙp TÙ’m''. Ju˙\Ù CWi˙PÙ œZk˚RLs

øeLs ˘NÙp¤m YÙd°VeL˚[d Li”©•j’d ˙LÙ” C›dLh”m.

Page 56

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

56 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p

CPm ˘Tflm T˚Pl-

◊L˚[ Ußl©P ˙Yi-

”-UpXYÙ?

JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtLs

AhPY˚Q

YÙd°Vjßp A˚UjRp

TPm

T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl◊

G]’ œZk˚RLs

Su\ÙLf KW[‹ ©uRe°V

˘NnRYoLs ˘NnRYoLs YoLs

1. TÙP˚Xl TÙ”Rp

2. ˘UhP˚UjRp

3. Æ”L˚R G›’Rp

4. Æ”L˚R E⁄YÙdœRp

5. JjR K˚NŸ˚PV

˘NÙtLs Li”©•jRp

6. YÙd°Vjßp G›’Rp

7. AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊Rp

Page 57

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

57

®Lr‹ ˛ 2

J⁄ Æ”ÿ˚\d LÙXjßp (L¶Rm TdLm 7˛9)

®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚Rd·t˚\ EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtTd L⁄j’UÙ\ÙUp ·fleLs. L˚Rd·tfl

CqYX°u BWmTjßp RWlTh”s[’. L˚Rd·t˚\d ·±V©u L¶Rl TÙPl◊jRLjßu ÿRp

AX˚L A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs.

Ck®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\

˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

L¶Rm ˛ 5, 6, 9

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs : UgNÙ•/◊∞V Æ˚RLs/˘Sp≠dLÙnLs

˘Sp≠UWjR•´p

Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° Gi‘YRtœm, Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm

˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtœUÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

G]dœd °˚PjR ˘Sp≠dLÙnLs

R™rf ˘NpÆ EeLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm ˘Sp≠dLÙnLs RWl

˙TÙ°\Ùs. øeLs A˚Rl Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° ˚YdL˙Yi”m

G]d·± Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm ˘Sp≠d LÙnL˚[d ˘LÙ”dL

˙Yi”m. Tjßtœ AßLUÙ] Sp≠dLÙnLs C⁄dœUÙfl TÙoj’d

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. œZk˚RLs Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° Gi¶d

·\h”m. ARu ©u TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

˙R˚YVÙ] Lt\p

LڮLs

• œf£dLh”Ls

• ˙LÙ≠Ls

• ˘TÙh”Ls

• Gi Ah˚PLs

• ◊∞Vÿj’Ls

• UgNÙ•

10 8 =

10 310 =

10 510 =10

Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ß\˚]

Ußl¿” ˘Nn≈oL[pXYÙ?

Page 58

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

58 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

Gi Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh”

1 ÿRp 10 Y˚WŸs[ GiLs G›RlTh”s[

Ah˚PL˚[ Ik’ ≈Rm J⁄ ˘Th•´p

˙TÙP‹m. œZk˚RL˚[ CWi”

œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. J⁄ œ› J⁄ Gi˚Qd

·\h”m (G.LÙ 37) . A”jR œ›

˘Th•´≠⁄k’ 37 dœ ®LWÙ] Ah˚PL˚[

G”j’ A”dLh”m. œZk˚RLs Gi˚Qd

·flm ˘TÙ›’ A”jR œ› Gi¶tœ

®LWÙ] Ah˚PL˚[ A”d° ˚Yj’

GiL˚[d ·flm˙TÙ’m NÙoh•p

G›’eLs.

Gi Gi Ah˚PLs

®Wl◊eLs

1.

2.

3.

4.

10 10 10 38

10 10 5

10 24

30

Ußl¿”

˘RÙPo Ußl¿” ˘NnYRtœ 3 TœßLs Es[],

A˚Y Lt\p ˘NVpUßl¿”, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊

Ußl¿”, AXœ Ußl¿” GuT]YÙœm.

5 œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Lt\p ˘NV˚X

Ußl©P ˙Yi”m A˚Y Te˙Lt◊, L⁄j’j

˘R∞‹, ß\uLs, ˘Y∞´”Rp A˚PVÙ[l

T”j’Rp B°V˚YVÙœm.

T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ Ußl¿” NnY’ Tt±V „Zp

B£¨Vo T‡Y≠p RWlTh”s[’.

37 10 10 10 7

28

14

20

41

Ußl¿”

œZk˚RLs 10 u œ›dL[Ùd°

GiQ‹m G›R‹m

GiL˚[l ©¨jR±V‹m

˘Nn°\Ùo-L[Ù?

Page 59

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

59

˘Sp≠dLÙnLs ˘UÙjRm GjR˚]?

Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° Gi‘YRtœd œZk˚RLfidœj ˘R¨Ÿm. A˚Rl TX ÆRjßp TVuT”jß

Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[ G∞˚UVÙLd ·hPXÙm.

4 6 5

10 5 15

+ +

+ =

˙U¤m TX L¶R Æ]ÙdLfidœd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL Æ˚P Li”©•j’ EjßL˚[d ·\h”m.

Li”©•l˙TÙm

TÙPlTœß´p RWlTh”s[ UkßWf N’Wj˚Rj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’ GiL˚[d ·h• Æ˚PL˚[ Jl©h”f

£\l◊L˚[d ·\h”m.

GiL˚[d Li”©•ŸeLs

RWlTh”s[ LhPeL∞p Æ”ThP LhPeL˚[ ®WlT˙Yi”m. B]Ùp J⁄ ®TkR˚]. ˙U≠⁄k’

∏ZÙL‹m, CP™⁄k’ YXUÙL‹m œfldLÙL‹m ˘S”dLÙL‹m Y⁄m Íufl

GiL˚[d ·h•]Ùp Æ˚P 15 YW˙Yi”m Gufl NYÙp Æ”eLs.

œZk˚RLs NYÙ˚X Ht˘\”j’f ˘NnVh”m.

6 8

2 4

©uRe°V UÙQYoLfidœ

Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[d ·hPf £WUm HtThPYoLfidœl

˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jß Gi¶d·\ YÙnlT∞j˙Ru.

Ußl¿”

• Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[d

·hP G∞˚UVÙ] ÿ˚\˚Vd

L˚P©•d°u\]WÙ?

• ˘RÙ˚L LiPßu Ejß˚Vd

·fl°u\]WÙ?

• Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[d ·h”YRtœ Gk˘RkR

CPeL∞p £WUm HtThP’?

• GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm J˙W CPjßp £WUm

HtThPRÙ?

• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm GlT• ER‹Y’?

Page 60

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

60 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

®Lr‹ ˛ 3

F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm

®Lr‹ Íu±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs, ARu©\œ L˚R®LrÆu

A•lT˚P´¤m LRÙTÙjßWeL∞u A•lT˚P´¤m J⁄ £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu

E˚WVÙ”eLs. AqYÙfl E˚WVÙ”m ˙TÙ’ LRÙTÙjßWeLs, ®Lrf£Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\d Liÿu

˘LÙi”YW‹m TÙPlTœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£dœm BoYm E⁄YÙdL‹m CV¤m.

• R™rf˘NpÆŸm SiToLfim F¨p Gu˘]u] TÙojß⁄lTÙoLs?

• Gu˘]u] ˘Nnß⁄lTÙoLs?

• øeLs EeLs F˚Wf —t±l TÙojR’iPÙ?

• Gu˘]u] TÙojæoLs?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs.

RÙeLs ·±V’ TÙPlTœß´p Yk’s[RÙ GuT˚R A±Vl TÙPlTœß˚Vj ß\k’ TÙodLh”m.

TPYÙ£l◊

"F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm' TÙPlTœß´¤s[ TPeL˚[ EtfldLY≤dLh”m. AR]•lT˚P´p

AYoLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.

• Læ_Ù Ge°⁄d°\Ùs?

• œ[jßp œßlT’ VÙWÙL C⁄dœm?

• AYu Hu œ[jßp œßd°\Ùu?

• RÙU˚WlÈ UÙ˚X A¶kß⁄lT’ VÙo?

• ◊˚LlTPm G”lT’ VÙo?

œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. ARu©u œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V

YÙ£j’lTÙodLh”m. J⁄ ÿ˚\ AYoLs YÙ£jR©u AR]•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.

• ◊˚LlTPm G”dœm˘TÙ›’ Læ_Ù Gu] ·\ı]Ùs?

• ˘NpÆdœd LmUp, Ídœjß ˙YiPÙUÙ G]d ˙LhP’ VÙo?

ARu©u TÙPlTœß˚V øeLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ ®fljß ®RÙ]UÙL YÙ£ŸeLs.

Page 61

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

61

YÙ£l◊

B£¨Vo YÙ£l◊

œ›Æp YÙ£l◊

R≤STo YÙ£l◊

EWjR YÙ£l◊

˘U¸] YÙ£l◊

œ±l©hP ˘NÙp˚Xd Li”©•dœm YÙ£l◊

B£¨Vo RY\ÙL YÙ£dLd œZk˚RLs RYt˚\d Li”©•dL

YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•

˙_Ù•l ˘TÙ⁄jRm

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£lTRtœm, £X NÙtL˚[ G›’YRtœUÙ] ™Lf£\kR J⁄ NVpTÙ˙P

C’.

œZk˚RL˚[ CWi•Wi” ˙ToL[Ù] œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. AkR CWi”˙T⁄dœm TÙPlTœß´u

HRÙY’ J⁄ TdLj˚Rd LÙi©dL ˙Yi”m. C⁄Y⁄m J⁄Yo ÿLj˚R J⁄Yo TÙodLÙUp ß⁄m©

AUW ˙Yi”m. R]’ ˙_Ù• Gu˘]u] ˘NÙtL˚[ G›’YÙu G] F°j’ C⁄Y⁄m AkR

TdLjß≠⁄k’ ˘NÙtL˚[j ˙Rok˘R”j’ G›R ˙Yi”m. C⁄Y⁄m Tj’ ˘NÙtLs ≈Rm G›Rh”m.

˙_Ù•Ls G›ßV ˘NÙtL∞p J˙W ˙TÙp YkR ˘NÙtLs GjR˚] GuT˚R GiQh”m. J˙W ˙TÙp

·”Rp ˘NÙtLs G›ßV ˙_Ù• ˘Yt± ˘Tt\’. AkR ˙_Ù•dœ SpX ˘TÙ⁄jRm Ei” G]d ·\

˙Yi”m.

˘NÙp¤eLs

TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’ÿ•jR©u AR]•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim —RkßWUÙL

E˚WVÙP YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ©\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Page 62

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

62 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

®Lr‹ ˛ 4

SÙPL AWeœ (L¶Rm)

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs

• SÙtLÙ≠L∞p GiL∞PlThP NÙoh

• GiL∞PlThP YœlT˚\ SÙtLÙ≠Ls

• Gi Ah˚PLs

E⁄YÙœm T˚Pl◊ : C⁄d˚L Gi Y¨˚NlT”jßV NÙoh

1 ÿRp 50 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL Gi‘Rp, G›’Rp

®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L˚R˙VÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdL˚[d

˙LfieLs.

• AYoLs SÙPLm TÙodLf ˘Nu\’ Ge˙L?

• øeLs SÙPLm/£≤UÙ TÙojR’iPÙ?

• £≤UÙ ˘LÙhP˚Ldœf ˘Nu\’iPÙ?

• Aeœs[ C⁄d˚LLs GlT•?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs. ARu ©u R™rf˘NpÆŸm

SiToLfim ˘Nu\ SÙPL AWe˚Ll TÙol˙TÙUÙ G]d ˙Lh”d L¶RlTœß TdLm 10 SÙPL AWeœ

ß\dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs. AR]•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.

• SÙPL AWe°p J⁄ Y¨˚N´p Es[ C⁄d˚LLs GjR˚]?

• CWi” Y¨˚N´¤m ˙Noj’ ˘UÙjR C⁄d˚LLs GjR˚]?

• SÙPL AWe°¤s[ ˘UÙjR C⁄d˚LLs GjR˚]?

œZk˚RLs Gi¶d·\h”m.

œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. ReLs ·±V’ TÙPlTœß´p

Yk’s[RÙ GuT˚R A±V TÙPlTœß˚Vj ß\k’ TÙodLh”m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ C⁄d˚Ldœm GiLs CPh”m.

SÙPLm TÙodLf ˘Nu\ SiToL∞u C⁄d˚L˚V A˚PVÙ[lT”jRh”m.

„oVÙ, R™rf ˘NpÆ´u C⁄d˚L˚Vd Li” ©•dLh”m.

Ußl¿”

• 1 ÿRp 50 Y˚W GiLs

• ÿu]Ùp, ©u]Ùp,

C˚P´p

• 10 ≈Rm ·h•d ·flRp

G›’Rp

¿hP¨u CP’TdLm „oVÙ

YX’TdLm R™rf ˘NpÆ 36

¿hPo

• ÿRp Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛

• CWiPÙY’ Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛

• Íu\ÙY’ Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛

• SÙuLÙY’ Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛

AqYÙfl C⁄d˚LL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL G›Rh”m.

1

11

21

31

Page 63

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

63

Ußl¿”

œZk˚RLs 10 ≈Rÿs[

GiL˚[d ·h•d ·fl°u-

\]o; G›’°u-\]WÙ?

Gi Æ˚[VÙh”

Æ”ThP GiL˚[ ®Wl◊Rp

33, 43, .........., .........., 73

20, 30, 40, .........., ..........,

A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ TÙPl◊jRLjߤs[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

˘T¨VYo YX’TdLm; £±VYo CP’TdLm

J⁄ ˘Th•´p 50 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[j ’i”f ∫h”L∞p G›ßl˙TÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs

Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m J⁄ ∫h”≈Rm G”dLh”m. øeLfim J⁄ ∫h˚P G”eLs. EeLs L´¤s[ ∫h˚Pd

LÙi©ŸeLs. G.LÙ 27 AkR Gi˚QÆP £±V Gi˚Q G”jRYoLs EeL[’ CP’TdLÿm T¨V

Gi˚Q G”jRYoLs EeL[’ YX’TdLÿm ®tLh”m. Cf˘NVpTÙh•u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs

˘T¨VGi, £±V Gi LiP±Ÿm ß\u ˘TflYÙoL[pXYÙ?

Gi SÙPÙ, Gi UÙ˚X,ÿj’dLs ˙LÙdLXÙm

˙TÙu\ L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SpL‹m

1 11 21 31 41

2

"SÙPL AWeœ' NVpTÙh•u T˚Pl˚T "T˚Pl◊j RÙœlTÙL'

Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

SRG, CRC ˙TÙu\ CPeL∞p B£¨VoLs LXk’˚WVÙPp SPdœm ˙Y˚[´p ˙U¤m ◊ßV

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ E⁄YÙdœeLs.

GiL˚[d·flRp, G›’Rp, Y¨˚NlT”jßd·flRp, RÙPo˚Td LiP±Rp, Ejß˚Vd

·flRp ˙TÙu\ ß\uL˚[ B£¨Vo Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

Page 64

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

64 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

®Lr‹ ˛ 5

Gu] BhPm BPXÙm?

CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\ ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ ˛ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 3

L˚XdLpÆ ˛

®Lr‹ IkßtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’

UflSÙs AYoLs Gu] ˘Nnß⁄lTÙoLs Gufl ˙LfieLs.

œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs.

AYoLs Gu˘]u] Æ˚[VÙh”Ls Æ˚[VÙ•´⁄lTÙoLs

Gufl ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·flm Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[l

Th•V≠”eLs.

øeLs ·±V Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[j RÙu Æ˚[VÙ•]ÙoL[Ù VÙo

·±V’ N¨ Gufl TÙol˙TÙUÙ G]d ·±l TÙPlTœßdœs

÷˚ZŸeLs.

øeLs ·±V GjR˚] Æ˚[VÙh”dLs TÙPl Tœß´p

Yk’s[]?

øeLs ·±V GjR˚] Æ˚[VÙh”dLs TÙPlTœß´p YWÆp˚X?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’d ·\h”m.

TÙP¤dœ ˘UhP˚UjRp

TÙPp A±ÿLm

B£¨Vo TÙ”Rp

œ›YÙLlTÙ”Rp

J⁄ Y¨ J⁄ œ› A”jRY¨

CWiPÙY’ œ›

◊ßV ˘UhP˚UjRp

˚N˚LlTÙPp

R≤VÙLlTÙ”Rp

œZk˚RLs TÙ”RpJ⁄Tjß ÿRp œ› A”jRTjß

A”jR œ›

Page 65

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

65

TÙP˚X A±ÿLm ˘NnVl Tp˙Yfl EjßL˚[d ˚LVÙfieLs.

Æ˚[VÙh” Æ”L˚RLs

"Gu] BhPm BPXÙm?' TÙP˚Xf NÙoh•p G›ßj ˘RÙeLÆ”eLs. ARu©u ""SÙu ·flm

œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Æ˚[VÙh˚P øeLs Li”©•dL ˙Yi”m. VÙo ÿR≠p

Li”©•d°u\]˙WÙ AY˙W ˘Yt± ˘Tt\Yo Gufl ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs A˚]Y⁄m Teœ˘T\

˙Yi”m.

