art history survey ii: 15th &16th century art in northern europe/iberian peninsula

15TH- 16TH CENTURY ART IN NORTHERN EUROPE AND THE IBERIAN PENINSULA

T, R, 12-1:20PM, Professor Paige Prater

MAP IT!

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE Humanism Christianity (Protestant vs. Catholic:

iconoclasm) Observation/recording of nature Civic life, prosperous economy Revival of classical learning and literature Rise of middle-class More names of artists

THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY Most powerful rulers in northern Europe for most

of the 15th century 1363-1404 Philip the Bold (acquires Flanders

through marriage) 1404-1419 John the Fearless 1419-1467 Philip the Good; patron of Jan van Eyck 1467-1477 Charles the Bold 1477 Mary of Burgundy inherits Burgundy and

marries Hapsburg heir Maximilian of Austria Commercial centers: Ghent, Bruges, Tournai,

and Brussels

Melchior Broederlam, Champmol Altarpiece, 1393-1399. Oil on wood panel, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Dijon.

SCULPTURE: CLAUS SLUTER Jean de Marville

replaced by Claus for Philip the Bold’s Chartreuse de Champmol (Carthusian monastery)

Well of Moses, detail of Moses and David, 1395-1406

MANUSCRIPT ILLUMINATION

The Limbourg (Paul, Herman, and John) Brothers, January, the Duke of Berry at Table. Très Riches Heures, 1411-16. Colors and ink on parchment. Musée Condé, Chantilly, France.

Jean, Duke de Berry, older brother of Duke of Burgundy; avid art collector!

FIBER ARTS

Unicorn is Found at the Fountain from the Hunt of the Unicorn tapestry series, c. 1495-1505. Wool, silk, and silver-and gilt-wrapped thread (13-21 warp threads per inch). 12’1” x 12’5”. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26WASJHF46A&list=PLAAEFE618A27E29D2&index=37

FLEMISH PAINTING

Robert Campin, Mérode Altarpiece (triptych of the Annunciation) (open), c. 1425-28. Oil on wood panel. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

SmartHistory, Khan Academy: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WdDzs70Txjs&list=PLAAEFE618A27E29D2&index=23

DETAIL OF RIGHT WING OF TRIPTYCH

Robert Campin, A Flemish City, 1425-28. Oil on wood panel. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

-Oil vs. tempera-Ordinary to religious-light!

JAN VAN EYCK (AND HUBERT)

Ghent Altarpiece (open), Adoration of the Mystic Lamb. Completed 1432. Oil on panel. Cathedral of Saint Bavo, Ghent.

Ghent Altarpiece: CLOSED – SmartHistory, Art History at Khan Academy: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBfMweJPBrQ&list=PLAAEFE618A27E29D2&index=25

OPEN – SmartHistory, Khan Academy: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwJKfhLMhEk&list=PLAAEFE618A27E29D2&index=24

JAN VAN EYCK

Man in a Red Turban, 1433. Oil on wood panel. The National Gallery, London.

“As I Can”

JAN VAN EYCK

Double Portrait or Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife, Giovanna Cenami, 1434. Oil on wood panel, 33 x22 ½”. The National Gallery, London.

ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN No piece of existing art bears his name!

Deposition, before 1443, possibly 1435-38. Oil on wood panel. Museo del Prado, Madrid. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLf_oAkngP4&list=PLAAEFE618A27E29D2

ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN

Last Judgment Altarpiece (open), after 1443, c. 1445-48. Oil on wood panel. Musée de l’ Hôtel-Dieu, Beaune, France.

ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN Last Judgment Altarpiece (closed), oil

on panel.

ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN

Portrait of a Lady, c 1455. Oil and tempera on wood panel, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

PETRUS CHRISTUS

A Goldsmith in His Shop, Possibly Saint Eligius, 1449

Petrus Christus (Netherlandish, active by 1444, died 1475/76)

Oil on wood; Overall 39 3/8 x 34 3/4 in. (100.1 x 85.8 cm); painted surface 38 5/8 x 33 1/2 in. (98 x 85.2 cm)

DIRCK BOUTS

Resurrection, c. 1455, distemper (water, chalk, and pigment) on linen

HUGO VAN DER GOES

Portinari altarpiece (open) – 1474-1476 – tempera and oil on wood panel. SYMBOLISM!!!

HANS MEMLING

Scenes from the Passion of Christ, 1470-71, oil on panel. Galleria Sabauda, Turin.

IN FRANCE France vs. England

1422, King Charles VI dies, England claims throne for 9-month-old Henry VI of England

Joan of Arc leads crusade to instate rightful heir, Charles VII (crowned 1429)+

Flamboyant (“flaming”) style: tracery

JEAN FOUQUET (1420-1481) Leading

court artist From Tours Flemish

realism Agnès

Sorel, court mistress (death mask) Melun Diptych, right wing:

Virgin and Child, c. 1451. Oil on wood panel, 37 ¼ x 33 ½”

JEAN FOUQUET (1420-1481) Étienne

Chevalier, treasurer under Charles VII

St. Stephen Original frame:

blue velvet embroidered with gold & silver thread & pearls

Melun Diptych, left wing. Étienne Chevalier and Saint Stephen, 1451. Oil on wood panel, 36 ½ x 33 ½”

PIERRE ROBIN, CHURCH OF SAINT-MACLOU, ROUEN, NORMANDY, FRANCE. 1432-1521; FAÇADE C. 1500-1514

“crockets” – small, knobby leaflike ornaments

Tracery everywhere!

SPAIN & PORTUGAL Large collection of Flemish Paintings –

Queen Isabelle of Castile 1492 – conquest of Granada 1492 – Columbus

JUAN GÜAS, SAN JUAN DE LOS REYES, TOLEDO, SPAIN, BEGUN 1477

NUÑO GONÇALVES, SAINT VINCENT WITH THE PORTUGUESE ROYAL FAMILY, 1465-67. OIL ON WOOD PANEL.

IN GERMANY & SWITZERLAND Hanseatic League: association of cities

& trading outposts Rise of middle class: Fuggers (textile

merchants to Hapsburg bankers) International Gothic style vs. Beautiful

style (Rhineland) vs. detailed visual depiction of natural world

KONRAD WITZ, MIRACULOUS DRAFT OF FISHES, 1444, OIL ON WOOD PANEL.

THE BUXHEIM SAINT CHRISTOPHER, 1423. HAND-COLORED WOODCUT.

MARTIN SCHONGAUER, DEMONS TORMENTING SAINT ANTHONY, C. 1480-90. ENGRAVING.

GEOFFREY CHAUCER, THE CANTERBURY TALES, 1484. PAGE WITH PILGRIMS AT TABLE (DETAIL).

ALBRECHT DURER (1471-1528) Foremost artist in northern Renaissance Nuremberg, center of learning/business Traveled: Basel, Switzerland and Italy Published his own prints (fortune made)

1497: The Apocalypse

Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 1497-98. Woodcut, 15 ½ x 11 1/8” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Self-Portrait, 1500. Oil on wood panel, 26 ¼ x 19 ¼”. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.

Adam and Eve, 1504. Engraving, 9 7/8 x 7 5/8”. Philadelphia Museum of Art.

Melencolia I, 1514. Engraving, 9 3/8 x 7 ½”. Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

Four Apostles, 1526. Oil on wood panel, each panel 7’ ½” x 2’ 6”. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.

MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD

Isenheim Altarpiece (closed). From the Community of Saint Anthony, Isenheim, Alsace, France. Oil on wood panel. Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar, France.

MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD

Isenheim Altarpiece (open). 1510-1515. Oil on wood panel. Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar, France.

