addressing micronutrient deficiencies through food and agriculture
TRANSCRIPT
This presentation is part of the
Agriculture and Nutrition Global Learning and Evidence Exchange
(AgN-GLEE) held in Bangkok, Thailand from March 19-21, 2013.
For additional presentations and related event materials, visit: http://spring-nutrition.org/agnglee-asia
Addressing micronutrient deficiencies through food and agriculture systems
Gerard BarryInternational Rice Research Institute,
The Philippines
Session 2.6A: Addressing micronutrient deficiencies through food and agriculture systems.Agriculture and Nutrition Global Learning and Evidence Exchange (AgN-GLEE)
Strengthened and Sustainable Linkages Among Agriculture, Economic Growth and Nutrition The Conrad Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand 19 - 21 March 2013
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Outline• The need: persistent multiple micronutrient
deficiencies• Food-based approaches – products underway• Why focus on rice?• Healthier Rice Varieties• Progress/potential contribution/plans
Micronutrient Deficiency (World Health Organization)
Global Zinc
IronVitamin A
Biofortification - breeding food crops that are more nutritious
Photo: D. Marchand
Identify Target Populations and Crops
Set Nutrient Target Levels
Screen Germplasm and Gene Discovery
Evaluate Crop Performance
Evaluate Nutrient Retention in Crops and Food
Evaluate Nutrient Absorption/Impact on Health
Promote New Varieties & Deliver products
Promote Consumption of Micronutrient Rich Crops
Breed and Improve Crops
Measure Improvements in Nutritional Status of Target Populations
discovery
development
dissemination
Impact Pathway
20112
CassavaVitamin ANigeriaDR Congo
BeansIron (Zinc)RwandaDR Congo
MaizeVitamin AZambia
2012 2012
Crops for Africa & Release Dates
Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want.
Pearl MilletIron (Zinc)India
RiceZincBangladeshIndia
WheatZincIndiaPakistan
Crops for Asia & Release Dates20122 2013220132
Crops are high-yielding and with other traits farmers want.
Private Sector takes the lead…
Gari (cassava)Orange maize flour & sample
Pearl Millet products Courtesy: Dr. Sehgal
Why focus on rice?
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Who eats the most rice?
Kg/capita/yr< 12 12-36 36-72 72-120 >120
Color shows the per capita consumption of milled rice.
A. Nelson, IRRI; Food supply quantity data from FAOSTAT
Territory size represents the proportion of milled rice worldwide that is consumed in that territory.
Monitoring vitamin A programs. Cervinskas, Jenny and Houston, Robin. Micronutrient Initiative, 1998
Complementary strategies to reduce vitamin A deficiency
Time
Population Protected
Supplementation
Food fortification
Dietary improvement
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Monitoring vitamin A programs. Cervinskas, Jenny and Houston, Robin. Micronutrient Initiative, 1998
Complementary strategies to reduce vitamin A deficiency – Philippines situation
Time
Population Protected
Supplementation - for the last 15+ years…
Food fortification
Dietary improvement
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Republic Act No. 8976 (2000)
Rice consumption by the Philippine population
Mean wt/person/day = 307g
Rice Intake - Philippines (2008) Population group and ages Raw; g
Children 6 mo to 5 yr 1006 yr to 12 yr 229
Adolescents 13 yr to 19 yr 335
Adults 20 yr - 59 yr 33260 yr+ 248
Women pregnant 287lactating 342
2008 National Nutrition Survey, Philippines13
First 20 commonly consumed foods (NNS 2008)
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Food Item Freq. per day % Households Av. Wt. Grams1 Rice 2.7 94.7 3072 Sugar 1.3 81.1 123 Coconut oil 1.5 70.5 104 Coarse salt 1.0 64.9 35 Instant coffee 1.1 62.5 16 Garlic 1.1 41.4 27 Breads 1.4 38.3 118 Onion 1.1 37.8 39 Chicken eggs 1.2 36.4 13
10 Soy sauce 1.0 30.8 311 Coffee creamer 1.1 24.8 112 Tomato 1.1 24.1 513 Powdered milk 1.1 20.6 214 String beans 1.1 20.5 1015 Noodles 1.3 20.5 316 Eggplant 1.1 19.1 1017 Chocdate milk 2.1 18.7 218 Soft drinks 1.5 17.8 2619 Instant noodles 1.1 17.5 420 Carrots 1.3 16.3 2
Top 15 commonly consumed foods: children 6mo. to 5 yr (NNS, 2008)
Rank Food Item Percent
Consuming Frequency of
consuming per dayMean intakes, Raw, as purchased, in grams
1 Rice 89.4 2.4 1002 Sugar 56.8 1.3 8.43 Cooking Oil 53.4 1 3.54 Bread 33.8 0.8 37.45 Chicken egg 28.9 0.7 20.86 Milk, powder 27.6 1.7 29.97 Noodles, instant 25.3 0.7 178 Cookies 24.8 0.8 16.59 Chocolate drink 23.0 1.9 23.510 Crackers 21.9 0.7 17.411 Noodles, not instant 17.3 0.6 1712 Coffee, instant 15.6 0.8 0.313 Rice gruel 14.5 1.1 12814 Squash, fruit 13.2 0.7 16.915 Banana 12.9 0.6 82.2
A staple, rice diet and micronutrient malnutrition
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Vit A Vit C Folate Fe Zn
Rice based diet
% R
ECO
MM
END
ED IN
TAK
E
Slide courtesy of Ricardo Uauy
From: Oyarzun et al. 2001
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Contribution of rice to the Recommended Energy and Nutrient
Intakes among Philippine households.
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RENI Recommended Amount Contribution
Energy 1827 kcal 57.9%
Protein 57.1g 39.1%
Fats 36g 4.5%
Carbohydrates 328g 74.3%
Iron 9.7mg 31.9%
Vitamin A 451.6meq 0%
RENI Recommended Amount Contribution
Calcium 0.42g 19.4%
Thiamin 0.85mg 36.2%
Riboflavin 0.73mg 20.7%
Niacin 21.3mg 45.1%
Ascorbic Acid 47.1mg 0%
National Nutrition Survey, 2008.
Proportion of households with intakes that meet the Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intake (RENI)
among Filipino households. Energy and Nutrients Intake
Proportion of households that meet ~ RENI
Energy (Kcal)* 1867 33.1Protein (g)** 57.1 56.7Iron (mg)** 9.7 13.5Calcium (g)** 0.42 11.5 Vitamin A (meq, RE)** 451 .6 21.5 Thiamin (mg)** 0.85 34.5Riboflavin (mg)** 0.73 19.7Niacin (mg)** 21 .3 89Ascorbic Acid (mg)** 47.1 30.2
*100% RENI; ** 80% RENI; RE = Retinol Equivalent
NNS, 2008; Table D.A 7., Facts and Figures, FNRI, 2010
The Philippines Diet and Meeting Recommended Intakes for Vitamin A and Iron
Adapted from Table D, B18 – 23, Facts and Figures 2008, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, December 2010.
NutrientVitamin A Iron
Group Intake (ug RE)
% meeting 80% RENI
Intake (mg)
% meeting 80% RENI
Adults; 20 to 69 yrs 499.6 18.8 9.4 26.1
Pregnant women; <19 - >36 yrs 493.3 10.4 9.7 1.4
Lactating women; <19 - >36 yrs 455.4 7.5 9.1 1.5
Children; 6 mos - 5 yrs 303.8 26.0 5.2 25.2
School age (6 - 12 yrs) 288.5 19.6 7 17.7
Adolescents; (13 – 19 yrs) 405.2 16.0 9 12.3
Elderly; >60 yrs 379.9 13.3 7.5 22.4
First National Survey of Zinc Serum Levels: Philippines
(of selected populations)
• “Prevalence of Zinc Deficiency was generally of high magnitude”
• Average among the selected population groups >20%
• Infants and preschool children 21.6%
• Female adolescents 20.6%
• Elderly (60 years and older) 28.4%
» males 33.6%
» females 24.5%
• Pregnant women 21 .5%. SERUM ZINC LEVELS OF SELECTED FILIPINO POPULATION GROUPS.