TX˚L´˙X œØLs C⁄dœm œØL∞˙X Æ˚RLs C⁄dœm

˛ TpXÙeœØ

Lp˚XjÁd°l˙TÙ” ˚LVÙp R˚W˚VjRh” ∏˙Z Æ›m Lp˚Xd ˚LVÙp ©•j’d

˘LÙs

˛ ˘LÙjRÙeLp

Æ”L˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊

œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙh”j ˘RÙPoTÙ] Æ”L˚RL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ YWh”m. œZk˚RLs ˘LÙi” YkR

Æ”L˚RL˚[l TVuT”jß J⁄ Æ”L˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙdLh”m.

G]dœl ©•jR Æ˚[VÙh”

œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m R]dœl©•jR Æ˚[VÙh” G’ Gufl ·\h”m. A˚R GlT•

Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ GuT˚RŸm ·\ ˙Yi”m. A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

œZk˚RL∞u ˙Tf—j ß\˚] Y[odL C’˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm.

œ›dLs ReL[’ ÿ•‹L˚[ Yœl©p ˘Y∞´”m˙TÙ’, Aj’Pu

˘RÙPo◊˚PV LXk’˚WVÙP˚X SPjR ˙Yi”m. CRtLÙ] ˙LsÆL˚[

ÿu]˙W LiP±V ˙Yi”m. ©Wf£˚]˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnŸm

˘NVpTÙh˚Pf —VUÙLf ˘NnV‹m £dLp Es[ œZk˚RLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ]

TœlTÙn‹dœ ELkR ˙LsÆL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] „r®˚XL∞p ˙LhLXÙm.

Yœl◊d LXk’˚WVÙP≠p...

Page 66

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

66 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

®Lr‹ ˛ 6

GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh” (L¶Rm)

TdLm 11 ˛ 16

CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

L¶Rm ˛ 4, 5, 7

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs

GiLh˚PLs, ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi Gu\ ÿ˚\´p Y¨˚NlT”j’YRtLÙ] Gi Ah˚PLs.

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊: ˘T¨V Gi¶≠⁄k’ £±V Gi Gu\ ÿ˚\´p Y¨˚Nl T”jßj RVÙWÙd°V

GiUÙ˚X.

Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs

Gi Lh˚PLs

œf£dLh”Ls (˘T¨V’, £±V’)

Gi Ah˚PLs

NÙoh”Ls

10 10

10 10

10 10

10

1 1 1

1 1 1 ..................... .....................

CkR ®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd œZk˚RLfidœd ·fleLs. A˚Rj RÙPok’ L¶Rl TÙPlTœß

TdLm 11 I A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs. TPjßu A•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs.

Ck®LrƤs[ L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞u ÍXm SPjR ˙Yi”m.

GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh”

œZk˚RLs YhPUÙL EhLÙW Yi”m. GiLh˚PL˚[ E⁄h• Æ˚[VÙP Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m

R]dœd °˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[d œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ —tflm ÿ•Y˚PŸm˙TÙ’

˘Yt±˘Tt\Yo VÙo Gufl œZk˚RL˙[ ·\h”m.

°˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[f N¨VÙLd œ±d°u\]WÙ GuT˚Rd LY≤dL ˙Yi”m.

Æ˚[VÙh•u Æßÿ˚\L˚[ ÿu]˙W ·\˙Yi”m. CqÆ˚[VÙh•tœl ©u

L¶Rl◊jRLjߤs[ TdLm 11, 12 C¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j RÙUÙL˙Y ˘NnVh”m.

• œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙ”YRtLÙL ®˚\V GiLh˚PLs RVÙWÙdL ˙Yi”UpXYÙ?

• LÙ°Rm/NÙoh TVuT”jß G∞˚UVÙL GiLh˚P RVÙ¨dLXÙm.

• GiLh˚PL∞p GiLs G›’YRtLÙ] TÙfll˚Td œZk˚RLfidœd LÙ”eLs.

Page 67

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

67

WÙ¶Ÿm œZk˚RLfim

CqÆ˚[VÙh˚P Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ GqYÙfl GuT’ TÙPl◊jRLjßp RWlTh”s[’. CPUßl©u

A•lT˚P´p GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdL‹m J⁄ Gi¶u CPUßl˚T ˙YflT”jß A±Ÿm ß\u ˘T\f

˘NnY˙R CqÆ˚[VÙh•u ˙SÙdLm.

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙh•u YÙ´XÙL Eflß NnVh”m. CPUßl©u A•lT˚P´p

GiLs E⁄YÙdœm˘TÙ›’ ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi L⁄j˚R EflßT”jR ˙Yi”m.

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs

LÙ°RjRÙp E⁄YÙd°V J≠˘T⁄d°, v˙LÙo ˙TÙo”.

GiL∞u ˘RÙPo◊ LiP±Rp, Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p ÆY¨jRp, ˙TÙu\Yt±tLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

L¶Rl◊jRLm (TdLm 14) ˚Ll Tk’. Æ˚[VÙh”l Tœß˚V Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m YÙ£dLh”m. YÙ£j’d

LiP±kRYt˚\d ·fl°u\]o.

A¶L∞u ◊s∞Ls œZk˚RLs Li”©•d°u\]o

• Æ”ThP LhPeL∞p G›’°u\]o.

• ◊s∞ AhPY˚Q˚Vd œZk˚RLs GqYÙfl ®Wl◊Yo?

• A±Æl˚T J⁄ ÿ˚\·P YÙ£d°u\]o.

• ˙R˚YVÙ] TœlTÙnÆtœf £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh°u\]o.

• ÿRp ˘Nh•p Jtfl˚U A¶ ˘Tt\ ◊s∞Ls GjR˚]?

• Jtfl˚U A¶ Su˚U A¶˚V ÆP GjR˚] ◊s∞Ls AßLm ˘Tt\’?

• CWiPÙY’ ˘Nh•u ◊s∞Ls œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLd LiP±k’ G›’°u\]o.

• ˘Y∞´”°u\]o.

• ˙TÙh•´p ˘Yt± ˘Tt\Y˚Wd Li”©•d°u\]o.

• L¶Rl ◊jRLjßp G›’°u\]o.

˚LlTk’ Æ˚[VÙh” J⁄ A¶´p 6 ˙To

3 ˘Nh / 5 ˘Nh Æ˚[VÙh”

Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘Nh•¤m 25 ◊s∞Ls ÿR≠p ˘Tt\ A¶

˘Yt±˘Yflm

3 ˘Nh”L∞p 2 ˘Nh”m, 5 ˘Nh”L∞p 3 ˘Nh”m ˘Tt\YoLs

˙TÙh•´p ˘Yt± ˘TflYo.

J≠˘T⁄d° RVÙ¨jRp

J⁄ G4 RÙ∞p/’i”fNÙoh ·m◊ Y•Æp —⁄h• J≠˘T⁄d° RVÙ¨dLXÙm. T˚N

˙Rnj’ JhP ˙Yi”m. Æ∞m˚T J˙W ˙TÙufl ˘Yh• AZœ T”jRXÙm. C≤

˙TÙh•´u ÿ•˚Y J≠ ˘T⁄d°´u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ·\h”m.

Page 68

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

68 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

PÙ™˙]Ù RVÙ¨lT’ GlT•?

J⁄ NÙoh ˙TlT¨p 8 x 4 ˘N.¡ A[Æp 28 ’i”Ls

˘Yh•˘V”dL˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ’i”L∞¤m ˚UVjßp ˘NeœjRÙL

˙LÙ” ˙TÙP ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ’i”L∞¤m PÙ™˙]ÙÆu

◊s∞Lfid˙LtT (0˛1, 0˛2, .... 6˛6 Y˚W) ’˚[´P ˙Yi”m.

SiToL∞Pm ˙LfieLs

Ko CWi•XdL Gi˚Ql Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p YÙd°VUÙLd ·\XÙm Gu\ L⁄jßu A•lT˚P´p

Cf˘NVpTÙ” RWlTh”s[’. AkRj ß\u œZk˚RLs ˘Ttfls[ÙoLs GuT˚R Eflß ˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. 11 ÿRp 50 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[j ’i”f ∫h•p G›ß J⁄

˘Th•´p ˙TÙ”eLs. ÿRp œ›Æ¤s[YoLs ˘Th•´≠⁄k’ J⁄ ’i”f∫h” ≈Rm G”dL

˙Yi”m. R]dœd°˚PjR Gi˚Qd œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p ·\˙Yi”m.Gßo œ›Æp

J⁄Y¨Pm ˙LhL˙Yi”m. AYo Gi G’ Gufl ·\˙Yi”m. N¨VÙLf ˘NÙu]Ùp CWiPÙY’

œ›Ætœ J⁄ ◊s∞. RY\ÙLf ˘NÙu]Ùp ÿRp œ›Ætœ J⁄ ◊s∞ G.LÙ: 25

Gi Gi Ah˚PLs

W˙Ux ˛ 5 JuflLfim 2 Tj’Lfim ßXLÙ ˛ 25

AqYÙfl Æ˚[VÙh” RÙPWh”m. A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim ß\u TtflÆhPÙoLs GuT˚R Eflß

˘NnR ©u TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Gi G’ Gu\ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

10 EPu 6 ·h•]Ùp °˚Pdœm Gi

6 JuflLfim J⁄ Tj’m

16

20 ≠⁄k’ 4 I LØjR Gi

16 JuflLs

PÙ™˙]Ù Æ˚[VÙh”

Ko CWi•XdL Gi¶≠⁄k’ K¨XdL Gi˚Qd LØlTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

˘Yt± Tt\Y˚W æoUÙ≤lT’ GlT•? Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm °˚Pdœm ◊s∞L∞p œ˚\kR ◊s∞Ls

˘Tt\Y˙W ˘Yt± ˘Tt\YoLs BYo.

Page 69

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

69

®Lr‹ ˛ 7

GeL AlTÙ ˛ AmUÙ

CqYX°u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

R™r ˛ 10, 11, 13, 15, 16

„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 4, 5

Ck®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. AR]•lT˚P´p Æ]ÙdLs £X ˙LfieLs.

• R™rf˘NpÆŸm SiToLfim Æ”L˚R Æ˚[VÙh•p Gu˘]u] Æ”L˚RLs

˙Lh•⁄lTÙoLs?

Gufl ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ReLfidœj ˘R¨kR Æ”L˚RL˚[d ·\h”m. œZk˚RLs ·flm

Æ”L˚RL˚[ AlT•˙V J⁄ NÙoh•p G›’eLs.

• øeLs ·±V H˙R‡m J⁄ Æ”L˚R˚Vj R™rf˘NpÆŸm SiToLfim ˙LhPÙoL[Ù Gufl

TÙol˙TÙUÙ G]d·± TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs. "GeL AlTÙ ˛ AmUÙ''.

TÙPlTœß A±ÿLm GqYÙ˘\pXÙm?

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLh”m.

TPeL˚[ Etfld LY≤dLh”m.

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P ·\h”m.

øeLfim J⁄ ÿ˚\ TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d LÙi©ŸeLs.

"SÙu ·flm Æ”L˚R TÙPlTœß´p Geœ Es[’ GuT˚Rj

˘RÙh”d LÙi©ŸeLs' Gufl ·fleLs.

YÙ£l◊ EjßLs TVuT”jßd œZk˚RL˚[ ˙U¤m ˙U¤m YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.

G›’eLs

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

˘NÙp¤eLs

Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y˚X˚Vl Tt±Ÿm, œZk˚RLfidœl ©•jR Y˚XL˚[l Tt±Ÿm LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

Page 70

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

70 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

SÙu VÙo?

SÙu ˘R⁄‹dœs ÷˚ZkRÙp F˙W LULUdœm! ˛ ÈdLÙ¨

˘NnßL˚[ As∞j R⁄˙Yu SÙu ˛ ˘Nnßj RÙs ˙TÙ”Yo

·Æd·Æ A˚Zj’d ·˚P ®˚\˚V ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄˙Yu ˛ LÙnL± ÆVÙTÙ¨

SÙu YkRÙp Gu ©u]Ùp œZk˚RLs Y⁄YÙoLs ˛ Iv ÆtTYo

øeLfim Li”©•ŸeLs

A ZLÙ]

ÿ ßVYo ˛ AÿRÙ

RÙ •

L ]‹

Æ Wp ˛ LÆRÙ

RÙ [m

N u]p

© ˚Z ˛ N©RÙ

RÙ Y¶

X h” ˛ XRÙ

RÙ Wm

œ ˚P

ÿ h˚P ˛ œÿRÙ

RÙ ≠

£X ˘NÙtL∞p APe°´⁄dœm ˘TVoLs. œZk˚RLs AYoL∞u ˘TVoL˚[f ˘NÙtL∞u ÍXm

œ±l©Ph”m.

Page 71

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

71

®Lr‹ ˛ 8

˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ (L¶Rm)

TdLm 17 ˛ 22

Ck®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ L¶RlTœß TdLm 17

ß\dLh”m.

CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

L¶Rm ˛ 8, 10, 11

˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs

SÙhLÙh•

ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls

SÙQVeLs

˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ

SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jßd Li”©•dœm Cf˘NVpTÙ” ™Lf£\l◊˚PVRÙœm.

·hPp/LØjRp °¨˚VLs EhThP S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙ‘m

˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

ß⁄ÆZÙf Nk˚R

ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls, SÙQVeL˚[ A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs, "YœlT˚\´p J⁄ L˚P' Gu\ L⁄jßu

A•lT˚P´p ˘LÙ”dLp YÙeLp ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p D”TPh”m.

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ Li” ·\h”m.

SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jß ˙Yfl Gu˘]u] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SpLXÙm?

SÙhLfim ˙Rߟm Li”©•jRp

SÙhLÙh•´p NUN’Wjßp Es[ SÙuœ GiL∞u £\l◊

˘Ys∞d°Z˚ULs Y⁄m SÙhLs

ARu £\l◊

Æ”ÿ˚\ ß]eLs

GiQ”dœLs

65

1312

18

18

Page 72

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

72 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

L¶Rl◊jRLjߤs[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]˚VŸm YÙ£d°u\]o

˛ TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn°u\]o

˛ æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.

Æ˚X ÆYWl Th•V˚Xl TÙoj’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]dœm æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.

S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœd œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLj æo‹

LÙQ˙Yi”m.

S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙiTRtLÙLd œZk˚RLfidœ

Gu˘]u] ß\uLs ˙R˚Y?

RÙUÙLl ©Wf£˚]L˚[ YÙ£j’d L⁄j’L˚[l ˘Ttfld ˘LÙsfiRp.

©Wf£˚]L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnV ÿ•°\’.

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV ÿ•°\’.

˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[f N¨VÙLf ˘Nn’ ˘TÙ’ÿ•‹L˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•°\’.

RÙu Li”©•jRYt˚\ ÆY¨dL ÿ•°\’.

˘Nn’ TÙol˙TÙm

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf NnVh”m. C’ Y˚W œZk˚RLs Tt\ A˚P‹L˚[ Ußl¿”

˘NnV Cf˘NVpTÙ”Ls Efl’˚QVÙL A˚UŸm.

AXœ Ußl¿”

Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤ÿs[ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[d œZk˚RLs GkR A[‹

A˚Pk’s[ÙoLs GuT˚R A±Y˙R AXœ Ußl¿” Bœm. CRtLÙL

AX°u ÿ•Æp ˘LÙ”j’s[ ˙LsÆL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm.

AXœ Ußl¿h•tLÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls L¶Rl◊jRLjßp

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnYRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls

˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚PŸm R≤jR≤l T´tf£jRÙ[ÙLd ˘LÙ”dL

˙Yi”m.

RW ®oQVd œ±l◊Ls A•lT˚P´p Ußl©P ˙Yi”m.

Ußl©hP ÆYWeL˚[ AqYl˙TÙ’ Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•p G›ß ˚YdL

˙Yi”m.

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ©uÚhPm (Feedback) A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

Page 73

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

73

TÙPpTÙPpTÙPpTÙPpTÙPp

·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm

˙RÙhPm SpX ˙RÙhPm ˛ Sm˚Uf

˘NÙdL ˚Ydœm ˙RÙhPm

·hPUÙL SÙÿm ˛ Ju\Ùnd

·• B”m ˙RÙhPm.

YiQ YiQ UXWÙp ˛ Sm˚U

U°Z ˚Ydœm ˘N•Ls!

ßu]j ßu]l TZeLs ˛ ˙U¤m

ßu]d ˘LÙ”dœm UWeLs!

˘LÙg—m °∞´u œW¤m ˛ L⁄e

œ´≠u C˚NŸm, APPÙ!

˘Sg˚N Asfi°\˙R! ˛ C˚R

®˚]dœm ˙TÙ˙R CuTm.

Th”l ˙TÙX AZLÙn ˛ ◊p

TPokß⁄dœm R˚W´p

Æh”l ˙TÙL U]˙U ˛ Cp˚X

™L‹m SpX ˙RÙhPm

˛ AZ. Ys∞VlTÙ.

