addressing micronutrient deficiencies through food and agriculture

This presentation is part of the

Agriculture and Nutrition Global Learning and Evidence Exchange

(AgN-GLEE) held in Bangkok, Thailand from March 19-21, 2013.

For additional presentations and related event materials, visit: http://spring-nutrition.org/agnglee-asia

Addressing micronutrient deficiencies through food and agriculture systems

Gerard BarryInternational Rice Research Institute,

The Philippines

Session 2.6A: Addressing micronutrient deficiencies through food and agriculture systems.Agriculture and Nutrition Global Learning and Evidence Exchange (AgN-GLEE)

Strengthened and Sustainable Linkages Among Agriculture, Economic Growth and Nutrition The Conrad Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand 19 - 21 March 2013

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Outline• The need: persistent multiple micronutrient

deficiencies• Food-based approaches – products underway• Why focus on rice?• Healthier Rice Varieties• Progress/potential contribution/plans

Micronutrient Deficiency (World Health Organization)

Global Zinc

IronVitamin A

Biofortification - breeding food crops that are more nutritious

Photo: D. Marchand

Identify Target Populations and Crops

Set Nutrient Target Levels

Screen Germplasm and Gene Discovery

Evaluate Crop Performance

Evaluate Nutrient Retention in Crops and Food

Evaluate Nutrient Absorption/Impact on Health

Promote New Varieties & Deliver products

Promote Consumption of Micronutrient Rich Crops

Breed and Improve Crops

Measure Improvements in Nutritional Status of Target Populations

discovery

development

dissemination

Impact Pathway

20112

CassavaVitamin ANigeriaDR Congo

BeansIron (Zinc)RwandaDR Congo

MaizeVitamin AZambia

2012 2012

Crops for Africa & Release Dates

Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want.

Pearl MilletIron (Zinc)India

RiceZincBangladeshIndia

WheatZincIndiaPakistan

Crops for Asia & Release Dates20122 2013220132

Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want.

Private Sector takes the lead…

Gari (cassava)Orange maize flour & sample

Pearl Millet products Courtesy: Dr. Sehgal

Why focus on rice?

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Who eats the most rice?

Kg/capita/yr< 12 12-36 36-72 72-120 >120

Color shows the per capita consumption of milled rice.

A. Nelson, IRRI; Food supply quantity data from FAOSTAT

Territory size represents the proportion of milled rice worldwide that is consumed in that territory.

Monitoring vitamin A programs. Cervinskas, Jenny and Houston, Robin. Micronutrient Initiative, 1998

Complementary strategies to reduce vitamin A deficiency

Time

Population Protected

Supplementation

Food fortification

Dietary improvement

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Monitoring vitamin A programs. Cervinskas, Jenny and Houston, Robin. Micronutrient Initiative, 1998

Complementary strategies to reduce vitamin A deficiency – Philippines situation

Time

Population Protected

Supplementation - for the last 15+ years…

Food fortification

Dietary improvement

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Republic Act No. 8976 (2000)

Rice consumption by the Philippine population

Mean wt/person/day = 307g

Rice Intake - Philippines (2008) Population group and ages Raw; g

Children 6 mo to 5 yr 1006 yr to 12 yr 229

Adolescents 13 yr to 19 yr 335

Adults 20 yr - 59 yr 33260 yr+ 248

Women pregnant 287lactating 342

2008 National Nutrition Survey, Philippines13

First 20 commonly consumed foods (NNS 2008)

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Food Item Freq. per day % Households Av. Wt. Grams1 Rice 2.7 94.7 3072 Sugar 1.3 81.1 123 Coconut oil 1.5 70.5 104 Coarse salt 1.0 64.9 35 Instant coffee 1.1 62.5 16 Garlic 1.1 41.4 27 Breads 1.4 38.3 118 Onion 1.1 37.8 39 Chicken eggs 1.2 36.4 13

10 Soy sauce 1.0 30.8 311 Coffee creamer 1.1 24.8 112 Tomato 1.1 24.1 513 Powdered milk 1.1 20.6 214 String beans 1.1 20.5 1015 Noodles 1.3 20.5 316 Eggplant 1.1 19.1 1017 Chocdate milk 2.1 18.7 218 Soft drinks 1.5 17.8 2619 Instant noodles 1.1 17.5 420 Carrots 1.3 16.3 2

Top 15 commonly consumed foods: children 6mo. to 5 yr (NNS, 2008)

Rank Food Item Percent

Consuming Frequency of

consuming per dayMean intakes, Raw, as purchased, in grams

1 Rice 89.4 2.4 1002 Sugar 56.8 1.3 8.43 Cooking Oil 53.4 1 3.54 Bread 33.8 0.8 37.45 Chicken egg 28.9 0.7 20.86 Milk, powder 27.6 1.7 29.97 Noodles, instant 25.3 0.7 178 Cookies 24.8 0.8 16.59 Chocolate drink 23.0 1.9 23.510 Crackers 21.9 0.7 17.411 Noodles, not instant 17.3 0.6 1712 Coffee, instant 15.6 0.8 0.313 Rice gruel 14.5 1.1 12814 Squash, fruit 13.2 0.7 16.915 Banana 12.9 0.6 82.2

A staple, rice diet and micronutrient malnutrition

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Vit A Vit C Folate Fe Zn

Rice based diet

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Slide courtesy of Ricardo Uauy

From: Oyarzun et al. 2001

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Contribution of rice to the Recommended Energy and Nutrient

Intakes among Philippine households.

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RENI Recommended Amount Contribution

Energy 1827 kcal 57.9%

Protein 57.1g 39.1%

Fats 36g 4.5%

Carbohydrates 328g 74.3%

Iron 9.7mg 31.9%

Vitamin A 451.6meq 0%

RENI Recommended Amount Contribution

Calcium 0.42g 19.4%

Thiamin 0.85mg 36.2%

Riboflavin 0.73mg 20.7%

Niacin 21.3mg 45.1%

Ascorbic Acid 47.1mg 0%

National Nutrition Survey, 2008.

Proportion of households with intakes that meet the Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intake (RENI)

among Filipino households. Energy and Nutrients Intake

Proportion of households that meet ~ RENI

Energy (Kcal)* 1867 33.1Protein (g)** 57.1 56.7Iron (mg)** 9.7 13.5Calcium (g)** 0.42 11.5 Vitamin A (meq, RE)** 451 .6 21.5 Thiamin (mg)** 0.85 34.5Riboflavin (mg)** 0.73 19.7Niacin (mg)** 21 .3 89Ascorbic Acid (mg)** 47.1 30.2

*100% RENI; ** 80% RENI; RE = Retinol Equivalent

NNS, 2008; Table D.A 7., Facts and Figures, FNRI, 2010

The Philippines Diet and Meeting Recommended Intakes for Vitamin A and Iron

Adapted from Table D, B18 – 23, Facts and Figures 2008, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, December 2010.

NutrientVitamin A Iron

Group Intake (ug RE)

% meeting 80% RENI

Intake (mg)

% meeting 80% RENI

Adults; 20 to 69 yrs 499.6 18.8 9.4 26.1

Pregnant women; <19 - >36 yrs 493.3 10.4 9.7 1.4

Lactating women; <19 - >36 yrs 455.4 7.5 9.1 1.5

Children; 6 mos - 5 yrs 303.8 26.0 5.2 25.2

School age (6 - 12 yrs) 288.5 19.6 7 17.7

Adolescents; (13 – 19 yrs) 405.2 16.0 9 12.3

Elderly; >60 yrs 379.9 13.3 7.5 22.4

First National Survey of Zinc Serum Levels: Philippines

(of selected populations)

• “Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency was generally of high magnitude”

• Average among the selected population groups >20%

• Infants and preschool children 21.6%

• Female adolescents 20.6%

• Elderly (60 years and older) 28.4%

» males 33.6%

» females 24.5%

• Pregnant women 21 .5%. SERUM ZINC LEVELS OF SELECTED FILIPINO POPULATION GROUPS.

Juanita M. Marcos, et al., Book of Abstracts, FNRI, 2011.

Healthier Rice Varieties’ projects at the International Rice Research Institute

Countries: Philippines, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and India

Higher beta carotene (Golden Rice):• Current level: ~ 0 ppm• Target level: ~6-8 ppm

= +50 % of the estimated average requirementHigher Iron Rice:• Current level: 2 ppm• Target level: 12-14 ppm

= +30 % of the estimated average requirementHigher Zinc Rice:• Current level: 16 ppm• Target level: 24 ppm

= +40 % of the estimated average requirement

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2.5

25

8

24

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15

20

25

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High Zinc Rice High Iron Rice

Baseline Current (2007) Target

g/g(white rice)

Reaching the target levels for High Iron and High Zinc Rice

High Zn Rice: Partner Organizations

• International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka

• Helen Keller International• U California-Davis• Bangladesh Rice Research Institute• International Rice Research Institute• Others - seed entities - being added

