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nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.HCM KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN

Bo co chuyn

c cht hc Mi trng NH HNG CA PHM NHUM I VI CON NGI V MI TRNG

GVHD: TS. L Quc TunSinh vin thc hin: Nhm 5 Lp DH10QM 1. Trng Hong Lm 2. Dng Hng Phc 3. Trn Th Dim Hng 4. Trang ng Nh Lnh 5. Nguyn Hoi Thng 6. Dng Th M Trang

TP. HCM, ngy 09 thng 02 nm 2012

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

MC LC t vn ...................................................................................................................... 4 Chng I: TNG QUAN V PHM NHUM ......................................................... 5 1.1 Ngun gc phm nhum ...................................................................................... 5

1.1.1 Ngun gc t nhi n .............................................................................................. 5 1.1.2 Ngun gc nhn t o ............................................................................................. 7 1.2 Phn lo i phm nhum ......................................................................................... 7

1.2.1 Phm nhum theo cu t o .................................................................................... 8 1.2.2 Phm nhum theo phn lp k thut ................................................................... 8 1.3 Gii thiu mt s lo i phm nhum tiu biu ...................................................... 8

1.3.1 Thuc nhum vi ................................................................................................. 8 1.3.2 Thuc nhum tc ................................................................................................. 9 1.3.3 Phm nhum th c phm .................................................................................... 10 Chng II: VAI TR CA PHM NHUM.......................................................... 11 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 ai tr c a phm nhum th c phm .................................................................. 11 Vai tr c a thuc nhum tc .............................................................................. 11 Vai tr c a phm nhum trong dt nhum ........................................................ 12 Mt s vai tr khc............................................................................................. 12

Chng III: NH HNG CA PHM NHUM ................................................ 12 3.1 3.2 nh hng c a phm nhum ni chung ............................................................ 12 nh hng c a thuc nhum tc ....................................................................... 13

3.2.1 i vi sc khe con ngi ............................................................................... 13 3.2.2 i vi mi trng............................................................................................. 17 3.3 nh hng c a phm nhum th c phm ........................................................... 17 3.3.1 i vi sc khe con ngi ............................................................................... 17Nhm 5 - DH10QM 2

3.3.2 i vi mi trng............................................................................................. 20 3.4 nh hng c a thuc nhum vi ....................................................................... 20 3.4.1 i vi sc khe con ngi ............................................................................... 20 3.4.2 i vi mi trng............................................................................................. 23 Chng IV: PHNG PHP X L PHM NHUM ....................................... 25 4.1 Phng php x l s b ................................................................................... 25

4.1.1 Sng lc .............................................................................................................. 25 4.1.2 Lng.................................................................................................................... 26 4.1.3 Tuyn ni ........................................................................................................... 26 4.1.4 iu ha ............................................................................................................. 26 4.1.5 Trung ha ........................................................................................................... 26 4.2 Phng php x l ha l .................................................................................. 27 4.2.1 Phng php eo t t o bng............................................................................. 27 4.2.2 Phng php hp ph......................................................................................... 28 4.3 Phng php sinh hc ........................................................................................ 29 4.3.1 Phng php hiu kh ........................................................................................ 29 4.3.2 Phng php kh ............................................................................................ 29 4.4 Phng php oxy ha bc cao ........................................................................... 29

Chng V: KT LUN V KIN NGH ................................................................ 36 5.1 5.2 Kt lun .............................................................................................................. 36 Kin ngh ............................................................................................................ 36

5.2.1 Mt s li huy n cho ngi s dng phm nhum tc ................................... 37 5.2.2 Mt s li huy n cho ngi tiu dng ............................................................. 38 Chng VI: TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................... 39

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

t vn :Trong cuc sng, con ngi lun lun mong mun tha mn v t p ng nhng nhu cu cn thit. Cuc sng cng hin i th nhng nhu cu y cng a d ng, phong ph v i hi cht lng cng cao hn. Trong , nhu cu hng u l nhu cu n ung, lm p. Chng ta rt d b hp dn bi nhng mn n l vi mu sc hp dn v dai do hay v chua ngt, vi nhng hng thm hp dn cng gy cho chng ta s hng th khc nhau. Thnh t u vt bc c a ha hc mang hng thm ging th c t vo bt k mt sn phm m h mong mun, i hi s ng dng hng mang l i nhng iu tt nht cho con ngi m ch v li nhun. V ph gia l cht mang l i cho th c phm iu tuyt vi, m khng mt sn phm th c phm no khng s dng nhng phi cn quan tm n sc khe ngi ti u dng hn. Nh nhng g chng ta cm nhn, sc mu lm cho cuc sng th m sinh ng, phong ph. T xa xa con ngi bit s dng cc lo i th c vt, a y, dch t cc loi to bin, ng vt c s n t o ra nhng chic o chong, nhng tm thm vi mu sc tuyt p v a p ng nhu cu thm m v a mang l i nhiu li ch inh t. Lm p l nhu cu tt yu c a con ngi trong cuc sng ngy nay. Cng vi qun o v cch trang im, vic nhum tc khin nhiu ngi p hn. i ngi ln tui, tc nhum cn che giu tui tc, gip h t tin hn trong giao tip. Tuy nhin ng sau s tr trung v . l c mt vn cn suy ngm ??? V vy y l nhng vn ang c quan tm hng u c a cc quc gia trn th gii trong c it Nam.

Nhm 5 - DH10QM 4

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trngChng I: TNG QUAN V PHM NHUM 1.1 Ngun gc phm nhum: 1.1.1 Ngun gc t nhin:

- L cc cht c chit xut t cc nguyn liu hu c th c vt hay ng vt c sn trong t nhi n.Tuy nhin nhm mu t nhin c nhc im l bn km, s dng vi l ng ln nn gi thnh sn phm cao. - Mu t nhin ph bin thng gp nh : mu vng cam c a gc, mu vng c a ngh, mu tm c a l cm, mu nu c a c ph, cacao, mu xanh c a l da hay mu en c a l gai th c cht, chng u l nhng thnh phn d trch ly, t o c mu sc v mi thm cho th c phm theo yu cu c a ngi ch bin. - Mu vng cam hoc mu ly t qu gc l cc hp cht carotenoid nh beta-carotene, lutein v lycopene.

Hnh 1.1.1.1 Mu vng cam c a qu gc - Mu xanh l cy ly t th c vt ch yu l mu xanh c a nhm chlorophylle c chit t l da, l tre, my, l khc, b ngt...

Hnh 1.1.1.2 Mu xanh c a l daNhm 5 - DH10QM 5

- Mu nu thng dng nht l mu caramel (cn gi l nc mu, hoc nc hng hi un ng chy). Ngoi ra, mu nu c n c ly t c ph, ca cao....

Hnh 1.1.1.3 Mu nu c a c ph - Mu l cm tan trong nc cho mu tm ta rt p, khng mi v, hng c h i, bn mu vi nhit cao trong thi gian di. Thng thng ngi ta s dng l cm ti, xay nghin nh, p ly nc, b sung th m ru, mui dng nhum mu xi v cc lo i bnh. d ng phi h, l cm vn cho mu t m nhng hng p bng d ng ti.

Hnh 1.1.1.4 Mu xanh tm c a l cm - L gai c dng nhum mu en cho th ch v lo i bnh c bit l bnh Gai c mu en nhnh nh nh a ng.

Hnh 1.1.1.5 Mu en c a l gaiNhm 5 - DH10QM 6

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng1.1.2 Ngun gc nhn t o:

- L cc cht mu c t o ra bng cc phn ng tng hp ha hc. V d: Amaranth (Mu ), Brilliant blue (Mu xanh), Sunset yellow (Mu vng cam), Tartazine (Mu vng chanh),...l nhng hp cht mu c tng hp t cc phn ng ha hc.

Hnh 1.1.2.1 Cc phm mu nhn t o - Cc cht mu tng hp c bn cao, vi mt l lng nh t c mu sc yu cu nhng d b ng c nu s dng cc hp cht mu khng nguyn ch t. - Ngoi ra, trong nhm ny cn gp cc hp cht c tc dng bo v mu t nhin nhm ngn chn cc hin t ng bin i m u t nhin c a rau qu v cc cht dng nhum mu. 1.2 Phn loi phm nhum: Th trng th gii c khong 5000 lo i phm nhum hc nhau. Ngi ta c hai cch phnlo i : - Phn lo i theo cu t o ha hc gip cho ngi nghin cu v cu t o, tnh cht v phng php tng hp chng. - Phn lo i theo k thut: thun li cho ngi tiu dng.Nhm 5 - DH10QM 7

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng1.2.1 Phn lo i theo cu t o: Thng chia theo cu t o ha hc v nhm mang mu, c 10 lo i: 1. Phm nhum nitro. 2. Phm nhum Nitros. 3. Phm nhum azo. 4. Phm nhum phenyl metan. 5. Phm nhum tryphenyl metan. 6. Phm nhum xeton, quinon. 7. Phm nhum indigo. 8. Phm nhum lu hunh. 9.Phm nhum c nguy n t. 1.2.2 Phn lo i theo phn lp thut: Nhng lp thuc nhum chnh theo phn lp thut gm: 1.Thuc nhum tr c tip. 2.Thuc nhum axit. 3.Thuc nhum ho t tnh. 4.Thuc nhum bazo-cation. 5.Thuc nhum hon nguyn tan v khng tan. 6.Thuc nhum lu hunh. 7.Thuc nhum azo khng tan. 8.Thuc nhum phn tn. 9.Thuc nhum pigment. 1.3 Gii thiu mt s loi phm nhum tiu biu: 1.3.1 Thuc nhum vi:

- Tiu biu l thuc nhum chm hay bt chm l mt lo i thuc nhum vi mu xanh chm d nhn ra. Thnh phn ha hc t o ra thuc nhum mu chm l indigotin. Ngi c i chit ly thuc nhum chm t nhin t mt vi loi th c vt cng nh mt trong hai loi c bin (Hexaplex trunculus hay Haustellum brandaris) ni tingNhm 5 - DH10QM 8

c a ngi Phoenicia, nhng gn nh tt c thuc nhum mu chm ngy nay u c sn xut bng phng php tng hp. - Bt mu chm t nhin l ngun thuc nhum duy nht cho ti nm 1900. Tuy nhin, ch trong mt khong thi gian ngn th bt mu chm tng hp gn nh thay th hon ton cho bt mu chm t nhin.

Hnh 1.3.1 Phn t indigo (bt chm) 1.3.2 Thuc nhum tc:

Hnh 1.3.2 Thuc nhum mu chm

- Thuc nhum tc trn th trng hin nay c xp lm ba nhm: thuc nhum t m thi, thuc nhum bn vnh vin, thuc nhum vnh vin. Trong thuc nhum t m thi, n ch bc quanh b mt c a si tc, khng thm vo thm vo thn tc, gi mu sc t 1 n 2 ln gi. Thuc nhum bn vnh vin, cng hng thm vo thn tc, nhng gi mu c sau 5 n 10 ln gi. Thuc nhum vnh vin, lm thay i mu c a thn si tc vnh vin, ch mt i hi si tc ny b thay th. Thuc nhum tc vnh vin c s dng ph bin nht hin nay trn th trng. - Trong nhm thuc nhum vnh vin, c mt s ho t tnh khc nhau. Lo i nhum theo phng thc oxi-ho, thnh phn c cha p-phenylendelamine (PPD) hoc 2 nitro - PPD v hydro per - oxit. Chng s c pha trn v t o thnh phn ng ho hc trong thn tc. Lo i thuc nhum s dng mui kim lo i gy phn ng i mu dn. Cc mui kim lo i c dng nh mui acetate ch, citrate bismuth. Khi nhum chng s t o phn ng vi sulfur c trong tc v lm tc i mu dn.

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng1.3.3. Phm nhum th c phm:

- Tiu biu l Sudan, sudan l mt lo i phm mu tng hp cha cc hp cht azo, naphtols v cc gc methyl di ng. Thng thng phm mu c p dng thng xuyn trong th c phm l Sudan I, c cng thc tng qut l C16H12N20. Ngoi ra c n c Sudan II mu cam, Sudan III mu cersin mu m), v Sudan IV cn c t n l dung mi 24. S thay i mu sc c a cc Sudan l do s chuyn i v tr c a cc nhm gc methyl. - T i Canada, mt lut nh ngy 5 thng 9 nm 2003 cm s dng Sudan I trong th c phm, v y l mt tc nhn gy ra ung th cho con ngi. Lut ny c C quan Kim sot Th c phm Canada bo tr (ACIA). - c tnh c a Rhodamine B:

Rhodamine B hng c php dng vi bt hm lng no lm cht mu th c phm v c t nh cao c a n i vi sc he con ngi.. th, nhiu nc quy nh cc sn phm no c dng Rhodamine B phi ghi trn nhn. ic dng Rhodamine B nc ta cn a vo danh sch cc cht cm dng trong th c phm c quy nh x ph t cc nh sn xut ph m lut. c tnh c a Rhodamine B (c trong thuc nhum mu th c phm, mu c a h t da Hnh 1.3.3.2 Rhodamine B

Rhodamine B l lo i thuc nhum tng hp d ng tinh th, mu nu , nh xanh l cy, c cng thc C28H31ClN2O3, d h a tan trong nc, cn. Khi h a tan, n c mu , pht hunh quang nh xanh lc.

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

Rhodamine B l mt ha cht c th gy c cp tnh v mn tnh. Qua tip xc, n gy d ng hoc lm mn nga da, mt. Qua ng h hp n gy ho, nga c, kh th, au ng c. Qua ng tiu ha, n gy nn ma, c h i cho gan v thn, tuy cha xc nh nng ti thiu cho php c a Rhodamine B.

Nu tch t dn trong c th, n gy nhiu tc h i i vi gan thn, h sinh sn, h thn kinh v l mt tc nhn nghi ng gy ung th. Chng II: VAI TR CA PHM NHUM

2.1 Vai tr ca phm nhum thc phm: Lm cho th c phm c v ngoi hp dn hn hoc phc hi mu sc nguyn th y c a th c phm. Lm cho cc mn n hc nhau c cng mu. Duy tr hng v v vitamin d b phn hu v nh sng. T o cho th c phm c dng v c trng, d phn bit.

