bt - wood and wood products

WOOD and WOOD PRODUCTS

Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez, uap

Class Instructor

WOOD

a natural organic material that has been used for many centuries for the construction of buildings, bridges and a variety of other structures

WOOD• Still the most common materials for

small to medium-scale project in other countries

WOOD

WOOD

WOOD• In the Phils, wood was widely used

during the Spanish period and until 1960’s

WOOD

WOOD• My recent

project,

WOOD

WOOD

WOOD

• Traditional building material• Easy to work with• Durable• Beautiful• Lightweight• Rust and corrosion free• Has varied uses

CLASSIFICATION OF TREES

Endogenous

- Trees grows endwards

- Example are bamboo & palm

CLASSIFICATION OF TREES

Exogenous

- Trees grows outwards

CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES

(based on broad botanical distinction)

Softwoods

- Generally needle-leaved coniferous trees that bear their seed in cones

- Example are pine & cedar

Hardwoods

- Generally broad-leaved deciduous trees

- Example are oak, narra, molave, maple, etc

CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES

(based on broad botanical distinction)

PROPERTIES OF SOFTWOOD:

• Contract with heat & moisture• Have lower density than hardwoods

(good for acoustic & thermal insulation

• Good for interior finishes & for furniture

• Solid but soft• Flexible & strong• Not water resistant• Cost : low

PROPERTIES OF HARDWOOD:

• Contract with heat & moisture• Stronger, denser, & homogenous than

hardwoods (good for framing system)• Good for interior finishes & for

furniture• Resist fire better than softwood• Nearly impervious to water (some

varieties)• Cost : high

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

WOOD STRUCTURE

Bark

Bast

Sapwood

Heartwood

Pith

WOOD STRUCTURE

WOOD STRUCTURE

WOOD & TIMBER

WOOD is the hard, fibrous material that makes up the tree under the bark

TIMBER is a wood which retains its natural physical structure and chemical composition and is suitable for various construction works

GOOD LUMBERING PRACTICE

Lumbering- term applied to the operations performed in preparing wood for

commercial purposes

Logging

Felling

Storing

Sawing

Drying

FELLING

• Timber felled during summer is more readily susceptible to mold. During this period, the quantity of sap is at its greatest & the state of swelling, acidity, etc. are very much unfavorable

• Coniferous trees is ideal to be felled during full moon because the resins were well drawn out of the roots & into the trunk

STORAGE

• Timber stored in water after felling reduces the risks of molds & insect damage

SPLITTING/SAWING

• Should take place while the

trees is still very damp

DRYING

• 70-90% of the original moisture must be removed from the timber before this could be used for construction…..a reason why routine drying is important

METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER

• NaturalAir-drying

• Artificial

Forced air drying – used of fans to booster the circulation of air

Kiln-drying – drying in a large airtight structure, heated by steam

pipes

Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying – using radio frequency

dielectric heat

CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD TIMBER

DEFECTS IN WOOD

DEFECTS IN WOOD

• Caused by Abnormal Growth

Heart shake-radial cracks originating at the heart of the trees

Wind/Cup Shake- cracks/breaks across annual rings of timber

Star Shake- series of heart shakes thus forming a star-like manner

Knots- occur at the branch of the wood

DEFECTS IN WOOD

• Due to Deterioration

Dry Rot – the presence of moisture caused by fungi in seasoned

wood

Wet Dry – takes place sometimes in the growth of the tree caused by water saturation

CAUSES OF DECAY

• Alternate moisture & dryness

• Fungi & molds

• Insects & worms

• Heat & confined air

GEOMETRICAL IMPERFECTIONS & DISTORTIONS IN TIMBER

METHODS OF PRESERVATION

External – application of preservative coating

Internal – lumber is subjected to pressure & injected with chemical such as zinc chloride solution/salt

• Flooring

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Narra

Molave

Pine Benguet

Toog (Phil. Oak)

• Doors & Windows

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Narra

Tanguile

Apitong

• Outdoor Deck

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Yacal

Molave

Guijo

• Ceiling Panel & Joists

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Molave

Pine Benguet

• Railing & Balustrade

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Narra

Molave

Pine Benguet

• Exposed Structural Member

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Molave

Pine Benguet

Yacal

Lauan

• Paneling

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Narra

Pine Benguet

Almaciga

Dao

• Furniture & Cabinets

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Narra

Molave

Pine Benguet

Almaciga

Kamagong

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Molave

Yacal

Guijo

Pine Benguet

• Structural Members & Framing

Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER

Narra – most expensive, for floors, doors, furniture, panelings, veneers

First Group

Molave – for posts & girders, trusses, framings, floors, jambs, furniture, & other purpose esp. those exposed to weather

Yacal & Guijo – for posts & girders, jambs, wooden decks & railings exposed to weather

Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER

Pine Benguet – for flooring, panelings, sidings & furniture. Also for framings, trusses

First Group

Tanguile & Apitong – the most common lumber in the market. Used for framings, joists, trusses, nailers, etc.

Lauan (white & red) – for framings, furnitures

Kamagong – for furnitures

Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER

Dao – for panelings & veneers

First Group

Almaciga – for panelings & veneers

Mahogany

Ipil

Kalantas

Kalamansanai

TAKE-HOME QUIZ:

1. Using an 8”x8” wood post, illustrate the wood post connection to a 12”x12” concrete pedestal.

2. Illustrate the connection of an 8”x8” wood post into a 2-2”x6”x12” wood beam.

3. Illustrate the roof framing layout (using wood rafters) for a 5.00m x 6.00m bungalow with gable roof profile.

Research on the following Wood Connections: