an introduction to anatomy & physiology an introduction to anatomy & physiology 1 1

An Introduction

to Anatomy & Physiology

An Introduction

to Anatomy & Physiology11

Warm-UP

What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences

Anatomy:• Branch of science that deals

with structure of body parts

Physiology:• Branch of science that deals

with functions of body parts

Levels of Organization

Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:

• Atom• Molecule• Organelle• Cell• Tissue• Organ• Organ System• Organism

Levels of Organization

Moleculara. Atoms- particles -( ex. proton, neutron, electrons)

b. Molecules- bonded elements(Two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds)

c. Macromolecules- large bonded molecules

in human body

1. proteins

2.carbohydrates

3. nucleic acids

(DNA and RNA)

4. lipids

Levels of OrganizationOrganelle-

specific structures which carry on cell activities

Cellbasic unit of life

Levels of OrganizationTissuegroup of cells that work

together to perform a particular function

(ex. Blood, muscle)

OrganGroup of two or more tissues

working together to provide for specific functions, usually a particular shape

(ex. Lungs, heart, skin)

Levels of Organization

Organ Systemconsist of one or more organs

that provide a common function

Organism

OrganismLevel

Integumentary

SkeletalMuscular

NervousEndocrine

CardiovascularLymphatic

RespiratoryDigestive

Urinary

Reproductive

OrganLevel

Theheart

Cardiacmuscletissue

Tissue Level(Chapter 4)

Cellular Level(Chapter 3)

Heartmuscle

cell

Protein filaments

Complex proteinmolecule

Atoms incombination

Chemical orMolecular Level

(Chapter 2)

OrganSystem Level

(Chapters 5–20)

Checkpoint

Can you name all 11 organ systems??????

Try it.

Overview of Organ Systems

The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems:

• Integumentary•Skeletal•Muscular•Nervous•Endocrine

•Cardiovascular•Lymphatic•Respiratory•Digestive•Urinary•Reproductive

Introduction to Organ Systems

Key Note

The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.

EndocrineSystem

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Integumentary System

Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Urinary System

Male Reproductive System

Female Reproductive System

Warm-UP

1. What is homeostasis?2. List ways the human body maintains homeostasis.3. How do you think this happens?

Homeostatic RegulationHomeostasis

• Maintains stable internal conditions

•Ex. Temperature, heart rate, breathing, Ionic concentrations, Blood sugar levels, etc.

•Response to change

•Utilizes feedback mechanisms

•Largely controlled by Nervous

and Endocrine Systems

Homeostatic Regulation

Regulation depends on:• Receptor sensitive to a

particular stimulus• Control Center processes

information• Effector that affects(responds

to) the same stimulus

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

RECEPTOR

Thermometer

STIMULUS:Room temperature

rises

Normalconditiondisturbed

HOMEOSTASISNormalroom

temperature

RESPONSE:Room temperature

dropsNormalconditionrestored

EFFECTOR

Air conditionerturns on

Sendscommands

to

Informationaffects

CONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)

20o 30o 40o

Figure 1-3

1 of 6

Homeostatic Regulation

Negative Feedback:•Variation outside normal limits

triggers automatic corrective/reverse response

•Response negates/opposes disturbance

•Ex. Temperature regulation

Anatomical Terminology

set of terms to describe positions of body parts and anatomy

• Anatomical position

• relative positions

• body sections

• body cavities

Standard Anatomical Position• Body erect • facing forward• Upper limbs at side• Palms forward

•Supine: Face up/forward

•Prone: Face down/back

Relative Positions

Terms that compare two body parts and the location with respect to each other•Anterior ( ventral) – front•Posterior ( dorsal) – back

•Superior - above•Inferior – below

•Lateral – away from midline (side to side)•Medial – towards midline

Relative Positions

•Proximal – close to point of attachment

•Distal – further from point of attachment

•Superficial- near the surface•Deep-away from the surface

Body Sections: Planes and Sections

•Transverse plane• Separates top/bottom

•Frontal(aka coronal) plane• Separates front/back

•Sagittal plane• Separates left/right

The Language of Anatomy

Figure 1-9

Summary of Relative Positions:

The Language of Anatomy

Anatomical Regions•Two methods to map abdominal

and pelvic regions

• Four abdominopelvic quadrants

• Nine abdominopelvic regions

Body Cavities

Ventral body cavity

•Protects delicate organs

•Permits organ growth and movement

•Surrounds:

• Respiratory

• Cardiovascular

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Reproductive organs

The Language of Anatomy

Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:

•Thoracic cavity

• Pleural cavities (R and L)• Pericardial cavity

•Abdominopelvic cavity

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity

• Peritoneal membrane

The Language of Anatomy

Microscopes!!!