Hnh 2.1.1 Ph b nhum mu vng ti 2.2 Vai tr c a thuc nhum tc:

Hnh 2.1.2 Cm b nhum mu xanh

- Thi k Hy l p 500 trc CN, nhum tc pht trin thnh mt ngh thut cao, v du nhp vo La M 200 nm sau . Ph n thi ny s dng mu tc nhum Nhm 5 - DH10QM 11

phn bit tng lp trong x hi. Ph n qu tc, nhum tc ; tng lp trung lu th nhum tc b ch kim (blonde), cn vi tng lp bnh dn ngho kh th nhum tc en. - Vic nhum tc lm p cho bn thn l nhu cu cn thit cho mi la tui, thanh nin ni bc v t tin trong m ng, vi ngi c tui th hin nhin mi tc mi che ph i s phi pha c a thi gian th ngi ta cng c cm gic t tin v cm thy y u i hn. - Cng vi qun o v cch trang im, tc nhum khin nhiu ngi p hn. 2.3 Vai tr trong dt nhum: Lm cho vi c mu sc phong ph p ng th hiu c a ngi tiu dng. Trong phng th nghim, n lm cht nhum mt s vi khun, tiu bn nghin cu. Ngoi ra ngi ta cng dng Rhodamin B pht hin ng i c a nhng m ch nc ngm, hng v tc c a dng chy (song nu hm lng cao s nh hng i vi mi trng v i sng th y sinh vt). Chng III: NH HNG CA PHM NHUM 3.1 nh hng ca phm nhum ni chung: - Nhn chung nhng nh hng c a phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng u l c h i. Phm nhum l lo i ha cht m con ngi s dng nh l mt cng c khng nhng lm p cho bn thn (nhum tc) m cn dng trong sn xut th c phm v trong may mc. Song nu bit cch s dng ng cch, ng liu th phm nhum s khng gy ra bt c nh hng c h i no i vi con ngi v mi trng. V thc cng nh trch nhim c a ngi dn khng cao nn mt s ngi l m dng phm nhum c h i vo thuc nhum tc, th c phm, hoc trong cng nghip dt vi Cng nh x tr c tip nc thi cha qua x l ra mi trng t nhin lm nhim mi trng mt cch trm trng.

2.4 Mt s vai tr khc: -

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng3.2 nh hng ca thuc nhum tc: 3.2.1 i vi sc khe con ngi:

- Trn th c t, thuc nhum tc c th gy d ng vi ngi ny, nhng l i khng vn g vi ngi hc. iu ny ty vo s thch ng c a mi ngi s dng. Thnh phn ha cht hay gy d ng da nht l PPD (Paraphenylenediamin), lo i c s dng ch thuc nhum vnh vin. Th c nghim cho thy, nu dnh vo da mt, da u trong khi nhum tc, thuc ny c th gy ung th da, ung th v. Hin nay, mt s nc chu u cm dng ho cht ny. T i M, cc chuyn gia y t cng chng minh rng PPD gy d ng, chm, hen, lot d dy, lm da mn , nh y cm vi nng v c th gy t vong nu ng c nng. Cc lo i d ng do thuc nhum gy ra bao gm vim da tip xc v nng c th b sc phn v. - i m da tip xc l mt d ng vi m da phn ng vi thuc nhum. Nh thng ch c mn nga, ch th ch, nng gy vi m da. i vi ngi ln u ti n tip xc, d ng da c th xy ra trong v ng 10 ngy sau hi dng; i vi ln dng th hai hoc cc ln sau th d ng c th xy ra sm hn, trong v ng 6 - 72 gi. Da c th ni ban, sng mng, bng nc. Tn thng nng hn th c th nh hng c cc ni m m c mt, vnh tai, da vng chn tc. - Sc phn v l hnh thc nng nht c a d ng i vi thuc nhum. Mc d rt him gp nhng y l bin chng c th nguy him n t nh m ng ngay tc hc. Do phn ng min dch c a c th qu m nh, ton b mt v ng th bnh nhn b ph n, lm bnh nhn h th, dn n suy h hp; tt huyt p gy suy tun hon, nu hng cp cu p thi bnh nhn c th t Hnh 3.2.1.1 Vim da tay do thuc nhum tc

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trngvong nhanh chng.

o nm 2000, mt ph n ngi Anh, c tin s b bnh hen

suyn. B t ng dng thuc nhum tc, v cng c mt vi ln b d ng nh. Ln ny b thay thuc nhum tc v b sc phn v, ri t vong ngay sau ch vi gi. - a s cc trng hp d ng thuc nhum tc dn n vim nang lng, nga, ni mn, au da u. Vi nhng ngi thng xuyn nhum tc, h rt d b cc triu chng d ng nh ni tr n.

Hnh 3.2.1.2 Vim da, sng ph mt do d ng thuc nhum tc M ay nga c th xut hin, thng xy ra sau khi nhum tc ch ng 1 gi. Phn ng ny c th nh ch l ban nga, nng hn c th b ton thn v bnh nhn c th l n cn hen do co tht ph qun, c c, nn v h n ung do ph n th c qun.

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

Hnh 3.2.1.3 M ay nga, ban do d ng thuc nhum tc - Thuc nhum vy vo mt c th gy nh hng nghim trng n th l c, tuy him nhng c th gy m. c nhiu cc nghin cu dch t hc tr n ngi v mi lin quan gia vic s dng thuc nhum tc vi nguy c mc ung th, tuy nhi n cc t qu cha nht qun. Cc nhm ung th c nghin cu nhiu nht lin quan vi thuc nhum tc l ung th bng quan v ung th t bo mu. - Cho n nay c 11 nghi n cu dch t hc bo co v mi li n h gia thuc nhum vi nguy c mc ung th bng quang. Mt s th bo co hng thy c nguy c g. Mt nghi n cu th cho thy nhng ngi th lm tc c nguy c mc ung th bng quang cao hn nhm chng; nghi n cu hc cho thy nhng ngi ph n s dng thuc nhum tc lu di, vi s ln nhum hn 10 ln/nm tng nguy c b ung th bng quang so vi nhm chng gp 2 ln. Mt s cc nghi n cu th thy rng nguy c b ung th bng quang xy ra lo i thuc nhum tc vnh vin ch hng cc lo i hc. Nm 2008, mt nghi n cu tng hp, cn nhc ht 11 nghi n cu tr n l i vi nhau, th l i cho thy rng vic dng thuc nhum tc cha cho thy c nguy c mc ung th bng quang so vi nhng ngi hng nhum tc. Trong hi , tr n th c nghim, cho chut s dng cc lo i ho cht c trong thuc nhum, cho thy chut b mc ung th bng quang. Tuy nhi n, cc nh hoa hc cho rng th nghim l cho chut ung ho cht vi liu cao, c n trong nhum tc ch dng ngoi da vi liu t l thp hn nhiu so vi th c nghim, n n nguy c nu c th rt thp.Nhm 5 - DH10QM 15

- Mi li n h gia vic s dng thuc nhum tc, c bit lo i thuc nhum vnh vin v nguy c mc chng ung th t bo mu hng thuc nhm Hodg in (Non-Hodg in Lymphom, NHL c ti nh gi vo nm 2008, cng thng qua mt nghi n cu tng hp tr n gn 1000 i tng, trong c phn na l dng thuc nhum tc. Kt qu nghi n cu ny cho thy nhng ngi s dng thuc nhum tc c th c mi li n i vi ung th NHL, ch yu l ung th lympho d ng nang follicular lymphoma ; v c bit l nhng ph n bt u nhum tc t trc 1980. C ch v mi li n h ny cha gii th ch c. Nhng tr n th c t l cc sn phm thuc nhum tc ra i trc 1980 thng c cha cc ho cht cho thy c h nng gy t bin gen v gy ung th chut th nghim. Giai o n sau 1980, sn phm thuc nhum tc c ci tin v mt cng thc rt nhiu. - Tuy nhi n, cho n nay cc nh hoa hc tip tc nh hng nghi n cu th m liu c yu t mn cm di truyn trong mi quan h ny hay hng. C ngha l c th ch c mt s ngi mang mt lo i gen nht nh no c th nh y cm vi cc ho cht c nguy c, v ch nh s cng hng ny mi pht sinh ung th. - nh hng c a thuc nhum tc n qu trnh mang thai. Mt th c t l cc chuy n gia v tc, nhng ngi nhiu nm gn b vi ngh t o mu tc v thng xuy n phi tip xc vi ha cht t thuc nhum tc , lm tc hng ngy u c nguy c b sy thai cao hn cc nhm ngnh ngh hc. Nguy n nhn l do h phi tip xc vi cng ln cht ha hc c t n gi teratogen, cht ny ch nh l th ph m gy sy thai hay tng nguy c sy thai. - Ngoi nhng thnh phn ch nh c iu ch t ha cht c thuc nhm mu azoic: Meta, ortho, hay para-phenylendiamine, nitro-o-phenylenediaminec n c cc cht ph gia nh Propylenglycol v Isopropyl alcohol cng gy tc h i trm cm, nhc u. hng nh. Propylenglycol nh hng ti gan, thn, no, c n Isopropyl alcohol th c th gy