Page 74

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

74 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

AXœ Ußl¿”

1. GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

1. TÙP˚X YÙ£ŸeLs; JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’eLs.

U˚X´≠⁄k’ J›œ’ TÙo A⁄Æ ˛ Aßp

R˚X Ír°d œ∞dœ’ TÙo œ⁄Æ

LÙh”d œ´p TÙh” Ae˙L TÙ”’ ˛ AkR

TÙh”d ˙LtT ˙RÙ˚L U´p BhPm ˙TÙ”’.

œh•d œWeœ UWjß≤˙X RÙ‹’ ˛ AkR

—h•j R]j˚Rl TÙoj’ U]m œ∞⁄’

1. ..............................., ...............................

2. ..............................., ...............................

3. ..............................., ...............................

4. ..............................., ...............................

2. ˘RÙPof£VÙL Y⁄m GiL˚[ G›’eLs

3. Æ”ThP GiL˚[ G›’eLs.

••

4. RWlTh”s[ Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[ Y˚LlT”j’eLs.

°¨d˘Lh, LiQÙÍf£, ˘RÙh” Æ˚[VÙh”, ˙LÙ˙LÙ, LT•, LÙpTk’, TpXÙeœØ, ˘SÙi•

Æ˚[VÙh”, ˙LÙ≠dœi”.

˘TÙ⁄hLs TVuT”jß ˘TÙ⁄hLs TVuT”jRÙUp

Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh”

• •

• •

• •

• •

5. Fol˘TV¨¤s[ G›j’L˚[l TVuT”jßl ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœeLs

• ß⁄˘Sp˙Y≠ ˛

• LÙƨlÈmTh•]m ˛

, , , , , , ,, , , ,39

13 23 43

48 58

Page 75

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

75

6. ©˚Z ß⁄jß G›’eLs

• RU˚Wl◊ U˚X ˘Yi”m

• ˙T¨V øfNs œ[m

7. J⁄ ˙U˚N´p 10 ˘Tu£pLs ≈Rÿs[ 4 TÙd˘Lh”Ls C⁄kR]. ˙U¤m 6 ˘Tu£pLs

B£¨˚V´u ˚L´≠⁄kR’. ˘UÙjRm ˘Tu£pLs GjR˚]?

8. YÙd°Vjßp G›’eLs

• Y˚[k’ ˘S∞k’

Page 76

≈” SpX ≈”AXœ 2

Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ≈”Ls, AYt±u ˙R˚Y, Aeœs[ YNßLs,

≈”LhPj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄sLs B°VYt˚\l Tt±V L⁄j’⁄YÙL

CqYX°¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YØYœd°u\].

Uh”UpX, Tp˙Yfl ©WÙ¶L∞u YÙØPeL˚[d LY≤dL CqYX°p

YÙnlT∞dLlTh”s[’.

GßolTÙodœm UÙØ Utflm „r®˚X´Vp ß\uL˚[

A˚PY’Pu AYWYo ≈h˚PŸm ©WÙ¶L∞u

YÙØPeL˚[Ÿm ˙S£dL‹m TÙ’LÙdL‹m ˙R˚YVÙ]

U]lTÙe˚Ld œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”Y’m

Cu±V˚UVÙRRÙœm.

1 ÿRp 99 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnV‹m

Aq˘YiLs CPm˘Tflm S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]Lfidœj RÙUÙLj

æo‹ LÙQ‹m ER‹m YiQm CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

œZk˚RL∞Pm ◊˚Rkß⁄dœm AZœQof£˚V ˘Y∞d˘LÙQW

YÙnlT∞dœm YiQm TPm Y˚WV‹m, YiQm æhP‹m,

˘TÙ⁄sLs LÙ°Rm TVuT”jß ≈” ˘NnV‹m YÙnl◊

YZeLlTh”s[’.

Page 77

LÙX AhPY˚Q

AXœ 2 ˛ ≈” SpX ≈” (R™r ˛ „r®˚X´Vp)

AXœ 2 ˛ ≈” SpX ≈” (L¶Rm)

®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs

1. TÙ˚] ≈” 4

2. ◊ßV ≈h˚Pj˙R• 3

3. ˙R… LiP ≈” (L¶Rm) 4

4. ≈” SpX ≈” 2

5. æl˘Th• ≈” (L¶Rm) 4

6. ˘RÙeœm ˙RÙhPm 3

7. ˙LÙ≠dœi”Ls GjR˚]? 2

22 SÙhLs

AXœ Ußl¿” 1 SÙs

˘UÙjRm 23 SÙhLs

Page 78

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

78 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs ˘UÙØj ß\uLs

1. L˚R ˛ RÙUÙL YÙ£jRp

˛ YÙ£lT˚Rd ˙Lh”l ◊¨k’˘LÙsfiRp.

˛ LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Rm L⁄j˚Rd ·flRp.

2. TÙPp ˛ TÙP¤dœ ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”Rp.

˛ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] TÙPp Y¨Ls ˙NojRp.

˛ ˘NÙtL∞u ˘TÙ⁄[±Rp/Gßof˘NÙp

Li”©•jRp.

˛ RÙUÙL ◊ßV YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœRp

Lt\p A˚P˚Y A˚PV....

1. Ck®LrÆp ◊˚Rk’s[ CWL£Vj˚Rd Li”©•dœm BoYj˙RÙ” ApX’ ˙RP˙XÙ”

RÙUÙL YÙ£dLj ÁiP ˙Yi”m.

2. RÙUÙL YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’ LÙiPÙoL[Ù ApX’ Li”©•jRÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±V ER‹m

Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙP ˙Yi”m.

3. RÙUÙL YÙ£j’d Li”©•dL CVXÆp˚X˘V≤p B£¨V˙WÙ/œZk˚R˙VÙ TÙPlTœß˚V

YÙ£dL ˙Yi”m.

4. ¡i”m ÿu]o G›l©V Æ]ÙdL˚[ G›l© Æ˚P ·fl°\ÙoL[Ù Gufl ˙NÙßdL

˙Yi”m.

5. TÙPlTœß˚V ÷‘°d LÙQ ER‹m ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœß´u L⁄j˚R/

®Lr˚Yl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi”s[ÙoL[Ù GuT˚R EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

6. YÙ£l◊l˙TÙh• ˙TÙufl Tp˙Yfl EjßL˚[l TVuT”jßd œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l˚T

EflßlT”jR/˙UmT”jR ˙Yi”m.

7. ˘TÙ⁄s, Gßof˘NÙp, ˘NÙt˘\ÙPo ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TÙPlTœß´≠⁄k’ Li”©•dL

YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

8. TÙPlTœß´u Es[PdLm ˘RÙPoTÙ] L⁄j’⁄YÙdLm SPk’s[RÙ Gu\±V ER‹m

Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”l Tßp·\/G›R YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

9. œ±l©hP TÙPlTœß´u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l

˘Ttfls[ÙoL[Ù GuT˚R Ußl¿” ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m.

10. AR]•lT˚P´p Lt\≠p ©u Re°V ®˚X´p Es[ œZk˚RLfidLÙ]

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhP™h” S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jß A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim GßoTÙodœm

Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚Pk’s[ÙoLs GuT˚R Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

Page 79

Yœl◊ II

79AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

1. ≈”/·” Utflm ≈h”j˙RÙhPm RÙPoTÙ] YÙ£l◊l TœßL˚[j RÙUÙL YÙ£j’/YÙ£lT˚Rd

˙Lh” AYt±¤s[ L⁄j’/®Lr˚Yj Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°\ÙoLs.

2. YÙ£jR/˙LhP TÙP˚Xl ˙TÙp ˙Yfl TÙPpLs E⁄YÙd°d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

3. TÙP¤dœ ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs.

4. G∞V TÙPp Y¨L˚[f ˙Noj’l TÙP˚X ÿ›˚UlT”jßd ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

5. œ±l©hP Y˚L´p A˚UkR YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙd°d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

6. œ±l©hP ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jßl ˘TÙ⁄[˚UkR YÙd°VeL˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs/

G›’°\ÙoLs.

7. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚V YÙ£j’ œ±l©hP NÙtLfidLÙ] Gßof˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•d°\ÙoLs.

8. G∞V T•YeL˚[ ®Wl◊°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

1. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’/˙S¨p TÙoj’m TX Y˚LVÙ] ≈”L˚[/©WÙ¶L∞u TXY˚LVÙ]

YÙØPeL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

2. CWi” ˘Yq˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ≈”L˚[ Jl©h” AYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ Jtfl˚U

˙Ytfl˚UL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

3. ≈”/·” B°VYt±u ˙R˚YL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

4. ≈h•¤s[ YNßL˚[l Th•V≠h” ˙U¤m ˙R˚YlT”m YNßL˚[d Li”©•j’

G›’°\ÙoLs.

5. ≈” LhPj ˙R˚YlT”m ˘TÙ⁄sL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

6. ≈h”j ˙RÙhPjßu ˙R˚Y, A˚Udœm ÿ˚\, TVuLs B°VYt˚\l Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙ•

G›’°\ÙoLs.

7. "Æ˚R ÿ˚[jRp' ˘RÙPoTÙ] G∞V ˘NVpßhPeL∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs; RÙeLs

EtfldLY≤j’ A±kR˚Y Utflm Li”©•jR A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[d œ±lTÙL

G›’°\ÙoLs.

L¶Rm

1. , , B°V Y•YeL˚[ C]m Li” Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.

2. Tp˙Yfl Y•ÆVp Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” ˘Nn°\ÙoLs

3. CWi•XdL GiL∞u GiQ”dœL˚[ ÿ›˚UlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

4. 1, 5, 10 B°V ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[ C]mLÙi°\ÙoLs; AYt±u Ußl˚Td LQd°h”d

·fl°\ÙoLs.

5. ÏTÙ´u Ußl˚T Gi¶¤m G›jߤm G›’°\ÙoLs.

AXœAXœAXœAXœAXœ

Page 80

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

80 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

6. œ±l©hP Ußl◊s[ ÏTÙ˚Vl Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p ©¨j˘R›’°\ÙoLs.

7. L¶R YÙd°VeL˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.

8. CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hPp TXu/LØjRp TXu YÙ´XÙLd LÙQ ˙Yi•V S˚Pÿ˚\l

©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙi°\ÙoLs. (¡ß YWÙR˚Y)

9. 1 ÿRp 99 Y˚WŸs[ GiQ±‹ ˘RÙPoTÙ] Æ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚P LÙi°\ÙoLs.

10. U¶fNhPm (ATÙdLv) TVuT”jß CWi•XdL GiLs RÙPoTÙ] ·hPp NVpTÙ”L˚[f

˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

L˚XdLpÆ

1. ◊s∞L˚[ C˚Qj’l TPm Y˚W°\ÙoLs.

2. ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh”°\ÙoLs.

3. ˘TÙ⁄sL˚[/Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” Lh”°\ÙoLs.

Page 81

Yœl◊ II

81AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789

AX

œ Y

˚X

fNh

Pm

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

2 ≈

” SpX ≈

”

R™

r

$RÙU

ÙL Y

Ù£

j’

m/©

\o Y

Ù£

lT

˚Rd

˙Lh

”m

®Lr

˚Y

l ◊

¨k’

˘LÙs

[X

Ùm.

$◊¨k’

˘

LÙi

P ®

Lr

˚Y

j Rm

˘

NÙkR

S˚

P´

p ·

\X

Ùm.

$˘

Uh

P˚

Uj

’l

T

Ù”

m˙

TÙ’

T

ÙP

p

C≤

˚U

VÙ°

\’

.

$œ

±l©

hP

Y

Ùd°

Vjß

u A

˚U

l˚

Tl

◊¨k’

˘

LÙs

YRu

Y

Ù´

XÙLj RÙU

ÙL

YÙd

°V

eLs

E⁄

YÙd

L C

V¤

m.

$˘

NÙt

L∞

u N¨V

Ù] ˘

TÙ⁄

˚[

E

Qok’

˘LÙi

PÙp

A

l˘

TÙ⁄

s

Æ[

eœ

m

Yi

Qm

YÙd

°V

eLs

E⁄

YÙd

LX

Ùm.

$Y

Ù£

l◊

lT

ϧ

˚V

l ˘

TÙ⁄

fiQ

ok’

YÙ£

jRÙp

œ

±l©

hP

˘

NÙt

L∞

u ˘

TÙ⁄

-

fis

[/G

ßo ˘

TÙ⁄

fis

[ ˘

NÙtL˚

[d

Li

”©

•dLX

Ùm.

$T•

Ye

L∞

¤s

[ Æ

]ÙdL˚

[l ◊¨k’

˘LÙi

”

ARtLÙ]

Rm

L⁄

j˚

R

G›

’Y

Ru

Y

Ù´

XÙLd

ϱ

l©

hP

T•

Yj˚

Rl È

ojß

˘Nn

VX

Ùm.

$RÙU

ÙL Y

Ù£jRp

.

$Y

Ù£lT˚

Rd ˙

Lh

Pp

.

$LX

k’

˚WV

ÙPp

.

$Rm

˘NÙk

R S

˚P

´p

·fl

Rp

.

$TÙP

˚X

YÙ£

jRp

.

$RÙU

ÙL ˘

Uh

P˚

Uj’

l T

Ù”Rp

.

$˘

TÙ⁄

jRU

Ù] T

ÙPp

Y¨Ls

˙NojRp

.

$·

flm

/YÙ£

dœ

m

YÙd°

Vj

ßu

A˚

Ul˚

Tl T

t±

d L

Xk’

˚WV

Ù”Rp

.

$RÙU

ÙL Y

Ùd°

Ve

Ls

E⁄

YÙd

œRp

.

$˘

NÙt

L∞

u ˘

TÙ⁄

[±

Rp

.

$˘TÙ⁄

s Æ

[e

œm

Yi

Qm

YÙd

°V

eLs

E⁄

YÙd

œRp

.

$Y

Ù£l◊lTœ

ß˚

V Y

Ù£jRp

.

$œ

±l©

hP

˘

NÙp

≠u

G

ßo˘

NÙp

˚X

d

Li

”©

•jRp

.

$T•

Ye

L∞

¤s

[ Æ

]Ùd

L˚

[j RÙU

ÙL/

©\o Y

Ù£dLd

Lh

”l ◊

¨k’

LÙs

fiRp

.

$A

RtLÙ]

Ru

L⁄

j˚

Rl T

ß‹

˘Nn

Rp

.

$≈

”,

·”

U

tfl

m ˘

RÙP

oTÙ]

Y

Ù£l◊l

Tœ

ß˚

Vj RÙU

ÙL Y

Ù£j’

/YÙ£

lT˚

Rd

˙Lh

” A

ߤ

s[

L⁄

j’

/®Lr

˚Y

j Rm

˘NÙk

R S

˚P

´p

·fl

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$Y

Ù£

jR/˙

Lh

P TÙP

˚X

l ˙

TÙp

˙

Yfl

TÙP

p

E⁄

YÙd°

d

·fl

°\ÙoLs

/

G›

’°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$TÙP

¤dœ

˘U

hP

˚U

j’

l T

Ù”°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$œ

±l

©h

P

Y˚

L´

p

A˚

UkR

YÙd°

Ve

L˚

[j

RÙU

ÙL E

⁄Y

Ùd°

d

·fl

°\Ùo

Ls

/ G

›’

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$œ

±l©

hP

˘

NÙtL˚

[l T

Vu

T”

jß

l

˘T

Ù⁄

˚[

˚U

kR

YÙd°

Ve

L˚

[d

·fl

°\Ùo

Ls

/G›

’°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$Y

Ù£l◊l Tœ

ß˚

V Y

Ù£j’

œ

±l©

hP

˘NÙtLfi

dLÙ]

G

ßof ˘

NÙtL˚

[d

Li

”©

•d°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$G

∞V

TÙP

p Y

¨L˚

[f

Noj’

l T

ÙP˚

X

ÿ›

˚U

lT

”j

ßd

·fl

°\ÙoLs

/

G›

’°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$G

∞V

T•

Ye

L˚

[ ®

Wl◊°

\Ùo

Ls

.

Page 82

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

82 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789

AX

œ Y

˚X

fNh

Pm

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

„r®˚

X´

Vp

$TP

eL˚

[l T

Ùoj’

m

S¨p

TÙo

j’

m T

X

Y˚

LV

Ù]

≈

”L˚

[Ÿ

m ©

WÙ¶

L∞

u

YÙØ

Pe

L˚

[Ÿ

m T

h•

V≠

PÆ

V¤

m.

$C

Wi

” U

ÙflTh

P ≈

”L∞

u T

Pe

L˚

[l

TÙoj

’m

˙

S¨

p

Li

”m

AY

t±

t°

˚P

˙V

Ÿs

[

Jtfl

˚U

˙Y

tfl

˚U

L˚

[l T

h•

V≠

PÆ

V¤

m.

