analogue electronics lec (1)

Electric Potential: the difference in electrical charge between twopoints in a circuit expressed in volts.

The following definitions are critical to understanding Resistors inseries:

Voltage: (V or v - Volts) The electrical potential between twopoints in a circuit.

Current: (I or i - Amperes) The amount of charge flowingthrough a part of a circuit.

Power: (W - Watts) Simply P = IV. It is the current times thevoltage.

Source: A voltage or current source is the supplier for thecircuit.

Resistor: (R measured in Ω - Ohms) A circuit element that"constricts" current flow

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Electronic systemElectronics equipment 1

Electronics

equipment 2

Electronics

equipment 2Electronic device1 Electronic

device 2

Electronic

device 3

Sub-assambly 1

Sub-assambly 2

Sub-assambly 3

Sub-assambly k

Electronic

components

Electronic

components

Device

Represents the most complex structure. It fulfills specific electronicfunctions. It is connected with non-electronic systems (human, social,industrial).

Its components are located in the same area or spread on largegeographical areas, even around the world.

Examples:

◦ TV broadcasting systems

◦ Phone systems: mobile and wired.

Electric Circuit

An electric circuit is a connection of components

(Voltage/Current sources, Resistors, Inductors and

Capacitors) some power is supplied and then dissipated.

One of the most important ideas of an electric circuit is

that there is a source of power and a dissipater of power.

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Electronic Equipment

It is still a complex structure; the sub-blocks of an

electronic equipment are structured so they can

perform some of the functions of the system; usually

the elements are located in a limited geographic area.

Examples

The receiving

equipment for a TV

system consisting of

the satellite dish, the

satellite receiver and

the TV set.

Music equipment:

tuner, CD player, and

others.

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Electronic Apparatus

Represents a unitary construction, the functional sub-blocks being located in a mechanical box, rack.

The functions and performances of the apparatus are described using specific technical terminology, such as: amplification, frequency bandwidth, band rate, clock frequency, etc

Sometimes, the apparatus are grouped together in order to make an equipment.

Examples:

The TV set,

The receiver

The oscilloscope.

CIRCUITInput Output

An “Electronic Circuit “ is a combination of electronic components and conductive wires interconnected in a way as to achieve an outcome:

- Achieve a current /voltage of a certain value (signal)- Amplify a signal- Transfer data

The purpose of an electronic component is to allow the designer to control the flow of current as to achieve a specified result/output. (Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Diodes, Transistors )

Electric circuit

Analysis

Active componentsPassive

components

They are all components

that absorb or dissipate

the electric power. The

picture shows circuit

symbols used to depict a

Resistor.

They are all components

that supply electric

power. The image shows

circuit symbols used to

depict a Voltage Source

(V) and a Current Source

(I).

Electronic Component

Are some electronic pieces that can be assembled on a PCB.

Generally, these components are produced by manufacturing

companies (brand names - Siemens, Philips, Intel, etc.) and

are characterized by standardized parameters and

performances. (are the same for all manufacturers). These

are described in detail in manufacturer’s data-books or

vendor’s application.

Examples: resistors, capacitors, transistors, integrated

circuits, and so on.

The mechanical correspondent for the electronic component

is the mechanical bench-mark, for example: the screw, the

nut, and others.

Electrical components are characterized by a

single type of charge carriers.

Examples: resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.

Electronic devices (so-called electronic

components) are characterized by two types of

charge carriers (electrons and holes ).

Examples: diodes, transistors, etc.

R1

V

C1

R3

C3L1

C2

R4 L2

R2

Circuit

elements

Electronic

components

Relation between electronic components and

circuit element

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12

Resistors are passive elements that oppose/restrict the flow of current.

A voltage is developed across its terminal, proportional to the current through the resistor.

V = IRUnits: Ohms (Ω)

A. Resistors:

13

B. Capacitors

• behave like a tiny rechargeable battery.(store energy and release it later. )

• are made of two parallel conductors separated by a dielectric.

• are used for filtering, tuning, separating signals , etc.

• The ability of a capacitor to store charge is called “Capacitance”

• C = Q/V (amount of charge stored/applied voltage)

• The unit of capacitance is the Farad. Commonly used capacitances are much smaller than 1 Farad, micro-Farads (10-6 Farad, μF),

nano-Farads (10-9 Farad, nF), pico-Farads (10-12 Farad, pF).

14

Symbol for the NPN Transistor Symbol for the PNP Transistor

Transistors are commonly used for signal amplification, switching, voltage regulation, etc.

base

emitter

collector

Transistors

15

Diodesare semiconductor devices that allow current flow in only one direction

Fuses are devices that protect the circuit from overload.

Are made of a wire that melts when the current through it exceeds a specified value

16

LEDs- Light Emitting Diodes: • A special kind of diode: They allow current to

flow in one direction.

• The LED will light up when the proper amount of current passes through.

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5

Infrared Detectors

• The appearance of these infrared photo detectors and the

internal structure is similar to that of an LED.

• The infrared photo detector has a focal direction, and the

detection angle is about 15°. (8x15=120˚)

• This small detection angle allows the controller to tell the

direction where the infrared light comes from.

7 03

Tuning CKT

AmplifierSelector

Counter

Integrated Circuits IC

• A small scale electronic CKT on a substrate ofsemiconductor material.•It is obtained when active and passive components aremanufactured simultaneously on the semiconductor wafer,usually silicon.•The chip notion refers to silicon pad where the circuit ismade.•Integrated circuit refers to encapsulated chip.

Orientation

Chapter 1

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed.

Floyd

© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved

Summary

Some Important Electrical Units

Current

Charge

Voltage

Resistance

Power

Ampere A

Coulomb C

Volt V

Ohm W

Watt W

Except for current, all electrical and magnetic

units are derived from the fundamental units.

Current is a fundamental unit.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Chapter 1

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed.

Floyd

© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved

Summary

Engineering Metric Prefixes

peta

tera

giga

mega

kilo

1015

1012

109

106

103

P

T

G

M

k

Can you

name the

prefixes and

their

meaning?

Chapter 1

Principles of Electric Circuits, Conventional Flow, 9th ed.

Floyd

© 2010 Pearson Higher Education,

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved

Summary

Engineering Metric Prefixes

10-3

10-6

10-9

10-12

10-15

milli

micro

nano

pico

femto

m

m

n

p

f

Can you

name the

prefixes and

their

meaning?

22

Q1. Which of the following components used in a

circuit stores energy?

a. Resistors

b. Inductors

c. Capacitors

d. Diodes

e. Transistors

23

Q2. Which of the following components used in a

circuit allows the current to flow one way

a. Resistors

b. Inductors

c. Capacitors

d. Diodes

e. Fuses

Q3. A resistor is an example of

a. a passive component

b. an active component

c. an electrical circuit

d. all of the above

Q4. The electric current unit that is

fundamental is the:

a. volt

b. ohm

c. coulomb

d. ampere

Q5. Transistors are commonly used for:

a. oppose/restrict the flow of current.

b. signal amplification, switching,

voltage regulation.c. filtering, tuning, separating signals.

d. allow current flow in only one

direction.

Q6. In scientific notation, the number

0.00056 is written

a. 5.6 x 104

b. 5.6 x 10-4

c. 56 x 10-5

d. 560 x 10-6

Q7. The metric prefix nano means

a. 10-3

b. 10-6

c. 10-9

d. 10-12

Q8. The metric prefix pico means

a. 10-3

b. 10-6

c. 10-9

d. 10-12

Q9. The number 2700 MW can be

written

a. 2.7 TW

b. 2.7 GW

c. 2.7 kW

d. 2.7 mW

Q10. The value 68 kW is equal to

a. 6.8 x 104 W

b. 68, 000 W

c. 0.068 MW

d. All of the above

Q11. The sum of 330 mW + 1.5 W is

a. 331.5 mW

b. 3.35 W

c. 1.533 W

d. 1.83 W

Q12. The quantity 200 mV is the same

as

a. 0.000 200 V

b. 20 mV

c. 0.2 V

d. all of the above