©brooks/cole, 2003 chapter 9 programming languages

©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Chapter 9

ProgrammingLanguages

©Brooks/Cole, 2003

Have a vision of computer language evolution.Have a vision of computer language evolution.

Distinguish between machine, assembly, and high-level Distinguish between machine, assembly, and high-level languages.languages.

Understand the process of creating and running a program.Understand the process of creating and running a program.

After reading this chapter, the reader should After reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:be able to:

OOBJECTIVESBJECTIVES

Distinguish between the different categories of languages:Distinguish between the different categories of languages:procedural, object-oriented, functional, declarative, and special.procedural, object-oriented, functional, declarative, and special.

Become familiar with elements of the procedural language C. Become familiar with elements of the procedural language C.

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EVOLUTIONEVOLUTIONEVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

9.19.1

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Figure 9-1

Evolution of computer languages

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00000000 00000100 000000000000000001011110 00001100 11000010 0000000000000010

11101111 00010110 000000000000010111101111 10011110 0000000000001011

11111000 10101101 11011111 000000000001001001100010 11011111 0000000000010101

11101111 00000010 11111011 000000000001011111110100 10101101 11011111 000000000001111000000011 10100010 11011111 000000000010000111101111 00000010 11111011 000000000010010001111110 11110100 1010110111111000 10101110 11000101 000000000010101100000110 10100010 11111011 000000000011000111101111 00000010 11111011 0000000000110100

00000100 000000000011110100000100 0000000000111101

Program 9.1Program 9.1 Program in machine languageProgram in machine language1122334455667788991010111112121313141415151616

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The only language understood The only language understood byby

a computer is machine a computer is machine language.language.

Note:Note:

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Entry main, ^m<r2>subl2 #12,spjsb C$MAIN_ARGSmovab $CHAR_STRING_CON

pushal -8(fp)pushal (r2)calls #2,readpushal -12(fp)pushal 3(r2)calls #2,readmull3 -8(fp),-12(fp),-pushal 6(r2)calls #2,printclrl r0ret

Program 9.2Program 9.2Multiplication Program in Multiplication Program in symbolic languagesymbolic language

1122334455667788991010111112121313141415151616

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/* This program reads two integer numbers from the keyboard and prints their product.

*/ #include <iostream.h>

int main (void){// Local Declarations

int number1;int number2;int result;

// Statements cin >> number1;cin >> number2;result = number1 * number2;cout << result;return 0;

} // main

Program 9.3Program 9.3 Multiplication Program in C++ Multiplication Program in C++ languagelanguage

112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818

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BUILDINGBUILDINGAA

PROGRAMPROGRAM

BUILDINGBUILDINGAA

PROGRAMPROGRAM

9.29.2

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Figure 9-2

Building a program

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PROGRAMPROGRAMEXECUTIONEXECUTIONPROGRAMPROGRAM

EXECUTIONEXECUTION

9.39.3

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Figure 9-3

Program execution

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CATEGORIESCATEGORIESOFOF

LANGUAGESLANGUAGES

CATEGORIESCATEGORIESOFOF

LANGUAGESLANGUAGES

9.49.4

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Figure 9-4

Categories of languages

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Figure 9-5

Function in a functional language

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Figure 9-6

Extracting the third element of a list

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Table 9.1 Common tagsTable 9.1 Common tags

MeaningMeaning----------------------------documentdocument headdocument bodydocument titledifferent header levelsboldfaceItalicunderlinedsubscriptsuperscriptcenteredline breakordered listunordered listan item in the listan imagean address (hyperlink)

Beginning TagBeginning Tag----------------

<HTML><HEAD><BODY><TITLE>

<Hi>



<CENTER> <OL><UL><LI>

<IMG><A>

Ending TagEnding Tag----------------</HTML></HEAD></BODY></TITLE>

</Hi>



</CENTER>

</OL></UL></LI>

</A>

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<HTML><HEAD>

<TITLE> Sample Document </TITLE></HEAD><BODY>

This is the picture of a book: <IMG SRC="Pictures/book1.gif" ALIGN=MIDDLE>

</BODY></HTML>

Program 9.4Program 9.4 HTML ProgramHTML Program

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A PROCEDURALA PROCEDURALLANGUAGE:LANGUAGE:

CC

A PROCEDURALA PROCEDURALLANGUAGE:LANGUAGE:

CC

9.59.5

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Figure 9-7

Variables

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Table 9.2 Arithmetic operatorsTable 9.2 Arithmetic operators

ExampleExample----------------------

3 + 5 4

Num * 5Sum / CountCount % 4

-----------------------Count ++Count

OperatorOperator----------------

DefinitionDefinition----------------

AdditionSubtraction

MultiplicationDivision (quotient)

Division (remainder)-----------------------

IncrementDecrement

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Table 9.3 Relational operatorsTable 9.3 Relational operators

ExampleExample----------------------Num1 < 5Num1 <= 5Num2 > 3 Num2 >= 3

Num1 == Num2Num1 != Num2


<


Less thanLess than or equal to

Greater thanGreater than or equal to

Equal toNot equal to

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Table 9.4 Logical operatorsTable 9.4 Logical operators

ExampleExample----------------------

! ( Num1 < Num2 )(Num1 < 5 ) && (Num2 > 10 )(Num1 < 5 ) || (Num2 > 10 )


!&&


NOTANDOR

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Table 9.5 Assignment operatorsTable 9.5 Assignment operators

Meaning----------------------

Store 5 in NumNum = Num + 5Num = Num 5 Num = Num * 5Num = Num / 5Num = Num % 5


==+==*=/=

%=

Example Example ---------------- Num = 5 Num += 5 Num = 5 Num *= 5 Num /= 5 Num %= 5

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