$Rm

A

‡T

Ye

L∞

u

A•

lT

˚P

´p

LX

k’

˚WV

Ù•

Ÿm

Y

Ù£

l◊

l T

ϧ

˚V

YÙ£

j’

m ≈

h•

≠⁄

dœ

m Y

Nß

L˚

[Ÿ

m

˙U

¤m

˙

R˚

Yl

T”

m

YNß

L˚

[Ÿ

m

Th

•V

≠P

ÆV

¤m

.

$LX

k’

˚WV

Ù•l T

Pe

L˚

[l T

Ùoj’

≈”

Lh

Pj ˙

R˚

Yl

T”

m ˘

TÙ⁄

sL˚

[l

Th

•V

≠P

ÆV

¤m

.

$Y

Ù£

l◊

lT

ϧ

˚V

Y

Ù£

j’

m

LX

k’

˚WV

Ù•

Ÿm

≈

h”

j ˙

RÙh

Pjß

u

˙R˚

Y A

˚U

dœ

m ÿ

˚\, A

Ru

TV

uLs

B°

VY

t˚

\ Æ

[dLÆ

V¤

m.

$G

›l

Tl

T”

m

G∞

V

A±

ÆV

p

Æ]

ÙdLfi

dœ

Æ

˚P

LÙQ

G

∞V

˘NV

pß

hP

eL∞

p D

”TP

ÆV

¤m

.

$—tfl

l◊\ ®

Lr

‹L˚

[ E

tfl

˙SÙd

Lp

$Y

ÙØP

j˚

Rf —t±

Ÿs

[ ˘

TÙ⁄

sL˚

[l

Th

•V

≠”

Rp

$T

X

Y˚

LV

Ù]

≈

”L˚

[l

TÙoj

’

AY

t±

u

˙Y

tfl

˚U

d

·fl

L˚

[l

Th

•V

≠”

Rp

.

$Ru

A‡

TY

jß

u Y

Ù´X

ÙL/Y

Ù£jR±

k’

Th

•V

≠”

Rp

.

$Æ

˚R ÿ

˚[

j’

f ˘

N•

Vٜ

m Tp

˙Y

fl

®˚

XL˚

[d L

Ùh”

m ˘

NV

pTÙ”

.

$T

Pe

L˚

[l

T

Ùoj

’/˙

S¨

p T

Ùoj

’l

TX

Y˚

LV

Ù] ≈

”L˚

[, ©

WÙ¶

L∞

u T

X

Y˚

LV

Ù] Y

ÙØP

eL˚

[l Th

•V

≠”

°-

\Ùo

Ls

.

$C

Wi

” ˘

Yq

˙Y

fl Y

˚LV

Ù] ≈

”L˚

[

Jl©

h”

AY

t±

t°

˚P

˙V

Ÿs

[ J

tfl

˚U

˙Y

tfl

˚U

L˚

[l T

h•

V≠

”°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$≈

”/·

” B

°V

Yt±

u ˙

R˚

YL˚

[l

Th

•V

≠”

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$≈

” L

hP

j ˙

R˚

YlT”

m ˘

TÙ⁄

sL˚

[l

Th

•V

≠”

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$≈

h•

¤s

[ Y

Nß

L˚

[l

T

h•

V≠

h”

˙U

¤m

˙

R˚

Yl

T”

m

YNß

L˚

[d

Li

”©

•j’

G›

’°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$≈

h”

j ˙

RÙh

Pjß

u ˙

R˚

Y, A

˚U

dœ

m

ÿ˚

\,

TV

uLs

B

°V

Yt˚

\l Tt±

d

LX

k’

˚WV

Ù• G

›’

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$Æ

˚R ÿ

˚[

jRp

˘

RÙP

oT

Ù]

G

∞V

˘NV

pß

hP

eL∞

p

D”

T”

°\ÙoLs

.

RÙe

Ls

E

tfl

dLY

≤j

’

A±

kR˚

Y

Utfl

m

Li

”©

•j

R

A±

ÆV

p

Ei

˚U

L˚

[d œ

±lTÙL

G›

’°

\Ùo

Ls

.

Page 83

Yœl◊ II

83AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789

AX

œ Y

˚X

fNh

Pm

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

L¶

Rm

$1 ÿ

Rp

99 Y

˚WŸ

s[

Gi

L˚

[l T

p˙Y

fl

ÿ˚

\L∞

p

Æ[

dœ

YRu

Y

Ù´

XÙL

Gi

Q±

‹ ˘

T\Æ

V¤

m.

$C

Wi

” K

¨X

dL G

iL∞

u ·

hP

p,

LØ

jR˚

X U

]dLQ

dLÙL

f

Nn

VÆ

V¤

m.

$C

PU

ßl©

u T•

C

Wi

•X

dL G

iL˚

[

Ju

flL[

ÙL,

Tj

’L[

ÙLl

©¨j˘

R›

RÆ

V¤

m.

$C

Wi

•X

dL G

iL˚

[ J

l©

h”

l ˘

T¨V

Gi

, £

±V

G

i G

’ G

u±

V ÿ

R≠

p

Tjß

u C

Pjß

¤s

[ G

iL˚

[ J

l©

P

˙Y

i”

m.

A˚

Y NU

˘U

≤p

J

u±

u

CP

jß

¤s

[

Gi

L˚

[

Jl

©h

”l

TÙoj

’l

˘

T¨

V

Gi

. £

±V

G

i

G’

˘Y

]d L

i”

©•

dLÆ

V¤

m

$C

⁄ C

Wi

•X

dL G

iL˚

[ A

Rtœ

d

œ˚

\Y

Ù] C

Wi

” C

Wi

•X

dL G

iL∞

u

·h

”j˘

RÙ˚

LV

ÙL G

›RÆ

V¤

m.

$œ

±l©

P A

”d°

¤s

[ ˘

TÙ⁄

sL∞

u

C⁄

l©

Pj˚

R G

iL˚

[l TV

uT”

jß

d

L¶

R Y

Ùd°

VU

ÙLd ·

\Æ

V¤

m.

$˘

TÙ⁄

hL˚

[ Tp

˙Y

fl G

i¶

d˚

L´

X-

˚U

kR ˘

Rٜ

l◊L[

Ùdœ

Rp

.

$A

Yt˚

\ J

l©

”Rp

, Y

¨˚

NlT”

j’

Rp

CP

Uß

l˚

T/U

¶fNh

Pm

TV

uT”

jß

Gi

L∞

u C

PU

ßl˚

T Æ

[dœ

Rp

.

$G

iL˚

[ J

l©

h”

A

Yt±

t°

˚P

˙V

-

Ÿs

[

Jtfl

˚U

, ˙

Ytfl

˚U

L˚

[d

Li

”©

•jRp

.

$˘

TÙ’

ÿ•

Ætœ

Y⁄

Rp

.

$A

”d°

˚

YdLlTh

”s

[ ˘

TÙ⁄

sL˚

[

Etfl

dLY

≤j’

J

q˘

YÙ⁄

˘

TÙ⁄

∞u

C⁄

l©

Pj˚

Rd L

i”

©•

jRp

.

$S˚

Pÿ

˚\l

©

Wf£

˚]

L˚

[ A

X£

BWÙn

Rp

.

˛ Tp

˙Y

fl

TÙ⁄

sL˚

[l T

Vu

T”

j’

Rp

˛ Th

•V

≠”

Rp

˛ A

X£

BWÙn

Rp

$T

p˙

Yfl

Y

•Æ

Vp

Y

•Y

eLs

E

s[

TP

eL˚

[ E

tfl

dLY

≤jRp

.

$J

tfl

˚U

Y

tfl

˚U

L˚

[d L

i”

©•

jRp

.

$,

, B

°V

Y

•Y

eL˚

[ C

]m

Li

” Æ

[dœ

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$T

p˙

Yfl

Y

•Æ

Vp

Y

•Y

eL˚

[l

TV

uT”

jß

≈”

˘Nn

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$C

Wi

•X

dL G

iL∞

u G

iQ

”dœ

L˚

[

ÿ›

˚U

lT”

j’

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$.

1, 5, 10

B°

V Ï

TÙn

˙SÙh

”L˚

[ C

]m

LÙi

°\ÙoLs

; A

Yt±

u

Uß

l˚

Td

LQ

d°

h”

d ·

fl°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$Ï

TÙ´

u U

ßl˚

T G

i¶

¤m

G›

jß

¤m

G›

’°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$œ

±l©

hP

U

ßl◊s

[ Ï

TÙ˚

V Tp

˙Y

fl

ÿ˚

\L∞

p ©

¨j˘

R›

’°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$˘

TÙ⁄

hL∞

u C

⁄l©

Pj˚

Rd œ

±l©

”m

L¶

R Y

Ùd°

Ve

L˚

[ G

›’

°\Ùo

Ls

.

Page 84

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

84 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

$C

Wi

” K

¨X

dL G

iLfi

d°

˚P

-V

Ÿs

[

Æj

ßV

ÙNm

G

qY

[‹

G

ufl

LQ

d°

PÆ

V¤

m.

$C

Wi

•X

dL

Gi

˚Q

Ÿm

K

¨X

dL

Gi

˚Q

Ÿm

·h

PÆ

V¤

m.

$C

Wi

”

CWi

•X

dL

Gi

L˚

[d

·h

PÆ

V¤

m.

$G

∞V

"·

hP

p

Gi

Q”

dœ

Ls

'

E⁄

YÙd

LÆ

V¤

m.

$Y

•Æ

Vp

Y•

Ye

L˚

[l T

Vu

T”

jß

≈”

Y˚

WV

ÆV

¤m

.

$C

Wi

•X

dL G

iLs

Y⁄

m S

˚P

ÿ˚

\l

©Wf£

˚]

Lfi

dœ

j æ

o‹

LÙQ

ÆV

¤m

.

$C

Wi

•X

dL G

iL∞

u ·

hP

p TX

u/

LØ

jRp

TX

u Y

Ù´X

ÙLdLÙQ

˙Y

i•

V

S˚

Pÿ

˚\l

©

Wf£

˚]

Lfi

dœ

j æo‹

LÙi

°\Ùo

Ls

. (¡

ß Y

WÙR

˚Y

)

$1

ÿRp

99

Y˚

WŸ

s[

G

iQ

±‹

˘RÙP

oT

Ù]

Æ

]ÙdLfi

dœ

Æ

˚P

LÙi

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$U

¶fNh

Pm

(A

TÙdLv

) T

Vu

T”

jß

CWi

•X

dL G

iLs

˘RÙP

oTÙ]

·h

Pp

˘NV

pTÙ”

L˚

[f ˘

Nn

°\Ùo

Ls

.

Page 85

Yœl◊ II

85AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789

AX

œ Y

˚X

fNh

Pm

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

L˚

XdLpÆ

$Æ

Wp

L˚

[ S

∞]

UÙL

l T

Vu

T”

j’

YRu

YÙ´

XÙLl

◊

s∞

L˚

[

C˚

Qj

’

E⁄

Ye

Ls

Y˚

WV

ÆV

¤m

.

$˘

TÙ⁄

hL∞

u Y

iQ

eLfi

dœ

H

tTl

˘T

Ù⁄

jRU

Ù]

Y

iQ

eL˚

[j

˙Rok˘

R”

dLÆ

V¤

m.

$Y

iQ

l

˘T

u£

˚X

S∞

]U

ÙLl

TV

uT”

j’

YRu

Í

Xm

TP

m A

ZLÙL

A˚

UŸ

m.

$G

k˘

RkR Y

•Y

eLs

≈

h•

u G

k˘

RkRl

Tœ

ßL∞

p

Es

[]

G

u\±

k’

˘T

Ù⁄

jRU

Ù]

Y

•Y

eL˚

[j

˙Rok˘

R”

dLÆ

V¤

m.

$A

Yt˚

\ ÿ

˚\V

ÙL A

”d°

]Ùp

≈

”

E⁄

Yٜ

m.

$◊s

∞L˚

[ C

˚Q

j’

d ˙LÙ”

Y

˚Wk’

E⁄

YlTP

m Y

˚WRp

.

$˘

TÙ⁄

jRU

Ù]

Y

iQ

eLs

˙

Rok

˘R-”

jRp

.

$Y

iQ

m æ

h”

Rp

.

$˘

TÙm

˚U

≈

” Lh

Pj

˙

R˚

Yl

T”

m

˘TÙ⁄

sL˚

[/Y

•Y

eL˚

[j ˙Rok˘

R”

j-

Rp

.

$A

Yt˚

\ ÿ

˚\V

ÙL A

”d°

≈”

Lh

”Rp

.

$◊

s∞

L˚

[

C˚

Qj

’l

T

Pm

Y˚

W°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$˘

TÙ⁄

jRU

Ù] Y

iQ

m æ

h”

°\Ùo

Ls

$˘

TÙ⁄

sL˚

[/Y

•Y

eL˚

[l T

Vu

T”

jß

≈”

Lh

”°

\Ùo

Ls

.

Page 86

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

86 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ : 1, 4, 5, 8 ˘UÙ.˘Y. Y• : L˚R

„r®˚X´Vp : 2, 3

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

£Xkß, œ[Æ, œ⁄Æ, ˙R… B°V˚Y Kh˚Pl TÙ˚]´p Y˚X, ·” Lh”Rp ˛

È˚] Y⁄Rp Gu ≈” C’ Gufl ·± CPj˚Rd LÙ≠ NnŸeLs Gufl ™Wh”Rp

˛ A˚Y ˙LhLÙUp ˙TÙL˙Y Kh˚Pl TÙ˚]˚V Gh• E˚RjRp ˛ TÙ˚] E⁄i”

K”Rp.

®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ : 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ˘UÙ.˘Y. Y•. L˚R

„r®˚X´Vp : 1, 2, 4

L˚XdLpÆ : 2

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

TÙ˚] ≈” E⁄i”.... E⁄i” K”Rp ˛ UWjßp ˙UÙß E˚PRp ˛ £Xkß, œ[Æ,

œ⁄Æ, ˙R… B°V˚Y œ•˚N≈”, UÙ•≈”, Kh”≈”... ˙TÙu\ TX Y˚LVÙ]

≈”L˚[l TÙojRp ˛ AYWYodœ Æ⁄lTUÙ] ≈h˚P ˙SÙd°l T\k’ ˙TÙRp.

®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

L¶Rm : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

L˚XdLpÆ : 1, 2, 3

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

˙R… UÙ•≈h˚P SÙd°l TÙRp A˙R TÙp ≈” LhP ®˚]jRp Ah˚PL˚[l

TVuT”jß ≈” Lh”Rp.

UÙ• ≈h•u Í˚X´p ®tœm ˘TÙm˚U Yi•˚Vl TÙojRp˛˙R… ®_UÙ] ≈”

LhP ®˚]jRp ˛ œ⁄ÆŸm œ[ÆŸm ARtœ ERY ®˚]jRp ˛ TQm ˘LÙ”jRp ˛

˙Yfl TX⁄m ˙R…dœl TQm ˘LÙ”jRp ˛ TQm ˘LÙ”jRYoLfidœ CW∫’

˘LÙ”jRp

L˚RdL[m

Page 87

Yœl◊ II

87AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ : 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 ˘UÙ.˘Y. Y•Ym : TÙPp

„r®˚X´Vp : 4, 5

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

˙R… RÙu ˘Nu\ œ•˚N ≈h˚Pl Tt±l TÙ”Rp ˛ Ut\YoLfim AYWYo Re°V

≈”L˚[l Tt±l TÙ”Rp.

®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

L¶Rm : 4, 6, 2, 3 (32 ˛ 41)

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

œWeLiQ‡dœm ≈” LhP B˚N YkR’. æl˘Th•L˚[f ˙Noj’ ≈” LhPj

˘RÙPe°V’.

LÙLjßtœm œ⁄Ædœm TZm ßu] B˚N TZm YÙe°f NÙl©hP] NÙl©hP©u

Æ˚[VÙPj ˘RÙPe°].

®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ : 1, 4, 8 ˘UÙ.˘Y. Y•Ym : L˚R

„r®˚X´Vp : 6, 7

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

UÙ• ≈h•p Re°V ˙R… Aq≈h•¤s[ U¶˘UÙØŸm AÿR‡m A˚UjR

UÙ•≈h”j ˙RÙhPm Tt±d ·flRp.

®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

L¶Rm : 1, 8, 9 (42 ˛ 43)

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

AÿR‡dœm U¶˘UÙØdœm ˙TÙh• YkR’ ˛ VÙ¨Pm C⁄lT’ AßLm, GqY[‹

AßLm GuT˙R ˙TÙh• ˛ ˙TÙh•Ls SPkR].

ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹

""I˚V˙VÙ... U\k˙R ˙TÙnÆh˙Pu. ˘N•dœj RiΩo Ftflm ˙SWUÙ°ÆhP˙R!''

Gufl ˘NÙp≠ AÿRu K•]Ùu. AÿR˚]j ˘RÙPok’ U¶˘UÙØŸm K•]Ùs.

Page 88

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

88 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛1

TÙ˚]≈”

÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙ”

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NÙpXh˚PLs/ TP Ah˚PLs

≈”, ˙R…, £Xkß, œ⁄Æ, È˚], ·”, U˚Z, ˘Y´p, LÙtfl, œ∞o.