High Zn Rice: Update, Bangladesh

• Submission to Varietal Release Committee for testing in 2013 – last phase of field work underway

o first distribution in 2014• Food intake surveys - DONE

o confirmed rice intake levelso confirmed retention levels

• Bioavailability studyo Confirmed absorption in the 20-25% rangeo To be repeated

• Bioefficacy trial - being planned

Golden Rice: History (before 2000 and up to 2005)

2000 2004-2005

SGR1 SGR2

GR1 ‐ 2004 GR2 - 2005Prototype GR

in 2000Potrykus and Beyer Syngenta; donated to IRRI

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Golden Rice GR-2: genes from maize and common soil microorganism.

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International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) • Administration and coordination/Technical support• Breeding, capacity building, and safety research

Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) and Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI)

• Develop local varieties of Golden Rice• Breeding, performance and safety research, with IRRI• Market launch strategies

Helen Keller International (HKI) • Efficacy trial• Program design

Seed Stories• Communication strategy and implementation

Biosafety Resource Network• Biosafety strategy and data quality

Participating organizations

Looking aheadGolden Rice would be introduced in the Philippines by PhilRice and other partners as another approach to fighting vitamin A deficiency if it is proven to: match farmers’ and consumers’ expectations for high

quality rice – breeding and testing be safe – food, feed, and environmental biosafety improve vitamin A status – bioefficacy trial be accessible/affordable, especially for those most in

need - planning for Market launch (IRRI/PhilRice) Program launch (HKI)

Vitamin A needs and rice consumption of the Philippine population

Recommended Intakes (RENI, 2002)Population group and ages Vitamin A

(mg Retinol Equivalents; RE)

Infants Birth - < 6 mo 3756 mo - < 12 mo 400

Children 1 – 9 y 400

Males

10 – 12 40013 – 15 55016 – 18 600

19 – 65+ 550

Females10 – 12 40013 – 18 450

19 – 65+ 500Pregnant women all trimesters 800

Lactating women

1st and 2nd 6 mo 900

Rice Intake - Philippines (2008) Population group and ages Raw; g

Children 6 mo to 5 yr 1006 yr to 12 yr 229

Adolescents 13 yr to 19 yr 335

Adults 20 yr - 59 yr 33260 yr+ 248

Women pregnant 287lactating 342

2008 National Nutrition Survey

Potential Contribution of Golden Rice to Vitamin A intake in Philippines

(modeled at 3ppm)Population

GroupRENI Rice

Consumption(uncooked)

Total β-carotene,

(cooked rice)

Vitamin A activity

% Contribution

to RENIChildren

6 mo – 5 y6 y – 12 y

400400

100229

240550

104.3239.0

26.159.7

Adolescents (13 -19 y)FemaleMale

450~575

335335

804804

211.6211.6

47.036.8

Adults20 – 59 y60 y +

550550

332248

797595

209.7156.6

38.128.5

Pregnant women 800 287 689 181.3 22.7Lactating women 900 342 820 215.8 24.0

30A. Osei and G. Barry, unpublished

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“Simulation of the Impact of Biofortification of Rice in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines”

Iowa State U, SEAMEO-RECFON, MoH/MoE –Indonesia, FNRI-Philippines, HarvestPlus

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Slide courtesy of F. Moura, HP

Indonesia− Children

Rice with beta carotene at 6ppm

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Slide courtesy of F. Moura, HP

“Simulation of the Impact of Biofortification of Rice in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines”

Iowa State U, SEAMEO-RECFON, MoH/MoE –Indonesia, FNRI-Philippines, HarvestPlus

Rice with Zinc at 25ppm

Nutritionally improved rice in confined field test (CFT), 2012 (IRRI)

Micronutrient concentration in popular indica rice IR64 with rice NAS and Soybean FER transgenes

• 12-15 ppm Iron• >50 ppm Zinc Inez Slamet-Loedin, IRRI

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Slide courtesy of F. Moura, HP

“Simulation of the Impact of Biofortification of Rice in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines”

Iowa State U, SEAMEO-RECFON, MoH/MoE –Indonesia, FNRI-Philippines, HarvestPlus

Rice with Zinc at 50ppm

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Financial support

• Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation• Rockefeller Foundation• HarvestPlus• U.S. Agency for International Development• Department of Agriculture – Philippines• Ministry of Agriculture – Bangladesh• Ministry of Agriculture - Indonesia

– Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research and Development– Indonesian Center for Rice Research

Thank you!

www.irri.org/goldenrice

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