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng3.2.2 i vi mi trng:

- Trong qu trnh sn xut v s dng, nc thi t nh my sn xut cng nh nc thi trong qu trnh s dng thuc nhum tc u hng qua x l m thi tr c tip ra mi trng th s gy nhim ngun nc, nht l nc mt v nc ngm. 3.3 nh hng ca phm nhum thc phm:

3.3.1 i vi sc he con ngi: - Nhng nghi n cu c cng b gn y cho thy vic s dng phm mu tng hp lu di c nhng nguy h i cho sc he con ngi, trong ni bt l bnh u no, ung th bng quang, tinh hon, tuyn gip, tuyn thng thn, d ng, hen suynChng c h nng gy ung th, c t nh tr n gen tn thng di truyn AND, nhim sc th , c t nh thn inh gy chng hiu ng thi qu, suy gim h nng hc tp, bt ng, gin d, thay i hnh vi tr em v ngi trng thnh . - c bit giai o n gn Tt, hng nghn mt hng c tung ra thi trng ht sc bt mt, cu hch. Tuy nhi n, vi mu xanh, , t m, vng trong c n c nhiu lo i th c phm mu nguy him b cm vn c lu hnh v s dng trn lan.

Hnh 3.3.1.1 Th c phm b tm mu c h i thu ht tr em - T lu cc lo i mt, gi, ph, bn, bnh canhc xp vo danh mc nhng mn n c s dng nhiu cht ty trng nht. Tuy nhi n, ngi mua hng vn b thuNhm 5 - DH10QM 17

ht bi nhng mn n c trng t n mc h tin ny. Khng phi c xanh, .l nguy c, mu trng cng cha chc s ch, thm ch l nguy him, v c th n cng lm t mt lo i phm mu no . - Phm mu c chia lm hai lo i t nhi n v tng hp. iu ng ng i l rt h phn bit mu trong th c phm thuc lo i no nu hng c thit b phn t ch. Nhiu loi thc n nh heo quay, vt quay, cc lo i bnh truyn thng c s dng nhng hng ghi r thnh phn tr n bao b. Th c t, do gi thnh r hn mt na, n n mt s c s sn xut s dng phm mu vt gii h n, c bit l mu tng hp. Hu ht cc v ng c th c phm l do ha cht, cc lo i ph gia th c phm gy ra. T i Thnh ph H Ch Minh, theo thng cha y c a Trung tm Y t d ph ng, t l s dng hn the du ch c n 19%, nhng vic dng phm mu tri ni trong ch bin th c phm l n ti 32%, ng ha hc 7%, thuc chng mc 40%. - Mt vi v d in hnh, trc ht l tht g c cha phm mu cng nghip. Cht c tm thy trong mt hng tht g lm sn l Diaminoazobenzen hydrochloride, hm lng 2,85 microgram/ g, hng c trong danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng. Lo i cht ny l phm mu cng nghip dng trong sn xut polymer, thuc nhum tc, cao su, hi t ch ly trong c th n s gy c cho gan, thn.

Hnh 3.3.1.2 G c mu vng bt mt l nhum phm mu c h i ang c by bn. ngun: http://www.tinmoitruong.vn)Nhm 5 - DH10QM 18

- Mc d bit lo i phm mu ny rt c h i, nhng hng t ngi bun bn gia cm vn s dng, bi h bit tm l khch hng khi ra ch vn thch mua gia cm lm sn c mu vng nh t hn l mua gia cm mu trng nht. c bit, khi gia cm c nhum phm mu ny, d c ra nc thoi mi th mu vng hng phai, v n ngm vo da c a gia cm. Nhng phm mu l i rt c h i cho gan, thn v c nhiu kh nng gy ung th.... - Tip n l Rhodamine B thnh phn cht mu c h i c trong h t da, t bt. v trn c vo cht nhum th c phm thi n nhi n chi t m nhn dn vn dng lm p mt mm c Tt. y l vic lm bt chp sc he c a ngi dn m cn c c quan chuy n trch x l. - Nu n h t da nhum Rhodamine B lu di s gy suy gan, thn v c bnh ung th. Ty theo lng c t vo c th m c th gy ng c cp t nh hoc mn tnh. Qua tip xc, n gy d ng hoc lm mn nga da, mt Qua ng h hp n gy ho, nga c, h th, au ng c. Qua ng ti u ha, n gy nn ma, c h i cho gan v thn, tuy cha xc nh nng ti thiu cho php c a Rhodamin B. Nu t ch t dn trong c th, n gy nhiu tc h i i vi gan thn, h sinh sn, h thn inh v l mt tc nhn nghi ng gy ung th.

Hnh 3.3.1.3 H t da nhum cht Rhodamine B.Nhm 5 - DH10QM

ngun. http://www.tapchiamthuc.vn)19

- Khi nhum h t da bng Rhodamine B, ngi ta pha long ri h t da vo trn l n, sau em phi h. Khi n ty theo c th c a t ng ngi, c th b d ng, ng c cp t nh, nu s dng lu, cc cht c h i tn d trong c th s gy ng th. - c bit, cht ny c th qua v da ngm vo b n trong h t, rt nguy him. S t ch t lu ngy trong c th trc ht gy tn thng gan, thn, lu dn gy ung th. C n vi nhng ngi gan m, s o thi qua gan m c th gy d ng tc th, biu hin l ni mn tr n da, xung huyt. Tc h i c a cht Rhodamine B c n lm chm qu trnh pht trin c a tr. Cht Rhodamine B c th ngm ngay ngoi h t v b n trong h t qua cc h t hi nhum. Khi cn, cht ny ngm vo c th qua nc bt n n rt nguy him, nht l tr con thng xuy n cho c h t vo ming nhai. di gy ung th v nguy him hn l lm chm qu trnh pht trin c a tr. 3.3.2 i vi mi trng: - Nhng ni s dng cc ha cht ny nhum mu th c phm l mt s cng ty nh v v a, h gia nh n n h khng c h thng x l nc thi sau khi s dng. V th h thng thi tr c tip ra cng rnh hay cho chy trn trn mt t. - Nc thi theo h thng cng rnh ra mi trng t nhin gy nhim ngun nc mt, lm cht cc loi th y sinh trong nc. hi nc thi ny chy trn trn mt t, th nht mt phn nc thi bc lu v

hi l n hng h gy ra mi hi h chu, gy nhim khng kh. Mt phn th ngm xung mt t qua nhiu lp t lm mt phn ho cht b gi l i trong t gy nhim t. Cui cng th n m ch nc ngm lm nhim nc ngm v sau chy ra sng lm nhim nc sng vi mc nh. 3.4 nh hng ca thuc nhum vi: 3.4.1 i vi sc khe con ngi:

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng- Theo thng

cho thy, nc thi t cng nghip dt rt phc t p, n bao

gm cc cht hu c, cc cht mu v cc cht c h i cho mi trng. C rt nhiu cht c thi ra trong nc thi c a qu trnh nhum, dt vi. Trong , cc lo i thuc nhum, cc cht ph tr cht mu, cht cm mu, ha cht ty git chim i a s. Lng ha cht s dng i vi t ng lo i vi l rt hc nhau v phn d th a c a vo nc thi tng ng. - Trong s cc cht nhim c trong nc thi dt nhum, thuc nhum l thnh phn h x l nht, c bit l thuc nhum azo hng tan lo i thuc nhum c s dng ph bin nht hin nay, chim 60-70% th phn. Thng thng, cc cht mu c trong thuc nhum hng bm d nh ht vo si vi trong qu trnh nhum m bao gi cng c n l i mt lng d nht nh tn t i trong nc thi. Lng thuc nhum d sau cng o n nhum c th l n n 50% tng lng thuc nhum c s dng ban u. y ch nh l nguy n nhn lm cho nc thi dt nhum c mu cao, v nng cht nhim ln.

Hnh 3.4.1.1 Cc phm nhum vi chuy n dng ngun http://www.khoahoc.com.vn)

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng-

Trong qu trnh sn xut nu ngi lao ng khng s dng dng c bo h lao ng ng cch th cng gy ra nhiu bin chng cho c th nh: vi m da tay, da chn, nu vy l n ngi th c th gy d ng da i vi nhng ngi mn cm.

Hnh 3.4.1.2 Nhum vi bng tay khng, d gy d ng cho ngi lao ng. (ngun: http://www.thegioisuckhoe.com) Tin s Trn n Tin, Ph in trng in Da liu Quc gia nay l Bnh

vin Da liu Trung ng Theo thng

huyn co, nu tip xc nhiu cc ha cht nhum

mu hay c n gi l phm mu, c th dn n ung th da. c a Bnh vin Da liu Trung ng, t l ngi vo hm bnh v da do tip xc vi cc lo i ho cht chim t l h cao, ty theo t ng ma. Nhng bnh nhn ny thng b cc bin chng nng mi bt u nhp vin.

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

Hnh 3.4.1.3 Nc thi dt nhum chy ra

nh Tham Lng, o n phng ng

Hng Thun, qun 12 TPHCM. (ngun: http://nld.com.vn) - Vi lng nc thi ln v c thi ra mi trng ngoi nh th ny s gy nh hng n sc khe ngi dn xung quanh rt nhiu. Khng nhng vy cn lm (ngun: http://nld.com.vn) nhim n ngun nc sinh ho t cng nh ngun nc phc v cho ho t ng sn xut c a ngi dn. Mi t nc thi cng nh sc khe c a ngi dn. 3.4.2. i vi mi trng: - Trong qu trnh ho t ng sn xut, cc c s dt nhum t o ra lng ln cht thi c mc gy nhim cao. Nc thi sinh ra t dt nhum thng c nhit cao, pH ln, cha nhiu lo i ha cht, thuc nhum kh phn h y, mu cao. Nu hng c x l tt, nc thi do dt nhum s gy nhim mi trng, c bit l nhim ngun nc mt, nc ngm. nh mng bc ln lm nh hng n khu gic

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

Hnh 3.4.2.1 Nc thi sn xut sau x l ny s chy thng ra knh Tham Lng.(ngun: www.dunghangviet.vn) Ngun nc thi gm nhiu thnh phn c h i cho mi trng nh vy nu khng x l (hoc x l s si m thi tr c tip ra mi trng th gy nhim (ngun: http://nld.com.vn) nghim trng i vi mi trng. c bit l mi trng nc.

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

Hnh 3.4.2.1 ng x nc thi c a mt c s nhum vi. (ngun: http://phapluatvn.vn)

Chng IV: PHNG PHP X L PHM NHUM (ngun: http://nld.com.vn) - Cc phng php c th p dng x l nc thi dt nhum 4.1 Phng php x l s b: 4.1.1 Sng lc: - Mc ch l tch cc x si, t p cht, rc thi. . . sinh ra t cng o n chun b nguy n liu, v sinh nh xng, my mc. . . bng cc thanh chn rc hoc li chn rc. Cc t p cht tr n s c nh co ra theo phng php th cng hay c gii. y l hu rt quan trng v cn thit trnh cho cc t p cht c th lm h hng, tc nghn cc cng trnh x l ph a sau. Sau song chn rc c th b tr th m li chn

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trngmn tch nt cc x si, t p cht c ch thc nh

2012hn.

4.1.2 Lng: - Trong x l nc thi qu trnh lng c s dng lo i cc t p cht d ng huyn ph th ra hi nc, trnh lm tc h thng ng thi lm gim c mt phn cc cht nhim cn x l. Tu theo chc nng m ngi ta thit cc lo i b lng khc 4.1.3 Tuyn ni: - Phng php ny thng c s dng tch cc t p cht d ng rn hoc lng phn tn hng tan, t lng m ra hi pha lng. Trong mt s trng hp qu trnh ny qu trnh ny cng c dng tch cc cht ho tan nh cc cht ho t ng b mt. Phng php ny c u im so vi phng php lng l c th h c cc h t nh, nh, lng chm vi thi gian ngn. Tuy nhi n trong trng hp c th ny th hng p dng phng php tuyn ni. 4.1.4 iu ho: - Mc ch l iu ho lu lng v nng nc thi trnh gy sc t ngt, gip cho cc cng trnh x l ph a sau vn hnh li n tc v n nh. B iu ho l gn nh bt buc i vi mi h thng x l nc thi ni chung v nc thi dt nhum ni ri ng do c t nh c a nc thi dt nhum l lun c s dao ng rt ln v lu lng cng nh nng cht nhim. B iu ho cn c trang b h thng huy trn c hc hoc bng thng h. nhau.

4.1.5 Trung ho: - Mc ch l iu chnh pH ti gi tr ph hp cho qu trnh eo t hoc cho hu x l sinh hc. Trung ho cng l t ti u chun thi. mt l thuyt ngi ta tin hnh trung ho bng cch trn d ng thi mang t nh axit vi d ng thi mang t nh im. Nhng tr n th c t hay iu chnh pH bng cch dng ho cht. Trong qu trnh ny, phng php trung ho c s dng sau qu trnh ng eo t v trc qu trnh x l sinh hc.

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng4.2. Phng php ho l:

- Cc phng php ha l n thun c c im chung l chuyn cht nhim (cht mu) t pha ny sang pha khc m khng lm bin i bn cht, cu trc cht mu. Do , trong x l cht mu th cc phng php ha l c nhc im chung l khng x l trit cht mu chuyn chng thnh cc cht khng gy nhim hoc cc cht d phn h y sinh hc hn. 4.2.1. Keo t t o bng: - Phng php eo t x l cht mu dt nhum l phng php tch lo i cht mu gy nhim ra khi nc d a trn hin tng keo t. - Cc cht keo t thng dng: Phn nhm Al2(SO4)3.nH2O (n=1418), mui st Fe2(SO4)3.nH2O hoc FeCl3.nH2O n=16 , trong phn nhm l cht keo t ph bin nht t i Vit Nam, trong hi mui st l i l cht keo t ph bin cc nc cng nghip pht trin. - Dng phn nhm hoc mui st lm cht keo t s xy ra phn ng th y phn t o bng cn hydroxit tham gia hiu ng qut v ph tnh bn h keo: Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O 2Al OH 3 + 6H+ + 3SO42Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O 2Fe OH 3 + 6H+ + 3SO42- Cc cht tr keo t (hay cht t o bng) gm: cht hiu chnh pH, dung dch axit silixic ho t tnh, bt t st v polime (PAA- polyacrylamit). Cc cht hiu chnh pH c tc dng n nh pH tng hiu qu keo t. - Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh keo t: pH, cc yu t hu c t o phc, hp ph) lm bn h t keo, khuy trn - Phng php eo t c s dng rng ri trong x l nc thi dt nhum c cc thuc nhum phn tn v hng tan. y l phng php h thi v mt kinh th tuy nhin n khng x l c tt c cc lo i thuc nhum: thuc nhum axit, thucNhm 5 - DH10QM 27

nhum tr c tip; thuc nhum hon nguyn keo t tt nhng hng t lng d dng, bng cn cht lng thp; thuc nhum ho t tnh rt kh x l bng cc tc nhn keo t thng thng v c n t c nghin cu. Bn c nh phng php eo t cng t o ra mt lng bn thi ln v khng lm gim tng cht rn h a tan n n gy h hn cho tun hon nc. 4.2.2 Hp ph: - Hp ph l s t ch ly cht trn b mt phn cch pha. Cht c b mt tr n xy ra s hp ph c gi l cht hp ph, cht c t ch ly tr n b mt l cht b hp ph. - Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng hp ph: cht c din tch b mt ring cng ln th kh nng hp ph cng cao. Ngoi ra yu t tng tc, li n t gia cht hp ph v cht b hp ph cng nh hng n kh nng hp ph. - Hp ph c th biu din di d ng mt cn bng: Cht b hp ph + b mt cht b hp ph lin kt vi b mt. Cc cht hp ph s dng trong x l nc thi dt nhum: + Cacbon ho t tnh: cht hp ph ph bin trong x l nc thi cha thuc nhum, c bit l hp ph thuc nhum giai o n x l trit sau keo t. N hng c dng n l do gi thnh cao v hiu sut thp trong lo i b cc phn t mu ln v i hi thi gian tip xc. + Cc cht hp ph v c hc: t st, than bn, silic oxit, mt s hong cng c dng lm cht hp ph thuc nhum kh hiu qu vi gi thnh r hn than ho t tnh. - Hp ph l phng php c ngh n nhiu trong x l thuc nhum ho t t nh, tuy nhi n nhc im c a phng php ny nm trong chnh bn cht c a n l chuyn cht mu t pha ny sang pha hc v i hi thi gian tip xc, t o mt lng thi sau hp ph, khng x l trit cht nhim.Nhm 5 - DH10QM 28

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng4.3. Phng php sinh hc:

- Phng php sinh hc l s dng cc vi sinh vt phn h y cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi. Phng php sinh hc t hiu qu cao trong x l nc thi cha cc cht hu c d phn h y sinh hc vi pH, nhit , ch ng vi sinh thch hp v khng cha cc cht c lm c ch vi sinh. Tuy nhi n nc thi xng nhum cha thuc nhum rt bn vi sinh hu nh hng b phn h y sinh hc. - X l vi sinh hiu kh hoc k kh ty thuc vo s c mt hay khng c mt oxy. 4.3.1.Phng php hiu kh; - Qu trnh hiu kh xy ra s oxy ha cc cht hu c, c hiu sut cao trn 85% nhng n l i tiu tn nng lng cho sc kh v t o lng bn thi ln. 4.3.2. Phng php kh: - Qu trnh k kh xy ra s kh, c th ch y vi ti lng hu c ln, lo i b mt lng ln cc cht hu c ng thi t o ra kh sinh hc, tiu tn t nng lng. Lng bn thi c a qu trnh k kh rt thp. Tuy nhin, hiu qu kh mu c a qu trnh ny khng cao (i vi thuc nhum axit l 80 90%, thuc nhum tr c tip l 81%). - Ngi ta c th s dng kt hp hai qu trnh trn: k kh lm gim mu v x l hu c nng cao, tip theo l hiu h oxy ha cc amin sinh ra bi cc qu trnh trc. 4.4. Phng php oxy ho bc cao: - Cc cht oxy ha thng c s dng l Chlorine Cl2), Hydroxy Peroxide (H2O2), v Ozone (O3 , vi Cl2 c nh gi l cht oxy ha inh t nht. - Cc qu trnh oxy ha nng cao AOPs l mt trong nhng cng ngh cao c pht trin trong hong 20 nm tr l i y. AOPs l nhng qu trnh phn h y oxy ha

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

d a vo cc gc t do ho t ng hydroxyl *OH c t o ra "in situ" ngay trong qu trnh x l. - Gc *OH l mt tc nhn oxy ha m nh nht trong cc tc nhn oxy ha t trc ti nay, c h nng oxy ha hng l a chn vi mi hp cht hu c, c nhng cht h phn h y hoc hng phn h y sinh hc, bin chng thnh nhng hp cht v c nh CO2, H2O, cc axit v c - Cc tc nhn oxy ha thng thng nh H2O2, O3, c th nng cao h nng oxy ha c a chng bng cc phn ng ha hc hc nhau t o gc *OH, th c hin qu trnh oxy ha gin tip thng qua gc *OH. * Qu trnh Fenton - Qu trnh Fenton hay phn ng Fenton l phn ng gia ion Fe 2+vi H2O2 sinh ra cc gc t do *OH, c n Fe2+ b ion ha thnh Fe3+. Fe2+ + H207 -> Fe3+ + *OH + OH- Gc *OH oxy ha cc cht hu c h phn h y sinh hc, phn h y chng thnh cc cht v c hoc cc cht c phn t lng thp hn, c h nng phn h y sinh hc. - Theo phng trnh 1 , phi c ion Fe2+ t o ra gc *OH, trong iu in pH thp mi tn t i ion Fe2+, hiu qu nht l pH 3, c n trong iu in pH cao s t o thnh Fe3+ v t t a Fe OH3

phng trnh 2 , phn ng Fenton s xy ra rt chm.

Fe3+ + 3OH- -> Fe(OH)3 (2) * Qu trnh Peroxone - Qu trnh oxy ha c a ozone vi s c mt c a H2O2 c gi l qu trnh Peroxone hoc Perozone. S hc nhau gia qu trnh Ozone v Peroxone l qu trnh Ozone th c hin oxy ha cc cht nhim tr c tip bng phn t O3 trong nc, cn qu trnh Peroxone th c hin oxy ha cht nhim gin tip thng qua gc *OH.`` - C ch phn ng t o gc *OH t h O3/H2O2 theo phng trnh 3 .Nhm 5 - DH10QM 30

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trngH202 + 3O3 -> 2 *OH + 3O2 (3)

- Phn ng 3 cho thy, qu trnh Peroxone c th tin hnh trong iu in pH trung tnh. Hiu qu phn h y cc cht nhim hu c c a h O3/H2O2 cao hn nhiu so vi tc dng oxy ha c a O3 n v c tc nhn *OH c sinh ra trong qu trnh phn ng. * Qu trnh Cataione ng th: - Qu trnh Catazone l qu trnh a vo h O3/H2O2 cc cht xc tc nng cao ho t t nh oxy ha c a ozone. - Cht xc tc im: + C ch t o gc t do hydroxyl *OH trong mi trng nc vi cht xc tc im OH- nh sau [4]: H2O2 + 3O3 2*OH + 3O2 (4) Cht xc tc im lo i:

+ Cho vo h O3/H2O2 cc lon im lo i chuyn tip c tc dng nng cao ho t t nh oxy ha c a ozone.i vi xc tc st Fe2+: Cho vo h O3/H2O2 dung dch FeSO4 s t o gc *OH v t o thnh Fe3+. Trong trng hp ny Fe2+ l cht tham gia phn ng v b ti u hao trong qu trnh phn ng: H2O2 + 3O3 - 2 * OH + 3O2 (5) + i vi xc tc nhm Al3+: Cho vo h dung dch phn nhm Al2(SO4)3. C ch phn ng c th nh sau: Trong mi trng nc, Al3+ t o thnh Al OH3

t t a v

cc bng eo ny hp ph mt phn COD v cht mu trong nc, lm nng COD cao hn trong nc. Khi c O3 t hp vi H2O2 s t o ra gc *OH v xy ra phn ng phn h y cht hu c trong nc, do trong cc bng eo c nng cht hu c rt cao n n tc phn ng tng m nh, gim nng cht hu c v tip tc qu trnh hp ph cht hu c vo bng eo v qu trnh phn h y COD v mu nc thi tip din.Nhm 5 - DH10QM 31

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trng* Qu trnh Cataione d th:

- Qu trnh Catazone d th l qu trnh a vo h O3/H2O2 cc cht xc tc rn l cc oxit im lo i chuyn tip hoc than ho t t nh. - C ch qu trnh Cataione xc tc d th + Cht xc tc ch ng vai tr nh mt cht hp ph Me-OH, ozone v gc hydroxyl t o ra t s phn huy ozon s l tc nhn oxy ha. + Cht xc tc c th tc dng vi c ozon v cht hu c hp ph tr n b mt, ng ngha vi bn cht c a qu trnh xc tc. mi lo i nc thi c thnh phn v t nh cht c trng rt hc nhau n n cn phi tch ri ng v x l s b t ng ngun thi trc hi i vo giai o n x l chung. Nc thi nhum vi c nng cht hu c cao, thnh phn phc t p v cha nhiu hp cht v ng h phn h y sinh hc, ng thi c cc cht tr trong qu trnh nhum c h nng gy c ch vi sinh vt. Nhit nc thi rt cao, hng th ch hp a tr c tip vo h thng x l sinh hc. -> Quy trnh x l nc thi cng nghip dt nhum cn phi c s t hp gia bin

php x l ha l vi bin php x l sinh hc v hm lng BOD 5, COD v mu cao. - Hin nay phng php x l sinh hc t hp vi eo t t o bng c s dng ph bin nht. y l phng php x l hu hiu cc cht nhim c trong nc thi dt nhum. i hiu qu x l cc ch ti u 80%, cng ngh x l sinh hc hiu h t hp eo t-t o bng chng t hiu qu vt tri trong vic x l nc thi dt nhum. Qu trnh x l sinh hc gip lo i b cc hp cht hu c c h nng phn h y sinh hc v x l mt phn cc hp cht hu c h phn h y sinh hc di tc dng c a qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin c a cc vi sinh vt, gip gim bt ti lng ho t ng c a qu trnh x l ha l eo t-t o bng, v chi ph x l bn ha l.Nhm 5 - DH10QM 32

Ba phng php thng c ng dng ri ng r hoc t hp x l nc thi dt nhum l: phng php ha l, phng php oxy ha bc cao v phng php sinh hc. * Quy trnh cng ngh truyn thng x l nc thi dt nhum: D a vo thnh phn t nh cht nc thi n u tr n, cng ngh x l nc thi dt nhum c xut nh sau: A. X l s b nc thi t cng o n nhum ho t t nh:

- Nc thi NT t cng o n nhum ho t t nh c tch ri ng a qua h thng x l s b. - NT chy qua SCR song chn rc v LCR li chn rc n b tip nhn. SCR v LCR c nhim v gi l i cc mnh vn th v cc s, si ch mn. - NT tip tc c bm qua b iu h a iu h a lu lng, nng v gii nhit bng cch lm thong. T y NT c bm qua b trn c b sung phn v ha cht iu chnh pH hong 10 10,5 nhm gip cho qu trnh eo t d ng thi nhum ho t tnh. - NT c cho qua b eo t t hp vi b lng nhm mc ch t o phn ng eo t h COD t 60 85%, lm gim mu v lng cn. - Sau nc thi c a n h thng x l chung. B. X l s b nc thi t cng o n nhum Sunfua:

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

- Nc thi NT t cng o n nhum Sunfua c tch ri ng a qua h thng x l s b. - NT chy qua SCR song chn rc v LCR li chn rc n b tip nhn. SCR v LCR c nhim v gi l i cc mnh vn th v cc s, si ch mn. - NT tip tc c bm qua b iu h a iu h a lu lng, nng v gii nhit bng cch lm thong. T y NT c bm qua b trn c b sung phn v ha cht iu chnh pH v 6 nhm h tr tt cho qu trnh eo t d ng thi Sunfua. - NT c cho qua b eo t t hp vi b lng nhm mc ch t o phn ng eo t h COD hong 70%, lm gim mu v lng cn. - Sau nc thi c a n h thng x l chung. C. X l s b nc thi t cng o n ty git:

- Nc thi NT t cng o n ty git c tch ri ng a qua h thng x l s b. - NT chy qua SCR song chn rc v LCR li chn rc n b tip nhn. SCR v LCR c nhim v gi l i cc mnh vn th v cc s, si ch mn.

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

- NT tip tc c bm qua b iu h a iu h a lu lng, nng v tin hnh trung h a iu chnh pH v 6,5. T y NT c bm qua b lng lng cn. - Sau nc thi c a n h thng x l chung. D. H thng x l chung sau hi h a trn ba ngun nc thi qua x l s b:

- Sau hi qua mt s bc x l s b NT t c ba d ng thi c h a trn vi nhau v chy vo b trn. B trn v a ng vai tr iu h a cht lng NT, v a l ni iu chnh v hong pH th ch hp cho qu trnh lc sinh hc h tip theo. - T i b lc sinh hc h , mt phn cht hu c d phn h y b phn h y thnh h Biogas hoc chuyn ha thnh nhng hp cht d phn h y hn. - NT c cho qua b lc sinh hc hiu h nhm tip tc x l BOD5, COD, mi hi trong nc thi, - Sau hi x l b sinh hc hiu h NT tip tc chy sang b lng t 2 lo i b bn ho t t nh. - NT t b lng t 2 tip tc chy qua b trn nhanh c b sung phn t o phn ng eo t h COD, h mu v lng cn b eo t t hp b lng. - Sau cng NT c cho qua b h trng ti u dit vi trng v mm bnh. Sau khi ra hi b h trng NT s t ti u chun TC N 5945 2005 lo i A,B ri thi ra ngun tip nhn.

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

- Lng bn ho t t nh t b lng t 2, b eo t t hp b lng c rt bng h thng bm bn v tun hon v b lc sinh hc hiu h duy tr mt c a vi sinh vt, bn d c dn v b nn bn. -> Tuy nhi n vi t nh cht nc thi dt nhum nh tr n, cn c nhng phng php x l hiu qu hn, tit im din t ch xy d ng, chi ph xy d ng v vn hnh so vi cc cng ngh truyn thng... Hiu qu x l BOD, COD, SS,... rt cao.

Chng V: KT LUN V KIN NGH 5.1 Kt lun: - Chng ta u bit th c phm cng hp dn s mang l i cm gic khoi khu cho mi ngi. Song, cm gic y khng mang l i cho con ngi c nhiu cht dinh dng m cn nh hng n sc kho. Do , chng ta cn phi nhn thc r vai tr c a phm nhum hay c th hn l cc ph gia th c phm. Chng ta nn cn nhc khi l a chn th c phm bn sn v chn cch thc ch bin thc n cho dinh dng v h n ch nh hng n sc kho. - L mt nh th c phm tng lai, hiu r li ch to ln c a cc lo i phm nhum mang l i nhng hng v th m bt chp tt c, v n l con dao 2 li. Do , chng ta nn s dng nguyn liu t nhin trong sn xut v tiu dng trnh lm dng qu nhiu vo cc lo i ha cht c h i m bo v sinh v an ton th c phm. - Mt s tht m ta khng th ph nhn, trong mt x hi cng nghip ha v hin i ha nh hin nay, d mun , d khng chng ta vn phi n, vn phi ung sng. Chng ta khng th no thot ra khi qu o c a ha cht c. Thi th tt hn ht l nn cn thn trong vn n ung, n n iu v ch ng m c hn. Trnh bt dng nhng lo i th c phm sn xut theo li cng nghip. - Cn v lm p, th ai cng mun mnh ngy cng xinh ti, p hn trong mt mi ngi nhng ci g n cng c hai mt c. T m thi chng ti khuyn cc b nNhm 5 - DH10QM 36

nn gii h n vic dng thuc nhum tc, nht l i vi cc b n cn tr, chng h n mt ph n dng thuc nhum tc lin tc 10 nm lin c th lm xut hin ung th v (nghin cu c a Vin i hc New York). V th hy sng v nhn thc mi th theo cch khoa hc bo v mnh v mi ngi xung quanh. 5.2 Kin ngh: - Cc chuyn gia v an ton th c phm khuyn co an ton khi s dng th c phm ch bin, tt nht l nn chn nhng lo i c ngun gc r rng, c a ch nh sn xut v ng cht lng vi c quan y t, ghi trn nhn mc. - m bo sc khe ngi tiu dng, cc nh sn xut cn tun th nghim tc cc quy nh v s dng cc lo i ha cht, y l bin php v a bo v sc khe cng ng, v a bo v v gi uy t n, thng hiu sn phm. - Khi qun o b phai mu th ngi ti u dng hng n n i nhum l i qun o t nhng hng nhum th cng v lm hng ng quy trnh nhum th thuc nhum cn trn qun o nn d gy d ng cho ngi mc. - B Y t n n thng xuyn t chc xem xt vic s dng cc lo i phm nhum, ph gia th c phm tr n c s m bo sc khe cho ngi tiu dng. Cc t chc, c nhn vi ph m Quy nh ny, tu theo mc vi ph m m b x l vi ph m hnh chnh hoc truy cu trch nhim hnh s , nu gy thit h i th phi bi thng theo quy nh c a Php lut. 5.2.1 Mt s li huy n cho ngi s dng phm nhum tc: - Hip hi Th c Dc phm M a ra khuyn co i vi ngi s dng thuc nhum tc nh sau: Khi nhum khng nn thuc lu qu mc cn thit.

Gi x k vi nc sau khi nhum. eo gng tay hi nhum tc. Cn thn v c k trc khi s dng, tun th theo hng dn.Nhm 5 - DH10QM 37

Khng c trn cc sn phm nhum khc nhau l i vi nhau, v chng c th gy ra cc phn ng ha ha nguy him. Khng s dng thuc nhum tc nhum lng mi v chn my. Phi th phn ng trn da mi ln dng, trc khi nhum ln tc, k c thuc dng quen. 5.2.2 Mt s li huy n cho ngi tiu dng: - Trc tnh tr ng tr n, ngi ti u dng n n h n ch mua th c phm ch bin sn, hy t tay nu nng m bo an ton. - Cn thay i thi quen trong vic l a chn th c phm. Dng sn phm c mu sc, cu trc t nhin, khng nht thit phi mu sc ni bt, dai, gin mi ngon.[ThS.Nguyn Th Thu Thu, 2009, ha hc ng dng, Khoa s ph m HCT ] - Mua nhng ni c thng tin an ton, xem k nhn trc khi s dng. Chp nhn gi c hp l c sn phm ti tt, cht lng cao, an ton cho sc khe. - Cc chuy n gia huyn co, cc mn n ch bin t i nh hng nht thit phi dng phm mu tng hp, m c th dng nhng nguy n liu sn c t o mu. Mt s cch t o ra mu t nhi n dng ch bin mn n t i nh theo hng dn c a Th c s Phan Th ng - Trng hoa Cng ngh th c phm trng H Nng Lm TP.HCM) nh sau: hi cn mu hng, mu , c th dng c ngh, h t iu mu, qu gc, hoc t h cc lo i sc t ny tan trong du n n c th dng nguy n liu xo vi du tr ch ly mu. C n nu cn mu tan trong nc th c th dng c dn, tai bt dm, qu du tm, hoc cc lo i qu c mu , mu vng. Khi cn mu xanh c th dng l da, l rau b ngt; hi cn mu t m c th dng l cm - Cc lo i mu t nhi n ta t ch bin ni tr n, theo th c s Phan Th ng, chng c t nh chng oxy ha n n rt tt cho sc he, h n ch nhng nguy c c h i cho sc he.

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

nh hng ca phm nhum i vi con ngi v mi trngChng VI: TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS L Nguyn Bnh - ThS Phan Th Anh o, 2009 , bi ging ph gia trong ch bin thc phm, khoa nng nghip v sinh hc ng dng HCT. 2. Nguyn Ch Linh, 2007, bi ging ph gia trong sn xut thc phm, khoa k thut - cng ngh CCKG. 3. PGS - TS Nguyn Duy Thnh, 2009 , cc cht ph gia dng trong ch bin thc phm, khoa cng ngh sinh hc v cng ngh th c phm HBK H Ni. 4. L Ngc T, 2002 , Ha sinh cng nghip, nh xut bn khoa hc k thut. 5. ThS.Nguyn Th Thu Thu, 2009 , ha hc ng dng, Khoa s ph m HCT. 6. Trn c H - X l nc thi - Nh xut bn khoa hc v thut Cng ngh sinh hc mi trng (tp 2) Nguyn c Lng v Nguyn Th Thy Dng - Nh xut bn i hc quc gia TP HCM. 7. Lun vn tt nghip - ti x l nc thi nh my dt nhum . Sinh thi hc mi trng - Nguyn Anh Tun - i hc Nng Lm TP.HCM. 8. n Cng ngh I ti ph gia th c phm Trng i hc Bch Khoa Nng. 9. ng Quc Tho Nguyn. Lun vn X l nc thi m phm bng cng ngh sinh hc. i hc Bch Khoa TP. HCM. 10. TS. L Quc Tun. Bi ging c cht hc mi trng - i hc Nng Lm TP. HCM. 11. Cc Website trn Internet. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/de-tai-tong-quan-ve-thuoc-nhuom-va-nuoc-thainganh-det-nhuom-.453520.html http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/tieu-luan-tim-hieu-qua-trinh-nhuom-vai.592216.htmlNhm 5 - DH10QM 39

http://suckhoedoisong.vn/20100209103134706p0c59/thuoc-nhuom-tocloi-vahai.htm http://www.khoahocphothong.com.vn/newspaper/detail/4171/tac-hai-cua-thuocnhuom-toc.html http:// www.xaydungduan.com/ xu ly nuoc thai det nhuom.html http://www.hoahocngaynay.com/vi/hoa-hoc-va-doi-song/hoa-hoc-dau-khi/117809032011.html http://yeumoitruong.com/forum/showthread.php?2516-V sinh mi trng v sc khe cng ng. http://baigiang.violet.vn/present/show?entry_id=3697584 http://Yeumoitruong.com http://Tailieu.vn http://www.giaoducsuckhoe.net http://xulymoitruong.com

Nhm 5 - DH10QM

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