TPm (A) ˘NÙpXh˚P.

˘NVpÿ˚\

• RVÙ¨jR ˘NÙp/TP Ah˚Pj ˘RÙœl˚Tl ◊jRLjßtœs J∞j’ ˚Yj’d˘LÙsfieLs.

• EeLfidœd LÙhPl Tj’l TPeLs LÙi”Yk’s˙[u. A˚Y Gu]˘Yufl ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?''

Gufl ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLs F°j’d ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• ""SÙu TPeL˚[d LÙh”m˙TÙ’ VÙ⁄m EWdLf ˘NÙpXd·PÙ’. A˚]Y⁄m AYWYo

˙SÙh”l◊jRLj˚RŸm G›’˙LÙ˚XŸm G”j’d˘LÙsfieLs. SÙu TPeL˚[d LÙh”m

˙TÙ’ AYt±u TVoL˚[ G›R Yi”m. A˚]j˚RŸm VÙo N¨VÙL G›’°»oLs Gufl

TÙol˙TÙUÙ?'' Gufl NYÙp Æh”. ◊jRLjߤs[ J⁄ TP Ah˚P˚V ™u]p ˙TÙp LÙh•

U˚\ŸeLs. œZk˚RLs, ""TÙodL ÿ•VÆp˚X'' Gufl ˘NÙu] ©u,''

• ""SÙu U’YÙL J⁄ RP˚YRÙu TP Ah˚P˚Vd LÙi©l˙Tu; øeLs TÙojR’ Gu]˘Yufl

G›ßd˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m'' Gufl ·±,

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ TPUÙLd LÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLs G›Rh”m;

• J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo UÙt±f NLUßl¿” SPjR YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

˘RÙPo Æ]ÙdLs

• Cßp G˚R˘V˚Rl TÙojß⁄d∏»oLs?

• ≈h•tœm ·h•tœm Gu˘]u] ˙YflTÙ”Ls Es[]?

• ≈h•p VÙoVÙo C⁄lTÙoLs?

• ·h•p YÙrT˚Y G˚Y?

• U˚Z, ˘Y´p, LÙtfl, œ∞o B°VYt˚\ A‡TÆjß⁄d°»oL[Ù?

• CYt±tœm ≈h•tœm/·h•tœm HRÙY’ ˘RÙPo◊iPÙ?

TÙPYÙ£l◊

TÙPl◊jRLjߤs[ TdLm 30˛32 TdLeL˚[d œZk˚RLs TÙodL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ˘RÙPok’

∏rY⁄m Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

• ÿu]o SÙm G›ßVYtfls G˚Y˘V˚Y Es[]?

• £Xkß Hu TVk’ ÆØd°\’?

• œ[Æ Hu TVk’ K”°\’?

• ˙R…Ÿm œ⁄ÆŸm Hu TVk’ K”°u\]?

• C˚Y˘VpXÙm Geœl ˙TÙn J∞k’s[]?

• Hu TÙ˚]dœs J∞k’s[]?

Page 89

Yœl◊ II

89AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

• È˚] Hu ˙LÙTlT”°\’?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

YÙ£dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

œZk˚RLs ·flm TßpL˚[d L⁄mTX˚L´p /NÙoh•p G›’eLs.

AYt˚\l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jß YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

YÙ£l©p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfim YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

TÙ˚] ≈”

• £Xkß, œ[Æ, ˙R…,œ⁄Æ B°V SÙuœm Geœ ˙TÙ´]?

• Gu] ˘NnR]?

• È˚] Hu ˙LÙTlT”°\’?

• È˚] Gu] ˘NnR’?

CqÆ]ÙdLfidLÙ] Æ˚P˚V ""VÙo ÿR≠p Li”©•d∏»oLs Gufl TÙol˙TÙUÙ?'' Gufl ˙Lh”

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• œZk˚R Tßp ·\Æp˚X˘V≤p ApX’ RY\ÙLd ·±]Ùp, ''SÙu YÙ£d°˙\u.

LY≤j’ ˙LfieLs Gufl ·±. YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs.

• Suœ YÙ£dœm œZk˚R Yœl©≠⁄kRÙp AkRd œZk˚Rdœ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Gu] SPkR’?

""Gu] SPkR’ Gufl GjR˚] T⁄dœd ·\ ÿ•Ÿm?'' Gufl Lh” Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm ®Lr˚Yd

·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd ∏rdLÙ‘m ÿ˚\L∞p SPjRXÙm.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙYÙL øeLs ˙Lh” œZk˚RLs Tßp ·\ YÙnlT∞dLXÙm.

• œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[Ùd° Æ]Ù˛Æ˚Pl ˙TÙh•VÙL SPjRXÙm.

(˙U¤m Æ]ÙdL˚[ Adœ›dLs RVÙ¨j’ Æ]Y YÙnlT∞dLXÙm)

• CqÆ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚P˘V›R YÙnlT∞j’ ˛ NLUßl¿” SPjRXÙm.

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”

TÙPl Tœß˚V YÙ£j’ Æ˚P LÙQ ER‹m AßL Æ]ÙdLs E⁄YÙdL‹m, AR]•lT˚P´p

Æ]Ù˛Æ˚Pl ˙TÙh•Ÿm SPjRXÙm.

YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•

""Sm Yœl©p ™L Su\ÙL YÙ£lT’ VÙo Gufl Li”©•dL ˙Yi”m. GlT•d Li”©•dLXÙm?''

Gufl ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLs ·flm L⁄j’L˚[d ∏rdLÙ‘m Y˚L´p Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs.

• ßdLÙUÙp ßQ\ÙUp YÙ£jRp

• EQof£lÈoYUÙL YÙ£jRp

• ®fljRt œ±Lfid˙LtT ®fljß YÙ£jRp

Page 90

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

90 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

• ˘R∞YÙL EfN¨j’ YÙ£jRp.

••

Cdœ±l◊L∞uT• J⁄ œZk˚R YÙ£lT˚Rl ©\ œZk˚RLs Ußl©P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ÿRtLhPUÙL

ÿuY⁄m œZk˚RLfid°˚P˙V YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh• SPjRXÙm. ˘RÙPok’ øeLs ˙Rok˘R”dœm

œZk˚RLfim YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•´p Te˙LtœUÙfl TÙoj’d ˘LÙsfieLs.

LY≤ŸeLs

• TPj˚Rl TÙoj’d œZk˚RLs TßX∞dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R L.T/NÙoh•p G›’eLs.

• AYt˚\ YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

""C’ ˙TÙp ˘Y´p, U˚Z, LÙtfl B°Yt±≠⁄k’ TÙ’LÙlTÙL C⁄dL

Gu˘]u] ©WÙ¶Ls Gu˘]u] ÿu˙]tTÙh”Pu YÙØPeL˚[

A˚Uj’s[]?'' GuT˚R ÆNÙ¨j’ / TÙoj’ YWj Ái”eLs. A˚R,

""SÙu Li”©•jR˚Y''

Gufl „r®˚X´Vp T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p (Portfolio) EhT”jR

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnŸm ÿu, TÙPlTœßdœ ¡i”m A˚Zj’f ˘Np¤eLs.

• E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ÿR≠p Y˚X Lh•V’ VÙo?

• ""Gu] ˙Yi”m?'' Gufl £Xkß ˙LhP˘TÙ›’ œ[Æ TÙ•V˘Ru]?'' Gufl ˙Lh”d

œZk˚RLs,

""≈” TÙ˚] ≈”

U˚Z S˚]VÙ ≈”

SÙ‡m ·” LhP

SÙ• Ceœ Yk˙Ru''

GuT˚R YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ˘RÙPok’ œ⁄Æ, ˙R… B°V˚Y ˘NÙu] TßpL˚[

ÿ›˚UlT”jßd ·\/G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

CflßVÙL Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

"T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p' (˘UÙØ) EhT”j’eLs.

ÿR¤m L˚P£Ÿm

• Cߤs[ YÙd°VeL˚[ J⁄ œZk˚R YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs

• ""C’˙TÙp GjR˚] YÙd°VeL˚[ EeL[Ùp G›R ÿ•Ÿm?'' Gufl NYÙp Æh”d œZk˚RLs

·\/G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• ™L AßLUÙ] YÙd°VeLs G›ßV œZk˚R˚Vl TÙWÙhP U\k’ÆPÙæoLs.

• ≈h”l TÙPUÙL ˙U¤m YÙd°VeLs G›R YÙnlT∞j’ AYt˚\ AYWYo

""T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl©p'' EhT”jR YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Page 91

Yœl◊ II

91AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

Li”©•ŸeLs

• CRtLÙ] Æ˚P˚Vd œZk˚RL˙[ Li”©•dLj Ái”eLs. TÙoj’/ÆNÙ¨j’ Ei˚U˚Vd

Li”©•dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• A˚R, „r®˚X´Vp T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ""Gu Li”©•l◊'' Gufl R˚Xl©h” G›R

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Y[⁄m ˘NÙp

• Cf NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. "≈h”l TÙPUÙLf NnVh”m.

• G›jßp ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ C˚R ÆP G∞˚UVÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d ˘LÙ”j’ G›R

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• ""™L AßLUÙL GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs Y˚W G›R ÿ•Ÿm?'' Gufl NYÙp Æh” "G›jßp'

ÿu˙]±V œZk˚RLfim Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf NYÙXÙLf ˘NnVj Ái”eLs.

œZk˚RLs G›ßV˚R Yœl©p YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

AYoLs YÙ£jR YÙd°VeL˚[l Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœl ©u ˙U¤m GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs G›R

ÿ•Ÿ˙UÙ AjR˚] YÙd°VeL˚[Ÿm G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

VÙo VÙo Y£lTÙoLs?

• Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚P ≈h”f ˘NVpTÙPÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• œZk˚RLs Èojß ˘NnR ClTh•Vp AYWYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p CPm ˘T\h”m.

• œZk˚RLfidœ Gl˘TÙ›˘RpXÙm ◊ßV Ei˚U ˘R¨°\˙RÙ Al˘TÙ›˘RpXÙm

ClT•Yj˚R ®Wl◊UÙfl Ái”eLs.

E⁄YÙœm L˚Rl◊jRLm

• £Xkß Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p Y˚X Lh•V’?

• œ⁄Æ Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ·” Lh•V’?

• œ[Æ Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ·” Lh•V’?

• ˙R… Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ·” Lh•V’?

• È˚] Hu TÙ˚] ≈h•tœ YkR’?

• ˙R… Gu] ˘NnR’?

• È˚] Gu] ˘NnR’?

• TÙ˚] Gu] B]’?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”, œZk˚RLs ·flm TßpL˚[f NÙoh•p G›’eLs.

C’ œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l◊j ß\˚]

Y[odL ER‹m ’˚QdL⁄ÆVÙœm

Page 92

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

92 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

˘RÙPo Ußl¿”

C’Y˚W SPkR Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u YÙ´XÙLd ∏rdLÙ‘m Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ SÙu GkR

A[Ætœl ˘Ttfls˙[u GuT˚Rd œZk˚RL˙[ —V Ußl¿” ˘NnV ER‹m T•Ym Ju˚\

Y•Y˚Uj’d ˘LÙ”eLs.

Su\ÙL KW[‹

Gu]Ùp RY±u± YÙ£dL ÿ•Ÿm

EQof£lÈoYUÙL YÙ£dL ÿ•Ÿm

N¨VÙ] EfN¨l˙TÙ” YÙ£dL ÿ•Ÿm

SÙu RY±u± G›’˙Yu

B£¨Vo —VUßl¿”

SÙu ˙S¨hP ©Wf£˚]Ls SÙu ˚LVÙiP EjßLs

• •• •• •• •• •

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊

˘UÙØ : 1. TÙPp (œ⁄Æ, ˙R…)

2. ÿR¤m L˚P£Ÿm

„r®˚X´Vp : 1. SÙu Li” ©•jR˚Y (YÙØPeLs)

Page 93

Yœl◊ II

93AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 2

◊ßV ≈h˚Pj˙R•

®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs.

• E⁄i” E⁄i” K•V TÙ˚]≈h•tœ Gu] B]’?

Gufl ˙LfieLs, œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R AlT•˙V NÙoh•p G›’eLs. A˚Rj˘RÙPok’.,

• CkR Y¨ VÙo ·±V’?

• WÙÿ ˘NÙu] Y¨˚V YÙ£ŸeLs Gufl ·± YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.

TP YÙ£l◊

œZk˚RLs CkR ®LrÆtLÙ] TPj˚R EtfldLY≤dLh”m.

• TPjßp Gu˘]u] E´¨]eLs Es[]?

• TÙ˚] ≈h•tœ Gu] B]’?

• œ⁄Æ Geœ AUok’s[’?

• UÙu Gu] ˘Nnß⁄dœm? ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs.

• œZk˚RLs TPj˚R EtfldLY≤j’ ®Lrf£L˚[d ·\h”m.

• œZk˚RLs ·flm A•lT˚P´p ®Lrf£L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’eLs.

TÙ˚]≈” E⁄iP’

E⁄i” E⁄i” ˘Nu\’

UWjßp ˙UÙßV’

TÙ˚] ≈” E˚PkR’

œ⁄Æ T\kR’

UWjßp AUokR’

˙R…Ÿm œ[ÆŸm

£Xkߟm ∏˙Z Æ›kR]

LÙVm ThP]

YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jßf NÙoh•p G›RlTh”s[ ®Lrf£˚Vd œZk˚RLs YÙ£dL

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

ARu©\œ ""øeLs ·±V ®Lrf£Ls N¨RÙ]Ù? Gufl TÙol˙TÙm'' G]d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœß˚V

YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.

TÙPj˚R YÙ£jRp

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLh”m. YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RL˚[ YÙ£dL

˚YŸeLs.

Page 94

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

94 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

YÙ£l©p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ...

øeLs TX YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[lTVuT”jß YÙ£dL ˚YjæoLs. B]Ùp

J⁄ £X ©uRe°V œZk˚RLs YÙ£lT˙R´p˚X. Gu] ˘NnY’?

TÙPlTœß´p J⁄ Tœß˚V Uh”m G”eLs. AlTœß˚V øeLs

YÙ£dœm ˘TÙ›’ œ±l©hP ˘NÙp˚Xd Li”©•dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

˘NÙtLs Li”©•dLj ˘R¨kR‹Pu £±V YÙd°VeL˚[d Li”©•dLf

˘NÙpX Yi”m. AqYÙfl T•lT•VÙL ©uRe°V œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l◊j

ß\˚] ˙UmT”jRXÙm.

TXRWlThP ≈”Ls

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ≈”L∞u TPeL˚[l TÙodLh”m. ARu©u J⁄ £X Æ]ÙdL˚[d

˙LfieLs.

AØdL AØdL G›Rh”m.

øeLs YÙ£dLf ˘NÙp¤m Tœß´p CPm˘Tflm ÿd°V ˘NÙtL˚[

L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. AYt˚\ Ju˙\Ù CWi˙PÙ ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d

LÙh”eLs. Gu˘]u] ˘NÙtLs G›ßŸs˙[u Gufl J⁄ ÿ˚\

YÙ£j’dLÙh”eLs. GjR˚] ˘NÙtLs G›ßŸs˙[u G] CWiPÙY’

ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs. R˚Y G≤p YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jß

˙U¤m YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs.

""C≤ øeLs YÙ£dL ˙Yi”m. B]Ùp J⁄ ®TkR˚]. SÙu Jq˘YÙ⁄

˘NÙpXÙL AØl˙Tu. øeLs AØjR ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ YÙ£dL

˙Yi”m Gufl NÙp≠ Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÙpXÙL AØj’d LÙi” YÙ⁄eLs.

œZk˚RLs YÙ£lT˚RdLi” BfN¨VU˚P≈oLs.

• EeLfidœl ©•jR ≈” G’? Hu? œZk˚RLs E˚WVÙPh”m.

• ""TPjßp 5 ≈”Ls RWlTh”s[]. Aßp J⁄ ≈” Uh”m œ›Æp ˙NWÆp˚X. GkR ≈”

Hu?'' Gufl ˙LfieLs œZk˚RLs £\l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Li”©•j’d ·\h”m.

œZk˚R 1 : CWiPÙY’ ≈” (°Qfl Es[’)

œZk˚R 2 : UW≈” (H˚]V ≈”Ls R˚W´p Es[])

œZk˚R 3 : ÿRp ≈” (A”dœ UÙ• ≈”)

œZk˚R 4 : Íu\ÙY’ ≈” (◊˚LdœZÙn Ei”)

œZk˚RLs £\l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p GkR ≈h˚P ˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m ·\h”m. B]Ùp AYoLs

·flm LÙWQm N¨VÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

Page 95

Yœl◊ II

95AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

ARu ©u Tp˙Yfl ≈”L∞u TPeLs Jh•V NÙoh˚Pj ˘RÙeL Æ”eLs. œZk˚RLs AYt˚\l

TÙoj’ £\l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”jRh”m.

