©brooks/cole, 2003 chapter 9 programming languages
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©Brooks/Cole, 2003
Chapter 9
ProgrammingLanguages
©Brooks/Cole, 2003
Have a vision of computer language evolution.Have a vision of computer language evolution.
Distinguish between machine, assembly, and high-level Distinguish between machine, assembly, and high-level languages.languages.
Understand the process of creating and running a program.Understand the process of creating and running a program.
After reading this chapter, the reader should After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:be able to:
OOBJECTIVESBJECTIVES
Distinguish between the different categories of languages:Distinguish between the different categories of languages:procedural, object-oriented, functional, declarative, and special.procedural, object-oriented, functional, declarative, and special.
Become familiar with elements of the procedural language C. Become familiar with elements of the procedural language C.
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EVOLUTIONEVOLUTIONEVOLUTIONEVOLUTION
9.19.1
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Figure 9-1
Evolution of computer languages
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00000000 00000100 000000000000000001011110 00001100 11000010 0000000000000010
11101111 00010110 000000000000010111101111 10011110 0000000000001011
11111000 10101101 11011111 000000000001001001100010 11011111 0000000000010101
11101111 00000010 11111011 000000000001011111110100 10101101 11011111 000000000001111000000011 10100010 11011111 000000000010000111101111 00000010 11111011 000000000010010001111110 11110100 1010110111111000 10101110 11000101 000000000010101100000110 10100010 11111011 000000000011000111101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000110100
00000100 000000000011110100000100 0000000000111101
Program 9.1Program 9.1 Program in machine languageProgram in machine language1122334455667788991010111112121313141415151616
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The only language understood The only language understood byby
a computer is machine a computer is machine language.language.
Note:Note:
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Entry main, ^m<r2>subl2 #12,spjsb C$MAIN_ARGSmovab $CHAR_STRING_CON
pushal -8(fp)pushal (r2)calls #2,readpushal -12(fp)pushal 3(r2)calls #2,readmull3 -8(fp),-12(fp),-pushal 6(r2)calls #2,printclrl r0ret
Program 9.2Program 9.2Multiplication Program in Multiplication Program in symbolic languagesymbolic language
1122334455667788991010111112121313141415151616
©Brooks/Cole, 2003
/* This program reads two integer numbers from the keyboard and prints their product.
*/ #include <iostream.h>
int main (void){// Local Declarations
int number1;int number2;int result;
// Statements cin >> number1;cin >> number2;result = number1 * number2;cout << result;return 0;
} // main
Program 9.3Program 9.3 Multiplication Program in C++ Multiplication Program in C++ languagelanguage
112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818
©Brooks/Cole, 2003
BUILDINGBUILDINGAA
PROGRAMPROGRAM
BUILDINGBUILDINGAA
PROGRAMPROGRAM
9.29.2
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Figure 9-2
Building a program
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PROGRAMPROGRAMEXECUTIONEXECUTIONPROGRAMPROGRAM
EXECUTIONEXECUTION
9.39.3
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Figure 9-3
Program execution
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CATEGORIESCATEGORIESOFOF
LANGUAGESLANGUAGES
CATEGORIESCATEGORIESOFOF
LANGUAGESLANGUAGES
9.49.4
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Figure 9-4
Categories of languages
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Figure 9-5
Function in a functional language
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Figure 9-6
Extracting the third element of a list
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Table 9.1 Common tagsTable 9.1 Common tags
MeaningMeaning----------------------------documentdocument headdocument bodydocument titledifferent header levelsboldfaceItalicunderlinedsubscriptsuperscriptcenteredline breakordered listunordered listan item in the listan imagean address (hyperlink)
Beginning TagBeginning Tag----------------
<HTML><HEAD><BODY><TITLE>
<Hi><B><I><U>
<SUB><SUP>
<CENTER><BR><OL><UL><LI>
<IMG><A>
Ending TagEnding Tag----------------</HTML></HEAD></BODY></TITLE>
</Hi></B></I></U>
</SUB></SUP>
</CENTER>
</OL></UL></LI>
</A>
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<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE> Sample Document </TITLE></HEAD><BODY>
This is the picture of a book: <IMG SRC="Pictures/book1.gif" ALIGN=MIDDLE>
</BODY></HTML>
Program 9.4Program 9.4 HTML ProgramHTML Program
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A PROCEDURALA PROCEDURALLANGUAGE:LANGUAGE:
CC
A PROCEDURALA PROCEDURALLANGUAGE:LANGUAGE:
CC
9.59.5
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Figure 9-7
Variables
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Table 9.2 Arithmetic operatorsTable 9.2 Arithmetic operators
ExampleExample----------------------
3 + 5 4
Num * 5Sum / CountCount % 4
-----------------------Count ++Count
OperatorOperator----------------
DefinitionDefinition----------------
AdditionSubtraction
MultiplicationDivision (quotient)
Division (remainder)-----------------------
IncrementDecrement
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Table 9.3 Relational operatorsTable 9.3 Relational operators
ExampleExample----------------------Num1 < 5Num1 <= 5Num2 > 3 Num2 >= 3
Num1 == Num2Num1 != Num2
OperatorOperator----------------
<
DefinitionDefinition----------------
Less thanLess than or equal to
Greater thanGreater than or equal to
Equal toNot equal to
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Table 9.4 Logical operatorsTable 9.4 Logical operators
ExampleExample----------------------
! ( Num1 < Num2 )(Num1 < 5 ) && (Num2 > 10 )(Num1 < 5 ) || (Num2 > 10 )
OperatorOperator----------------
!&&
DefinitionDefinition----------------
NOTANDOR
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Table 9.5 Assignment operatorsTable 9.5 Assignment operators
Meaning----------------------
Store 5 in NumNum = Num + 5Num = Num 5 Num = Num * 5Num = Num / 5Num = Num % 5
OperatorOperator----------------
==+==*=/=
%=
Example Example ---------------- Num = 5 Num += 5 Num = 5 Num *= 5 Num /= 5 Num %= 5
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Figure 9-8
Statements
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Figure 9-9
Side effect of a function
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Figure 9-10 Function declaration
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Figure 9-11
if-else statement
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Figure 9-12 switch statement
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Figure 9-13 while loop
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Figure 9-14 for loop
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Figure 9-15 do-while loop
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