KEY EVENTS IN PROTESTANT REFORMATION

1517 – Martin Luther propounds his Ninety-Five Theses at Wittenberg

1534 – Henry VIII of England breaks from Rome; founds Church of England

1555 – Lutheranism recognized in Germany by the Holy Roman Emperor at the Peace of Augsburg.

LANDSCAPE PAINTING Albrecht

Altdorfer, Danube Landscape, c. 1525. Oil on vellum on wood panel, 12 x 8.5”. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.

No human subject or religious significance

FRANCE

Jean Clouet, Francis I, 1525-30. Oil and tempera on wood panel, 37 ¼ x 29 1/8,” Musée du Louvre, Paris.

FRANCE

Château of Chenonceau, Touraine, France. 1513-21; gallery on bridge, finished, c. 1581

FRANCE

Pierre Lescot, West Wing of the Cour Carré, Palais du Louvre, Paris. Begun 1546.

FRANCE Fontainebleau – renovate medieval

hunting lodge (1530-1570) Gardens and grottos

SPAIN Charles V, grandson of Ferdinand and

Isabella abdicated the throne in 1556 Philip II (1556-1598) ascends the throne: king

of Spain, the Netherlands, and the Americas Navy destroyed by English in 1588 Northern Netherlands revolt

Arts – sponsored by Church and nobles Aesthetic taste: heraldry, luxurious

armor, textiles

SPAIN – 16TH CENTURY El Escorial in Madrid, 1563-84 –

monastery palace complex House, court, government and burial

spaces for Spanish kings

SPAIN – 16TH CENTURY PAINTING

El Greco, Burial of Count Orgaz, 1586. Oil on canvas, 16’x11’10”, Church of Santo Tomé, Toledo, Spain.

EL GRECO

View of Toledo, c. 1610. Oil on canvas, 47 ¾ x42 ¾”. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.

NETHERLANDS

Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights, c. 1505-15. Oil on wood panel, center panel 7’ 2 ½” x 6’ 4 ¾” , each wing 7’ 2 ½” x 3’ 2”. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

INTERIOR

Hieronymus Bosch, Garden of Earthly Delights, c. 1505-15. Oil on wood panel, center panel 7’ 2 ½” x 6’ 4 ¾” , each wing 7’ 2 ½” x 3’ 2”. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

DETAILS – HIERONYMOUS BOSCH

DETAIL – HIERONYMOUS BOSCH

NETHERLANDS Bitter religious and political conflict

Spanish Hapsburg rulers vs. Protestant Reformation

1568 revolt…independence 80 years later! 1579 -7 northern Protestant provinces declared

United Provinces (present day Netherlands)…but Catholic Flanders separated (present-day Belgium)

Reformation: patrons OUTSIDE the church Painting, textiles, ceramics, wood and metal; graphic

design Textiles: Raphael’s cartoons for the Sistine Chapel’s

tapestries were woven by Pieter van Aelst in Brussels!

JAN GOSSAERT

Saint Luke Painting the Virgin Mary, 1520. Oil on panel, 43 3/8 x 32 ¼” . Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

MARINUS VAN REYMERSWAELE

The Banker and His Wife, 1540. Oil on panel, 33 ¾ x 45 7/9”. Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence.

PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER

The Fall of Icarus, c. 1555-56. Oil on Panel transferred to canvas. 29 x 44 1/8”. Konenklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten van Belgie, Brussels.

PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER

Return of the Hunters, 1565. Oil on wood panel, 3’10 1/2”. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

ENGLAND: HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER

Henry VIII, 1540. Oil on wood panel, 32 ½” x 29 ½”. Galleria Nazionale d’ Arte Antica, Rome.

ARMOR FOR ROYAL GAMES

Jacob Halder, Armor of George Clifford, Third Earl of Cumberland. Made in royal workshop at Greenwich, England, c. 1580-85. Steel and gold, 5’ 9 ½” . The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.

ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE

Robert Smythson, Hardwick Hall, Shrewsbury, England. 1591-97.