Y˚LlT”j’Y’ GqYÙfl?

• YNßL∞u A•lT˚P´p

• ˘T¨V’/£±V’ A•lT˚P´p

• ®\eL∞u A•lT˚P´p...

˙YflTÙ” Gu˘]u]?

œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. J⁄ œ›Ætœ UÙ•≈” Guflm A”jR œ›Ætœd œ•˚N

≈” Guflm ˘TV¨”eLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ReLs œ›Æu ˘TV¨u A•lT˚P´p £\l◊L˚[d

·\h”m.

œ•˚N ≈” UÙ•≈”

• K˚X ˙YnkR’ • LÙu°√h ≈”

• ≈h•‡s œ∞of£VÙL C⁄dœm • TÙ’LÙl◊ AßLm

• Lh”YRtœf ˘NX‹œ˚\‹ • YNß AßLm

•

YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”j’eLs

""TPTP'' G]d œ⁄Æ £\L•jR’. Gu‡m UÙߨ˚Vl ˙TÙufl RWlTh”s[ H˚]VYt˚\d

œZk˚RLs YÙd°Vjßp RÙUÙLl TVuT”jRh”m.

""NXNX'' Gufl ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”jßd ·\h”m.

""NXNX ˘Y]j RiΩo K•V’

LiQÙ• T[T[ ˘Y] ™u≤V’

°¨_Ù LXLX ˘Y]f £¨jRÙs

UWjß≠⁄k’ °˚[ NPNP ˘Y] J•kR’.

Gßof˘NÙtLs

RWlTh”s[ ˘NÙtLfidLÙ] Gßof˘NÙtL˚[l TÙPlTœß´≠⁄k’ œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’

G›R˙Yi”m. øeLs £X ˘NÙtL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs AYt±tLÙ] Gßof

˘NÙtL˚[d ·\h”m. Gßof˘NÙp ·flm œZk˚R´u ˘TV˚W AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p

G›’eLs. Cflß´p AYoL˚[l TÙWÙhP U\YÙæoLs. ™L‹m G∞˚UVÙL Gßof˘NÙp Li”©•dœm

˘NÙtL˚[ ˙LfieLs.

(G.LÙ)

˙U˙X ˛ ∏˙Z

œh˚P ˛ ˘Sh˚P

˘T¨V’ ˛ £±V’

£¨l◊ ˛ A›˚L

G∞˚U ˛ L•]m

Page 96

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

96 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

ARu ©u TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Gßof˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

£¨jR’ x A›R’

G›kR’ x Æ›kR’

˙U” x Ts[m

UÙh•d ˘LÙi˙PÙm x Rl©j˙RÙm

©¨kRÙoLs x ˙NokRÙoLs

U°rf£V˚PkR’ x Y⁄jRU˚PkR’

˘RÙPok’ ˘NÙpXÿ•ŸUÙ?

J⁄ ˘NÙp˚Xl TVuT”jßj ˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ß\u °˚PlTRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”

RWlTh”s[’. Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P J⁄ Æ˚[VÙhPÙL SPjRXÙm. œZk˚RL˚[ C⁄ œ›dL[ÙdœeLs.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm J⁄ ˘TVo SpœeLs (G.LÙ) RÙU˚W, ˙WÙ_Ù

øeLs J⁄ NÙp˚Xj Rok˘R”eLs (G.LÙ) "TÙ˚]' œZk˚RLs "TÙ˚]' Gu\ NÙp≠tLÙ] RÙP˚W

˘NÙpX ˙Yi”m.

øeLs ˙Lhœm œ› Uh”˙U Tßp ˘NÙpX˙Yi”m.

AkRdœ› N¨VÙ] ˘RÙP˚Wf ˘NÙu]Ùp AkR ˘NÙp≠tLÙ] ˙Yfl ˘RÙP˚W A”jR œ›

˘NÙpX˙Yi”m.

AqYÙfl UÙ± UÙ±j ˘RÙP˚Wd Li”©•j’d ·\˙Yi”m.

GkRd œ› ˘NÙpXÆp˚X˙VÙ A”jR œ›Ætœ 5 ◊s∞Ls.

˘NÙp RÙU˚W (œ›) ˙WÙ_Ù (œ›)

TÙ˚] UiTÙ˚] E˚PkR TÙ˚]

˘T¨V TÙ˚] £±V TÙ˚]

Kh˚PlTÙ˚] x

(5 ◊s∞Ls)

CqYÙfl ©\ ˘NÙtLs TVuT”jߟm ˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdLf ˘NnŸeLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘RÙPok’ ˘NÙpX ÿ•ŸUÙ? ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs G›Rh”m.

Gu] ˙Yi”m?

TÙ˚] ˙Yi”m

Gu] TÙ˚]?

Ui TÙ˚]

Gu] Ui?

L∞ Ui

Gu] L∞?

LRL∞

Gu] L˚R?

A±‹d L˚R

Gu] A±‹?

B\±‹

Gu] Bfl?

TÙXÙfl

Gu] TÙp?

........................

..........................

Page 97

Yœl◊ II

97AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 3

˙R… LiP ≈”

÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙ”

≈” SpX ≈”

SÙu Y£dœm ≈”

Nu]p Es[ ≈”

YÙNp Es[ ≈”

˘Y´p A•jRÙp LÙdœm

U˚Z ˘TnRÙp R”dœm

≈” SpX ≈”

SÙu Y£dœm ≈”!

• Cl TÙP˚Xl TÙ”eLs. ˘RÙPok’,

• ""EeLs ≈” GqYÙ˘\pXÙm EeLfidœ ER‹°\’?

• øeLs Gl˙TÙRÙY’ ≈”Lh• Æ˚[VÙ•V’ EiPÙ.....?'' ˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”

LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

• ˙R…, L]‹ LiP ≈” GjR˚LV’?

• AkR ≈h•p A˚Uk’s[ A˚\Ls G˚Y˘VpXÙm...?... Gufl ˙Lh”dLXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

GiQÙUp G›RXÙm

, , I ˙TÙu\ E⁄YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ˙R… ≈” E⁄YÙd° C⁄d°\’. Gufl ˘NÙp≠

Aßp Es[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ±l©hP Y•Yÿm GjR˚] ≈Rm Yk’s[’ Gufl Li”©•j’ G›R

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

ÿd˙LÙQeL˚[l TVuT”jß...

• J⁄ N’W Y•ÆXÙ] LÙ°Rj˚R G”j’d GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm ˘LÙ”eLs.

• A˚R NU A[ÆXÙ] 8 ÿd˙LÙQeL[ÙL ˘YhP ER‹eLs.

• Amÿd˙LÙQeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

SÙu Y˚WkR ≈”

• Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” Y˚WŸm ˙SÙdœPu Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ YZeLlTh”s[’.

• , , B°VYt±u Ik’ Ah˚PLs ≈Rm œZk˚RLfidœ YZeœeLs.

Page 98

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

98 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

• AqYh˚PL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈”Ls Y•Y˚UdLh”m.

• ˘RÙPok’m C’˙TÙu\ Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jßd œZk˚RLs TÙPË≠p ≈” Y˚WVh”m.

• RÙm Y˚WkR ≈h•u TPeLfidœ YiQm æhPh”m.

• Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß Y˚WVlThP £X UÙߨL˚[d œZk˚Rdœ A±ÿLm NnŸeLs...

• PÙu˛ °WÙm TVuT”jß ≈” E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞dLXÙm ApXYÙ...!

Æ˚[VÙh” Yi•dœ YiQm æhPXÙm

• Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

• J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo UÙt± NLUßl¿” ˘NnVh”m.

, , B°V Y•YeLfidœl TÙPl◊jRLjßp LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ TÙufl YiQm æhPh”m.

Y•YeLs Y˚Wk’ YiQm æh• U°Zh”m...!

Y•ÆVp Y•YeL˚[ ˙YflT”jßV±Rp, L⁄ÆL˚[l

TVuT”j’m ß\u, —jRUÙL‹m AZLÙL‹m TPm Y˚WŸm

ß\u ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ußl¿” ˘NnV˙Yi”m.

≈h˚P ÿ›˚UVÙdLXÙm.

A[‹˙LÙ˚Xl TVuT”jß ˙LÙ”Y˚WYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

• ≈h•u TPj˚R ÿ›˚UVÙdœeLs

• TPjßp RWlTh”s[ £Yl◊ ®\l◊s∞L˚[ A[‹ LÙ˚Xl TVuT”jß C˚Qj’ ≈h•u

Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙLj˚RŸm Y˚WdL‹m

• ·”Rp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SpL ˙Yi”m.

• ÿ›˚UVÙ] ≈” Y˚WV ER‹eLs. Y˚Wk’ ÿ•jR©u AYWY⁄dœ Æ⁄lTUÙ] ÿ˚\´p

YiQm æhP YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ÿ›˚UlT”jß YiQm æh•V œZk˚R˚Vl TÙWÙh”eLs.

A[‹ LÙ˚Xl TVuT”jß LÙ”Ls SWÙL Y˚WYRtLÙS ß\˚] Ußl¿” NnV Yi”m.

J∞kß⁄lT’ VÙo...?

12 ÿRp 34 Y˚WŸs[ CWh˚P GiL˚[ C]m Li” G›RYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘NnRYRtœ ÿu "Jt˚\ CWh˚PVÙ' Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ SpX’ ApXYÙ....!

CWi”˙To ≈Rÿs[ œ›YÙdœeLs... œ±l©hP Gi¶d˚LŸs[ ÿj’L˚[ UÙt± G”dLh”m.

Page 99

Yœl◊ II

99AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

• CWi” ≈Rm Es[ ÿj’dL[ÙLl ©¨j’ ˚YdLh”m.

• Jufl ≈Rm YkRÙp Jt˚\ Gi Guflm ¡Rm YWÆp˚X˘V≤p CWh˚P Gi Guflm

Li”©•dLh”m.

• Æ˚[h•u Cflß´p Jt˚\ Gi Utflm CWh˚P GiL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jRh”m (50 Y˚W)

˘RÙPok’ TÙPË≠p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiL∞p 12 ÿRp 34 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙLd

Li”©•j’ C˚QdLh”m. J∞kß⁄lT˚R A˚PVÙ[m LÙQh”m.

G]’ LÙ°R ≈”

TÙPË≠p ˘LÙ”j’s[’ ˙TÙufl NUN’W Y•ÆXÙ] TX YiQd LÙ°ReL˚[lTVuT”jß ≈”

RVÙ¨dLl T´t£ ˘LÙ”eLs.

Y•ÆVp Y•YeLs TVuT”jß ≈” E⁄YÙdœm Cf˘NVpTÙh•p L˚X ˘NVpÿ˚\d LpÆ´u

ß\uLs J⁄e°˚QdLlTh”s[].

G4 RÙ∞u TÙßV[‹ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.

L¶Rl◊jRLm TdLm 28 Ƥs[ TPj˚Rl ˙TÙufl UPd° ≈” E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

YÙNp, _u]p Y˚Wk’ ®\m SpL˙Yi”m.

TÙPl◊jRLjßp œ±l©hP CPjßp A˚R JhP ˙Yi”m.

◊jRLj˚R J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo ˚LUÙ±l T¨˙NÙßdL ˙Yi”m

AYWYo E⁄YÙd°V ≈h˚Pl TÙPl ◊jRLjßp Jh•˚YdLh”m, LR‹ Nu]p TÙu\˚Y Y˚WYRtœ

ERY U\dL ˙YiPÙm. HWÙ[UÙ] ≈”Ls E⁄YÙd°d LÙh£dœ ˚YdL‹m ERYXÙm ApXYÙ?

≈” LhPXÙm

Tj’ ÏTÙn Utflm J⁄ ÏTÙn B°VYt±u ˘RÙ˚L LÙ‘m ˙SÙdLjßu A•lT˚P´p

YZeLlTh”s[ Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Ußl©”Y’ GqYÙfl?

Y•Yjßu N¨VÙ] ˙RÙt\m

ÿ›˚U

AZœ

Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ß\˚] Ußl¿” ˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

˘UÙjR ÏTÙn Li”©•dL £WUm HtThP œZk˚RLs EiPÙ? Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙnLfim

SÙQVeLfim ˘LÙ”j’ AYoLfidœ GqYÙfl ERYXÙm?

Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls

• NÙoh TVuT”jß Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls, RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsfieLs.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm 10 Tj’ ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls °˚PdL

˙Yi”m.

Page 100

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

100 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

+ 56

˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\´p J⁄ ÏTÙ´u œ›dL˚[Ÿm RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsfieLs. Jufl ÿRp 10 Y˚WŸs[

Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘RÙœl◊m Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm °˚PdœUÙfl TÙoj’d ˘LÙsY’ SpX’.

B£¨˚V : ˘NÙp¤eL ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m?

œZk˚RLs : ºfNo ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m?

B£¨˚V : 56

œZk˚RLs œ±l©hP ˙SÙh”L˚[ Gi¶t˙LtT G”j’ ˚YdLh”m.

˘RÙPok’ TÙPË≠p Es[ ˘NVpTÙh•tœ YØ SPj’Y’ £\kR’.

• TÙPË≠p Es[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

• ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTßp ©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.

• Tj’ÏTÙn = 10 +10 +10 + 10 + 10 +10 + 10 = 70 Ï

5 J⁄ ÏTÙn = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5

7 0 +

5

7 5

Gu\ ÿ˚\´p CXœYÙLf ˘NnYRtœ ERYXÙm ApXYÙ?

CW∫’ ˘LÙ”dLXÙm

CW∫ßtœ 56 ÿRp 61 Y˚W RÙPof£VÙL Gi YZeLh”m. ≈”LhP TQm LÙ”jRYoLfidœ CW∫’

A∞lTRtœ YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs. ÏTÙ´u Ußl˚T Gi¶¤m G›jߤm G›Rh”m.

Ut\ Su˘LÙ˚PLs

ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”dLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lhœj æo‹LÙ‘m ˘TÙ⁄h” Cf˘NVpTÙ”

YZeLlTh”s[’.

+

+

Page 101

Yœl◊ II

101AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

+

+

+

• ˙TÙu\ TX YØL∞¤m Y¨˚NlT”jR ER‹eLs.

• ÿu˙T RVÙo ˘NnR Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”dL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm ApXYÙ?

˙SÙh”L[ÙdLXÙm.

GiL˚[l ©¨j’ G›’YRtLÙL Cf ˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’. Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn

˙SÙh”dL˚[l TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh•˚]f ˘NnV ER‹eLs.

˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\L∞p C˚Rl ©¨j’ G›R CV¤m ApXYÙ?

ÿu]˙W SÙm RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˚YjR Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jß 15, 35, 45, 20, 30, 40

B°V GiL˚[Ÿm ©¨j’ G›R ER‹eLs.

YiQm æhPXÙm

œZk˚RLs Æ⁄lTUÙ] ÿ˚\´p YiQm æhPh”m. £\lTÙL YiQm æh•V œZk˚RL˚[l

TÙWÙh”eLs.

Y•ÆVp Y•YeLfidœ YiQm æh• AZœ T”j’YRtLÙ] Cf ˘NVpTÙ” L˚XdLt\¤dLÙ]

YÙnl◊ Es[˚YVÙœm.

• R≤jR≤VÙL YiQm æh”°u\]o

• œ›Æp ˘Y∞´”°u\]o

• œ›Æp ™L AZLÙL YiQm æh•V’ VÙo?

L˚XdLpÆ ˛ )RW®oQVdœ±l◊Ls E⁄YÙd° Ußl¿” ˘Nn’ ©uÚhPm (Feedback) SpœRp

˙Yi”m.

Page 102

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

102 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 4

≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R ®Lr˚Yf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj˘RÙPok’,

• ˙R… RÙu Nu\ œ•˚N ≈h˚PlTt± Gu˘]u] TÙ•´⁄dœm Gufl LfieLs. œZk˚RLs

·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. AR]•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs.

• œZk˚RLs TÙP˚X K¨⁄ ÿ˚\ ˘U¸]UÙL YÙ£dLh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ SÙu ˘NÙp¤m

Y¨˚V ÿR≠p YÙ£lT’ VÙo? Gufl ˙Lh”,

˛ SÙuLÙY’ Y¨

˛ B\ÙY’ Y¨

Gufl ˘NÙp¤eLs. œZk˚RLs AqY¨L˚[ YÙ£j’d LÙi©dLh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ ""SÙu

˘NÙp¤m ˘NÙp˚Xd Li”©•j’ A’ GjR˚]VÙY’ Y¨´p Ei” Gufl ˘NÙpX ÿ•ŸUÙ? Gufl

NYÙp Æh” œZk˚RLs TÙP˚X YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ((G.LÙ) A˚\Ls, ˙LÙXm, LßWYu)

œZk˚RLs TÙP˚Xj RÙUÙL J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£jR©u.

• TÙP˚X C˚NŸPu TÙ”eLs

• œZk˚RLs R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m TÙPh”m.

• ¡i”m ¡i”m Y⁄m ˘NÙtLs G˚Y?

• SÙu ·flm TÙPp Y¨L˚[d Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

• SÙu ·flm L⁄j’s[ Y¨L˚[d Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”

LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

• ©•jR Y¨˚VŸm ARu LÙWQj˚RŸm ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

TÙP≠u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.

• VÙo Re°´⁄dœm ≈” EeLfidœ ™L‹m ©•jR’?

˛ TPjßu A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLs ·\h”m.

˛ LÙWQj˚R Æ[dL ˙Yi”m.

• ˘LÙ— Ru ≈h˚Pl Tt±f ˘NÙu]Ùp GlT•f ˘NÙp≠´⁄dœm?

CqÆ]Ù œZk˚RL∞u £kR˚]˚Vj Ái”YRtœ Uh”˙U. ˘LÙ— Geœ Reœ°\’?

˘LÙ—Ætœ ≈” EiPÙ ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.

G]’ ≈”

Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. RLYp ßWh”R≠u BWmTd LhPUÙœm.

œZk˚RLs RU’ ≈h˚Pl Tt±j RLYp ßWhPh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ R]’ SiT≤u ≈h˚Pl

Tt±j RLYp ßWh• CWi˚PŸm Jl©h”l TÙodLh”m.

Page 103

Yœl◊ II

103AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

˙R˚Y Gu]?

œZk˚RLs UÙ•≈” LhPj˙R˚YVÙ] TÙ⁄hL˚[ YhP™Ph”m. Al˘TÙ⁄∞u R˚Y˚VlTt±d

LXk’˚WVÙPh”m. ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TV˚W G›Rh”m.

K˚X ≈” UÙ•≈”

œZk˚RLs K˚X≈”, UÙ•≈” LhPj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l Th•V≠Ph”m.

Page 104

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

104 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 5

æl˘Th• ≈”

˘NVpY¨˚N

®Lr‹ IkßtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd·±l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

Æ˚[VÙh” ≈”

œZk˚RLs æl˘Th•L∞u A”dœL˚[ Gi¶ ˙SÙdLh”m. Ikßu UPeœL[ÙLd ·h• Æ˚P

Li”©•dL ER‹eLs.

5 +5 + 5+ 5+ 5 = 25

5 + 5 =10 10 + 5 = 15 15 + 5 = 20 20 + 5 =25

5 +5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 25

10 + 10 + 5 = 25

Gu\YÙfl TX YØL∞¤m Æ˚P Li”©•dL ER‹eLs.

5 5

5 5 10

5 5 5 15

5 5 5 5 20

5 5 5 5 5 25

5 5 5 5 5 5 30

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 35

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 40

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 50

˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\´p 5 u A”dœL˚[ G›ß Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y¨˚N´¤m Es[ Ik’L∞u ˘RÙ˚L LÙQf

˘NnVXÙUpXYÙ....!

Page 105

Yœl◊ II

105AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

GjR˚] æl˘Th•Ls...?

œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y¨˚N´¤m Es[ æl˘Th•L˚[Ÿm ·hPh”m.

10 + 10 + 10 +10 +10 = 50

50 + 5 = 55

10 u UPeœL˚[ A±V ER‹m AhPY˚Q˚Vd L⁄mTX˚L´p Y˚WŸeLs, œZk˚RLs

UPeœL˚[d ·h• G›Rh”m.

10 10

10 10 20

10 10 10 30

10 10 10 10 40

10 10 10 10 10 50

10 10 10 10 10 10 60

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 70

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 80

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

˘UÙjRm GjR˚]...?

˙YflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚P LÙiTRtœ ER‹eLs. UÙߨ˚Vl ˙TÙu\ HWÙ[m L¶Rl

©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙQ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

˙LÙ≠ Æ˚[VÙh”

J⁄ NÙoh•p/R˚W´p ∏rdLiPYÙfl GiL˚[ G›’eLs. œZk˚RLs Ntfl ÁWjß≠⁄k’ CWi”

˙LÙ≠L˚[ GiLs ¡’ ≈Nh”m. ˙LÙ≠Ls Æ›kR GiL∞u ·h”j ˘RÙ˚L˚Vd LQd°Ph”m.

11 12 13 14

24 23 22 21

31 32 33 34

41 42 43 44

GiQ”d˚Ll Tt±V A±‹, GiQ”d˚L

ÿ›˚UlT”j’YRtLÙ] ß\u Ußl©PlTP

˙Yi”m

Page 106

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

106 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

TZm YÙeLXÙm

ÿu˙T RVÙo ˘Nn’˚YjR Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jßl TÙPË≠p Es[

˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnV ER‹eLs.

¡Rm GjR˚]?

Ko CWi•XdL Gi¶≠⁄k’ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ CWi•XdL Gi˚Qd LØdœm J⁄ÿ˚\ Ceœ

YZeLlTh”s[’. ˙YflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚P LÙQ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

T J

5 9

5 5

0 4

50 + 9 ˛

50 + 5

0 + 4

LØjRp L⁄j’L˚[d œZk˚RLs A˚PYRtœj R˚PVÙL ®tœm ˘NVpL˚[ U]ßp ˘LÙi”

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ YØSPjR Yi”m. ·hPp LQdœL˚[f £\lTÙLf NnVd·•V œZk˚RLs ·P

LØjR≠p ©uRe° C⁄lT’ LØjR≠u A•lT˚P Ei˚UL˚[lTt±l TÙ’UÙ] A±Æu˚U˙V!

˘T¨V ·hPjßp C⁄k’ £±V ·hPeL˚[ G”j’ UÙtflYRtLÙ] HWÙ[m T´t£Ls YZeœY’

SpX’.

£Wh˚PLs GjR˚]?

CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hPp ß\˚] EflßlT”jR Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

T J

2 3 23 = 20 + 3 +

1 4 14 = 10 + 4

3 7 30 + 7 = 37

Ui◊h”

CWi” GiL˚[ Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’ ·”Rp œ˚\‹ Li”©•dœm ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ”

YZeLlTh”s[’.

21 = 20 + 1 = 10 + 10 +1

16 = 10 + 6 =

Gu\ ÿ˚\´p GiL˚[l©¨j’ Jufl Tj’ TÙu\Yt±u Ußl©t˙LtT GiL˚[ Jl◊˚U Nn’

·”Rp œ˚\‹ Li”©•dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. Cq˘YiL˚[l TVuT”jßj ˘RÙ˚L LÙQ‹m

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

T J

2 1 + 20 + 1

1 6 10 + 6

3 7 30 + 7 = 37

©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\u,

˘NVp°\u GuT˚Y Ußl©PlTP

˙Yi”m.

Page 107

Yœl◊ II

107AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

¡ß GjR˚]?

CWi•XdL GiL∞u LØjRp ß\˚] EflߢNnV Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

T J

3 7 30 + 7 ˛

7 0 + 7

3 0 30 + 0 = 30

CWi•XdL Gi‘Pu K¨XdL Gi˚Qd ·h”m˙TÙ’m LØdœm˙TÙ’m CXdLeL˚[ N¨VÙ]

ÿ˚\´p G›’°\ÙoLs GuT˚R EflߢNnV ˙Yi”m.

≈”LhPÙUp

œZk˚RLs TPjßp Es[ LtL˚[ Gi¶ G›Rh”m.

T J

2 3 20 + 3

3 6 30 + 6

5 9 50 + 9 59

˙YflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚PLÙQ ER‹eLs.

1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W

GiY¨˚N˚VŸm GiLfidœ C˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo©˚]Ÿm A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”

YZeLlTh”s[’. ◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A˙R T• ˘NnV ER‹eLs.

6 16 26 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 96

7 17 27 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 97

9 19 29 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 89

10 20 30 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 100

˙TÙu\ GiL˚[ ®Wl◊YRtœm ER‹eLs.

GjR˚] ÿ˚\

C’ GiL∞u CPUßl◊ (Tj’Ls, JuflLs) ˙YflT”jßV±V‹m Bœm.

GiL∞u £\l◊Ls LiP±YRtœUÙ] ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ˘NVpTÙ˙P Bœm.

• 1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W G›’m ˘TÙ›’ 7 Gu\ Gi Y⁄m GjR˚] GiLs Es[]?

• œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙL G›R˙Yi”m.

• œ›Æp ˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m.

• J⁄e°˚QdL ˙Yi”m.

• Yœl©p ˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m.

• B£¨Vo NÙoh•p J⁄e°˚QdL ˙Yi”m.

• AYt±p Tjßu CXdLjßp 7 Y⁄m GiLs G˚Y?

• R≤jR≤VÙL G›R ˙Yi”m.

• Juflm Tj’m CXdLeL∞p 7 Y⁄m GiLs G˚Y?

• Li”©•j’ G›R˙Yi”m.

Page 108

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

108 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

U¶fNhPm

GiL∞u CPUßl˚Tl Tt±j ˘R∞YÙL A\ık’ ˘LÙsYRtœ U¶fNhPeLs ERÆVÙL C⁄dœm

Gu\ Li˙QÙhPjßp Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ce˙L ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. U¶fNhPm Utflm ÿj’L˚[l

TVuT”jßf £X GiL˚[ E⁄YÙd°d LÙi©j’m E⁄YÙdLf Nn’m TÙ’UÙ] T´t£Ls A∞jR

©u◊ ◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

L¶Rl ˘Th•CkRf NVpTÙh•tLÙLj RVÙWÙdœm Gi Ah˚PL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RL∞u

L¶Rl ˘Th•´p ˙Nol¿oL[pXYÙ?

U¶fNhPm E⁄YÙdœY’ GlT•?

YœlT˚\´p LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs

1. YÙ˚ZjRi˚P ˘Yh•˘V”eLs. J˙W ø[jߤs[ 2

Dodœf£L˚[ Aßp œjß ˚YŸeLs.

2. ˘RoUÙd ˙LÙ≠p Dodœf£L˚[ AUojß ˚Yj’m U¶fNhPm

E⁄YÙdLXÙm.

3. LÙ°R Pm[˚W LÆrj’˚Yj’ ARu ¡’ Dodœf£˚V SÙh•Ÿm

U¶fNhPm E⁄YÙdLXÙm ApXYÙ?

L¶Rl◊jRLjßp TdLm 40 Cp Es[ GiL˚[ U¶fNhPjßp J›eœ T”j’Rp.

• Gi G’ G] G›’°u\]o

• A”jR Gi˚Q U¶fNhPjßp J›eœ T”j’°u\]o.

• L¶Rl ◊jLjßp Y˚WVlTh”s[ U¶fNhPjßp ÿj’Ls Y˚W°u\]o. GiL˚[

G›’°u\]o.

ÿj’ Y˚WVXÙm

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiLfidœ HtT ÿj’L˚[ Y˚WVh”m.

˘RÙ˚L LÙQXÙm

Tj’ Jufl ˙TÙu\Yt±u ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTRtœ U¶fNhPj˚Rl TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’ ˙YflThP

YiQjßp Es[ ÿj’dL˚[l TVuT”j’Y’ SpX’.

U¶fNhPm TVuT”jß CWi” GiL∞u ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

• 3 U¶fNhPeL˚[ ˙U˚N ˙Up ˚YŸeLs.

• ÿRp U¶fNhPjßp 12 Gu\ Gi˚Q J›eœT”jRd ·fleLs.

• J⁄ œZk˚R J›eœ T”jRh”m.

• ÿRp CWi” U¶fNhPeL∞u ˘RÙ˚L˚V Íu\ÙY’ U¶fNhPjßp J›eœ T”jRd

·fleLs,.

• ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ œZk˚R J›eœT”jRh”m.

• GiL˚[ UÙt±Ÿm C’˙TÙp ˘NnVh”m (¡ß YWÙR˚Y)

• A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ L¶jl◊jRLm TdLm 41 Cp Es[ U¶fNhPjßp J›eœT”jß

GiL˚[Ÿm AYt±u ˘RÙ˚L˚Vd Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

Page 109

Yœl◊ II

109AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 6

˘RÙeœm ˙RÙhPm

®Lr‹ BfldLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·flRp Yi”m. A˚Rj RÙPok’ œZk˚RLfiPu

E˚WVÙ”eLs. E˚WVÙP¤dœl ©\œ TÙPlTœß´¤s[ TPj˚R EtfldLY≤dLh”m. TPjßu

A•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.

TPm 1

• TPjßp Es[YoLs VÙo VÙo?

• AYoLs Gu] ˘Nn’ ˘LÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs?

• AYoLs ®tT’ Ge˙L?

TPm 2

• AÿRu Gu] ˘Nn’ ˘LÙi•⁄d°\Ùu?

TPm 3

• TPjßp øeLs Gu˘]u] TÙod°u»oLs? œZk˚RLs TPj˚R Etfl˙SÙd°d ·\h”m.

TPYÙ£l©tœl ©u...

• TPj˚Rl TÙojæoL[pXYÙ? TÙPlTœß´p G˚RlTt±V ®Lrf£Ls C⁄dœm? F°j’d ·\

ÿ•ŸUÙ Gufl ˙LfieLs. TPj˚Rd œZk˚RLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ ·Pl TÙojR ©u ®Lrf£L˚[d

·\h”m.

œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. NÙoh•p G›RlTh”s[˚Rd œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m.

øeLs ·±V’ N¨RÙ]Ù G]d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.

YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l

TVuT”jß A˚]j’d

œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm YÙ£dL

˚YŸeLs

Gu ≈h”j˙RÙhPm

œZk˚RLfiPu AYoLs ≈h•¤s[ ˙RÙhPj˚Rl Tt± E˚WVÙ”eLs.

Gu˘]u] E˚WVÙPXÙm?

˙RÙhPjßp Gu˘]u] T´o ˘Nn’s«oLs?

Èk˙RÙhPUÙ/LÙnL±j˙RÙhPUÙ?

ø Gu˘]u] ˙Y˚XLs ˘NnYÙn?

E]dœl©•jR È/LÙnL±/TZm G’?

Æ˚R ˙NL¨l◊

• œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m LÙnL±L∞u Æ˚RLs ˘LÙi” YWf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

Page 110

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

110 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

• RÙeLs ˘LÙi”YkR Æ˚RL˚[ J⁄ ©[Ùv•d ˚T´p Ch” ARu ˘TV˚W G›Rh”m.

Ts∞´p J⁄ LÙnL±j˙RÙhPm

œZk˚RLs ˘LÙi” YkR LÙnL± Æ˚RL˚[f ˘N•fNh•´p Sh” ˚YdLh”m.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘N•fNh•´¤m Æ˚R´u ˘TV˚W G›Rh”m.

• ß]ÿm RiΩo Ft±l TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• ÿR≠p ÿ˚[jR’ G’ GjR˚] SÙs, GuT˚Rl Tß˙Yh•p œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.

˘NÙp¤eLs

TÙPj˚R YÙ£jR©u œZk˚RLfiPu TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ]ÙdL∞u A•lT˚P´p

LXk’˚WVÙ”Ls.

Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs

œZk˚RLs YÙ£l©p LY]m ˘N¤jRYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” RWlTh”s[’.

• ˘RÙeœm ˙RÙhPm A˚UdL AÿRu ˘NnR ˘NVpL˚[j R≤jR≤VÙL YÙ£j’d

Li”©•dLh”m. œ±l˙Th•p Y¨˚NVÙL G›Rh”m.

• SiToLfiPu ˚L UÙ± T¨˙NÙßdLh”m.

• œ›Æp ˘Nufl RÙeLs G›ßV˚Rl T¨˙NÙßdLh”m

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ˘Y∞´Ph”m.

• A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdœeLs

NÙoh•p £X ˘NÙtL˚[ G›’eLs. œZk˚RLs Af˘NÙtLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdLh”m.

G.LÙ.

˙RÙhPm

≈h”j ˙RÙhPm Èk˙RÙhPm

˘RÙeœm˙RÙhPm LÙnL±j˙RÙhPm

œZk˚RLs YhPUÙL EhLÙW Yi”m. GiLh˚PL˚[ E⁄h• Æ˚[VÙP Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m

R]dœd °˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[d œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ —tflm ÿ•Y˚PŸm˙TÙ’

˘Yt±˘Tt\Yo VÙo Gufl œZk˚RL˙[ ·\h”m.

°˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[f N¨VÙLd œ±d°u\]WÙ GuT˚Rd LY≤dL ˙Yi”m.

Æ˚[VÙh•u Æßÿ˚\L˚[ ÿu]˙W ·\˙Yi”m. CqÆ˚[VÙh•tœl ©u

L¶Rl◊jRLjߤs[ TdLm 11, 12 C¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j RÙUÙL˙Y ˘NnVh”m.

WÙ¶Ÿm œZk˚RLfim

CqÆ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[PVÙ”Y’ GqYÙfl GuT’ TÙPl◊jRLjßp RWlTh”s[’. CqÆ˚[VÙh•u

˙SÙdLm CPUßl©u A•lT˚P´p GiLs E⁄YÙdœY’m J⁄ Gi¶u CPUßl˚T YflT”jß

A±Y’m Bœm.

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙh•u YÙ´XÙL Eflß NnVh”m. CPUßl©u A•lT˚P´p

GiLs E⁄YÙdœm˘TÙ›’ ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi L⁄j˚R EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

Page 111

Yœl◊ II

111AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 7

˙LÙ≠dœi”Ls GjR˚]?

®Lr‹ HØtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs.

˙LÙ≠Ls GjR˚]?

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m. ˙YflThP ÿ˚\´p Æ˚PLÙQ ER‹eLs.

2 3 + 20 + 3

1 6 10 + 6

3 9 30 + 9 = 39

48 Gu\ Gi˚Ql TXÿ˚\L∞p ©¨j’ G›Rh”m.

G˚Y ˙NokRÙp?

38 If —t±¤m ˘LÙ”j’s[ Gi ˙_Ù•L˚[d ·hPh”m. Æ˚P 38 Y⁄m ˙_Ù•L∞≠⁄k’ 38 I

C˚QdLh”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˙_Ù•VÙLd ·h•]Ùp ˙TÙ’UpXYÙ?

·”Rp VÙ⁄dœ?

CWi” GiL˚[d ·h•l, ©u Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’, ·”Rp œ˚\‹ Li”©•lTRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m

3 Tj’dLs + 4 JuflLs

30 + 4 34

3 Tj’dLs + 12 JuflLs

3 Tj’dLs + 1 Tj’ + 2 JuflLs

4 Tj’dLs + 2 JuflLs

40 + 2 = 42

Gi A”dœL˚[ ÿ›˚UVÙdLXÙm.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ A”d°¤m GiLfidœ C˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo˚Td Li”©•dLh”m.

• œZk˚RLs —VUÙLd Li”©•dLh”m.

• Li”©•jR Ejß˚V Æ[dLh”m.

• ™L‹m ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.

48

10 +38 40 + 8

20 + 28 30 + 18

Page 112

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

112 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

U¶fNhPjßp GiLs

• U¶fNhPjßu ÿj’Lfid˙LtT GiL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

• ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiLfidœ HtT U¶fNhPjßp ÿj’L˚[ Y˚WVh”m.

AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

Gi Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh”

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

˙TÙu\ Ah˚PL˚[d œZk˚RLs ERÆŸPu RVÙ¨j’d˘LÙsfieLs.

CYt˚\l TVuT”jßl Tp˙Yfl Æ˚[VÙh”Ls ÍXm GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdLXÙm.

˘NÙp¤eL ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m?

B£¨˚V J⁄ œ±l©hP Gi˚Qf ˘NÙpX œZk˚RLs Gi Ah˚P˚Vl TVuT”jß Gi˚Q

E⁄YÙdLh”m.

40 + 3 = 43

50 + 8 = 58

60 + 7 = 67

Gi Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh” ˛ 2

˙TÙu\ Ah˚PL˚[ Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm J⁄ ˘RÙœl◊ ≈Rm °˚PdœUÙfl œZk˚RLs ERÆŸPu

RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsfieLs. ˘NÙp¤eL, ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m ˙TÙu\ TX EjßL˚[Ÿm

TVuT”jß GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdœm Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙP ER‹eLs.

1 Tj’ 2 Tj’dLs 3 Tj’dLs 4 Tj’dLs 5 Tj’dLs

6 Tj’dLs 7 Tj’dLs 8 Tj’dLs 9 Tj’dLs

1 Jufl 2 JuflLs 3 JuflLs 4 JuflLs 5 JuflLs

6 JuflLs 7 JuflLs 8 JuflLs 9 JuflLs

6 Tj’dLs 3 JuflLs63 = -

Page 113

Yœl◊ II

113AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

CPUßl◊l ˘Th•

CWi” CXdL GiL˚[lTt±V A±˚Y EflßlT”j’YRtLÙL ˙UtLiP ÿ˚\´p CPUßl◊l

˘Th•˚Vl TVuT”jßj ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YZeLXÙm ApXYÙ?

Tj’ Jufl

Page 114

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

114 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

AXœ Ußl¿”

2. ≈” SpX ≈”

1. TÙP˚X ÿ›˚Ul T”j’eLs. .

≈” SpX ≈”

SÙu Y£dœm ≈”

˘Y´≠≠⁄k’ LÙdœm

SÙu E\eœm ≈”

................................................................

................................................................

................................................................

................................................................

2. TÙ¤Æu ˚L´p 7 Tj’ ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Lfim 8 J⁄ ÏTÙn SÙQVeLfim C⁄kR]. AYu

˚L´≠⁄k’ ˘UÙjR ÏTÙn GqY[‹? Gi¶¤m G›jߤm G›’eLs.

Gi¶p G›jßp

ÏTÙn

3. N¨VÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄m ˘NÙtL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄j’eLs.

LßWYu ˛ T•dL

®X‹ ˛ „¨Vu

T´X ˛ NkßWu

4. , , , TÙu\ Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß J⁄ ≈h•u TPm Y˚Wk’ YiQm æh”eLs.

Cflß´p ø TVuT”jßV GjR˚]? GjR˚]? GjR˚]? GuT˚R Gi¶

G›’eLs?

5. œ•˚N ≈h•tœm A”dœUÙ• ≈h•tœÿs[ ˙YflTÙ”L˚[ G›’eLs.

œ•˚N ≈” A”dœUÙ•≈”

• •• •• •

6. 1 ÿRp 99 Y˚WŸs[ GiL∞p Ju\Ùm CXdLjßp 7 Y⁄m GiL˚[ G›’eLs. GjR˚]

GiLs Es[]?

7. ≈h” LhPj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TVoL˚[ G›’eLs.

œ•˚N ≈” ˛ , ,

UÙ• ≈” ˛ , , ,

8. YÙd°Vjßp G›’eLs

"T[T['

Page 115

Yœl◊ II

115AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu

Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙PuAXœ 3

£fl YVß≠⁄k˙R œZk˚RLfidœj R≤STo —jRm, —tfll◊\ —jRm

˙TÙu\Yt±u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚R A±YfljR ˙Yi•Ÿs[’. ARtœ

ER‹m ÆRjßp CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

R≤STo —jRm, —tfll◊\ —jRm, —jR™u˚UVÙp HtT”m ˙SÙnLs,

˙SÙnLs TWl◊m E´¨]eLs ˙TÙu\˚Y Tt±V L⁄j’⁄YÙœm

YiQm TÙPlTœßŸm ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[].

100 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[l TVuT”jß Y⁄m

·hPp, LØjRp °¨˚VLs ˘NnV‹m,

A˚YVPe°V S˚Pÿ˚\l ©WfNı˚]dœj æo‹

LÙQ‹m, Ae∏L¨dLlTPÙR A[‹Ls TVuT”jß

A[dL‹m, L¶R Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”Th”d

L¶Rd L⁄j’L˚[ A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m ER‹m

ÆRjßp CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

CqYX°u YÙ´XÙL...

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs ˛ L˚R, œ±l◊

˘UÙØjRı\uLs : J⁄˚U, Tu˚U, LÙXeLs, YÙd°Vjßp

A˚UjRp, Gßof˘NÙp

Page 116

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

116 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu

LÙX AhPY˚Q

AXœ 3 ˛ Eu˚]ÆPUÙh˙Pu (R™r ˛ „r®˚X´Vp)

AXœ 3 ˛ A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp (L¶Rm)

®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs

1. Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu 3

2. A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp (L¶Rm) 2

3. I˙VÙ! Gu] SPdœm? 3

4. Nj’Q‹ (L¶Rm) 1

5. LQd˘L”l◊ (L¶Rm) 1

6. F˚WÆh˙P ’Wj’˙Yu! 3

7. YNkRm YkR’ 3

8. L˚Pdœ (L¶Rm) 2

9. T´t£jRÙs (L¶Rm) 1

19 SÙhLs

AXœ Ußl¿” 1 SÙs

˘UÙjRm 20 SÙhLs

Page 117

Yœl◊ II

117AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu

œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

1. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’/YÙ£lT˚Rd ˙Lh” Aßp CPm˘Ttfls[ L⁄j˚RŸm

®Lr˚YŸm ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” ARu A•lT˚P´p S˚P˘Tflm LXk’˚WVÙPpL∞p Teœ

˘LÙi” Rm L⁄j˚Rj ˘R∞YÙL G”j’˚Wd°u\]o.

2. LÙX ˙YflTÙh˚P EQoj’m YiQm ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙd° G›’°\ÙoLs.

3. ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ T•Yj˚R ®Wl◊°\ÙoLs. AR]•lT˚P´p S˚P˘Tflm LXk’˚WVÙP≠p

Te˙Ltfl R]’ L⁄j’L˚[d ·fl°u\]o.

4. J⁄˚U Tu˚U ˙YflTÙh˚P EQoj’m ˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±k’ YÙd°VeL˚[

ÿ›˚UlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

5. JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±°\ÙoLs. A’ ˙TÙX ˙Yfl ˘NÙtL˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

6. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’ L˚R˚Vd LiP±k’ Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°\ÙoLs.

7. Bm/Cp˚X Gu\ Tßp Y⁄YRt˙Lt\ Æ]ÙdL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

9. œ±l©hP YÙd°V A˚Ul©uT• YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

10. ""Em'' TVuT”jß CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[ C˚Qj’ G›’°\ÙoLs.

11. ""A' Uh”m ˙NokRÙp E⁄YÙœm Gßof˘NÙtL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

12. ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] J≠j ’˚Qdœ±¬”Ls ˙Noj’l ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙd° G›’°\ÙoLs.

L¶Rm

1. ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l Tj’Ls Utflm JuflL∞u œ›dL[ÙL J›eL˚Ud°u\]o.

2. 100 dœ ∏˙ZŸs[ GiL˚[ HflY¨˚N/C\eœ Y¨˚N´p G›’°u\]o.

3. CWi•XdL GiL˚[ Gi Æ[dL ÿ˚\´p G›’°\ÙoLs.

4. Ko Gi¶≠⁄k’ Ut˘\Ù⁄ Gi˚Qd LØdœm ÿ˚\L˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.

5. ·hPp, LØjRp NVpTÙ”Ls APe°V S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.

6. GiL˚[l TVuT”jßl Tp˙Yfl Gi A”dœL˚[ E⁄YÙdœ°u\]o.

7. ÁWj˚RŸm, ø[j˚RŸm Ae∏L¨dLlTPÙR A[‹L˚[d ˘LÙi” A[d°u\]o.

8. C⁄ CPeLfidœ C˚P˙V Es[ ÁWeL∞p AßL ÁWj˚RŸm œ˚\kR ÁWj˚R

Jl◊˚UlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

9. Ae∏L¨dLlTPÙR A[‹˙LÙ≠u A•lT˚P´p ø[j˚R F°j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

1. —jRUÙL C⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m GuT˚Rl Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

2. B˙WÙd°Vjßtœ FflÆ˚[Ædœm E´¨]eL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

3. A˚Y GqYÙ˘\pXÙm æeœ ˘Nn°u\] Gufl ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

Page 118

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

118 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu

4. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’m LXk’˚WVÙ•Ÿm —jRUÙ] ≈” GlT• C⁄dL ˙Yi”m G]

˘TÙ’ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄°u\ÙoLs.

5. ˘TÙ’ —LÙRÙWm ˙TQ ˙Yi•Vßu ˙R˚Y˚V G”j’˚Wd°\ÙoLs.

6. —tfll◊\j˚Rj Án˚UVÙL ˚Yjß⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m GuT˚R

Th•V≠”°u\ÙoLs.

7. —tfll◊\j Án˚U ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NVpL∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.

L˚XdLpÆ

1. ◊s∞L˚[ C˚Qj’l TPm Y˚W°\ÙoLs.

2. TPjßtœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh”°\ÙoLs.

L˚XdLpÆ

Page 119

Yœl◊ II

119AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu

123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789

12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789

AX

œ Y

˚X

fNh

Pm

L⁄

j’

Ls

/ß\u

Ls

˘NV

pT

Ù”

Ls

Lt\p

A˚

P‹

Ls

3 Eu

˚]

Æ

PUÙh

˙P

u

R™

r

$Y

Ù£l◊l Tœ

ß˚

Vl ◊¨k’

˘

LÙi

PÙp

Uh

”˙U

A

R]

•lT˚

P´

p S˚

P˘

Tfl

m

LX

k’

˚WV

ÙP

≠p

T

eœ

˘

LÙi

” Rm

L⁄

j’

L˚

[d ·

\ C

V¤

m.

$LÙX

˙

Yfl

TÙh

˚P

E

Qoj

Rd ·

•V

Tp

˙Y

fl ˘

NÙt

Ls

Es

[]

.

$RLY

pL∞

u

A•

lT

˚P

´p

LX

k’

˚WV

ÙP≠

p T

eœ

˘T\ C

V¤

m.

$J

⁄˚

U T

u˚

U ˙

Yfl

TÙh

˚P

EQ

oj’

m

˘NÙt

Ls

Es

[]

.

$J

jR K

˚NŸ

˚P

V ˘

NÙtLs

H

WÙ[

m

Es

[]

.

$TP

m T

Ùoj’

d L

˚R ·

\ C

V¤

m.

$J

⁄ ˘

NÙp

˚X

G

ßoU

˚\V

ÙLd ·

flm

˙TÙ’

˘TÙ⁄

s U

ÙflT”

Y’

Ei

”.

$B

m/C

p˚

X G

u\ T

ßp

Y

Wd·

•V

Æ]

ÙdLfi

m E

i”

.

$˘U

ÙØ Æ

˚[

VÙh

”L∞

p T

eœ

Tfl

YRu

ÍX

m ◊

ßV

NÙt

L˚

[ E

⁄Y

ÙdL C

V¤

m.

$C

Wi

” ˘

NÙtL˚

[ C

˚Q

j’

G

›R

ÿ•

Ÿm

.

$Y

Ù£

l◊l Tœ

ß˚

V Y

Ù£

j’

m ˙

Lh

”m

׬

k’

˘

LÙi

”

LX

k’

˚WV

ÙP

≠p

L⁄

j’

L˚

[d ·

flRp

.

˘NV

pTÙ”

:˘NÙp

¤e

Ls

, Li

”©

•Ÿ

eLs

.

$ק

V ˘

NÙt

L˚

[ G

›’

Rp

˘NV

pTÙ”

: G

›’

eLs

$T•

Yj˚

R ®

Wl◊Rp

, ˘

Tt\ ◊s

∞L∞

u

A•

lT

˚P

´p

LX

k’

˚WV

Ù”

Rp

,

æoU

Ù]m

˙U

t˘

LÙs

fiRp

.

˘NV

pTÙ”

: SÙu

ß

]ÿ

m ˘

Nn

Y’

(

)

A˚

PV

Ù[™

”e

Ls

.

$˘

NÙtL˚

[d Li

P±

k’

Y

Ùd°

Vj˚

R

ÿ›

˚U

lT”

jß

G›

’Rp

.

˘NV

pTÙ”

: S

Ù‡m

SÙe

Lfi

m.

$J

≠ J

tfl

˚U

˚V

d L

iP

±Rp

, ·

flRp

.

$TP

eL˚

[ E

tfl

SÙd

œRp

, L˚

R ·

flRp

.

˘NV

pTÙ”

: L˚

R ˘

NÙp

¤e

Ls

$G

ßof˘

NÙp

Li

P±

k’

G›

’Rp

˘NV

pTÙ”

: Æ

]Ùd

Ls

E⁄

YÙd

œRp

.

$Y

Ù£

l◊

l T

ϧ

˚V

j RÙU

ÙL Y

Ù£

j’

/

YÙ£

lT

˚Rd

˙Lh

”

Aß

p

CP

m

˘Ttfl

s[

L⁄

j˚

RŸ

m ®

Lr

˚Y

Ÿm

◊¨k’

˘LÙi

” A

R]

•lT˚

P´

p S˚

P˘

Tfl

m

LX

k’

˚WV

ÙPp

L∞

p Te

œ ˘

LÙi

” Rm

L⁄

j˚

Rj ˘

R∞

YÙL

G”

j’

˚Wd°

u\]

o.

$LÙX

Y

flTÙh

˚P

EQ

oj’

m

NÙt

L˚

[l

TV

uT”

jß

Y

Ùd°

Ve

Ls

·

fl°

\Ùo

Ls

/

G›

’°

\Ùo

Ls

.

$˘

LÙ”

dLlTh

P T

•Y

j˚

R ®

Wl◊°

\Ùo

Ls

.

ARu

A

•l

T˚

P´

p

S˚

P˘

Tfl

m

LX

k’

˚WV

ÙP≠

p L

Xk’

˘LÙs

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$J

⁄˚

U, T

u˚

U

Yfl

TÙh

˚P

EQ

oj’

m

˘NÙt

L˚

[l TV

uT”

jß

Y

Ùd°

Ve

L˚

[

ÿ›

˚U

l T

”j’

°\Ùo

Ls

.

$˘

NÙtL∞

u

J≠

J

tfl

˚U

˚V

d

Li

P±

°\ÙoLs

. ˙

Yfl

˘

NÙtL˚

[d

·fl

°\Ùo

Ls

.