Juanita M. Marcos, et al., Book of Abstracts, FNRI, 2011.
Healthier Rice Varieties’ projects at the International Rice Research Institute
Countries: Philippines, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and India
Higher beta carotene (Golden Rice):• Current level: ~ 0 ppm• Target level: ~6-8 ppm
= +50 % of the estimated average requirementHigher Iron Rice:• Current level: 2 ppm• Target level: 12-14 ppm
= +30 % of the estimated average requirementHigher Zinc Rice:• Current level: 16 ppm• Target level: 24 ppm
= +40 % of the estimated average requirement
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2.5
25
8
24
14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
High Zinc Rice High Iron Rice
Baseline Current (2007) Target
g/g(white rice)
Reaching the target levels for High Iron and High Zinc Rice
High Zn Rice: Partner Organizations
• International Center for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka
• Helen Keller International• U California-Davis• Bangladesh Rice Research Institute• International Rice Research Institute• Others - seed entities - being added
High Zn Rice: Update, Bangladesh
• Submission to Varietal Release Committee for testing in 2013 – last phase of field work underway
o first distribution in 2014• Food intake surveys - DONE
o confirmed rice intake levelso confirmed retention levels
• Bioavailability studyo Confirmed absorption in the 20-25% rangeo To be repeated
• Bioefficacy trial - being planned
Golden Rice: History (before 2000 and up to 2005)
2000 2004-2005
SGR1 SGR2
GR1 ‐ 2004 GR2 - 2005Prototype GR
in 2000Potrykus and Beyer Syngenta; donated to IRRI
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Golden Rice GR-2: genes from maize and common soil microorganism.
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International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) • Administration and coordination/Technical support• Breeding, capacity building, and safety research
Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) and Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI)
• Develop local varieties of Golden Rice• Breeding, performance and safety research, with IRRI• Market launch strategies
Helen Keller International (HKI) • Efficacy trial• Program design
Seed Stories• Communication strategy and implementation
Biosafety Resource Network• Biosafety strategy and data quality
Participating organizations
Looking aheadGolden Rice would be introduced in the Philippines by PhilRice and other partners as another approach to fighting vitamin A deficiency if it is proven to: match farmers’ and consumers’ expectations for high
quality rice – breeding and testing be safe – food, feed, and environmental biosafety improve vitamin A status – bioefficacy trial be accessible/affordable, especially for those most in
need - planning for Market launch (IRRI/PhilRice) Program launch (HKI)
Vitamin A needs and rice consumption of the Philippine population
Recommended Intakes (RENI, 2002)Population group and ages Vitamin A
(mg Retinol Equivalents; RE)
Infants Birth - < 6 mo 3756 mo - < 12 mo 400
Children 1 – 9 y 400
Males
10 – 12 40013 – 15 55016 – 18 600
19 – 65+ 550
Females10 – 12 40013 – 18 450
19 – 65+ 500Pregnant women all trimesters 800
Lactating women
1st and 2nd 6 mo 900
Rice Intake - Philippines (2008) Population group and ages Raw; g
Children 6 mo to 5 yr 1006 yr to 12 yr 229
Adolescents 13 yr to 19 yr 335
Adults 20 yr - 59 yr 33260 yr+ 248
Women pregnant 287lactating 342
2008 National Nutrition Survey
Potential Contribution of Golden Rice to Vitamin A intake in Philippines
(modeled at 3ppm)Population
GroupRENI Rice
Consumption(uncooked)
Total β-carotene,
(cooked rice)
Vitamin A activity
% Contribution
to RENIChildren
6 mo – 5 y6 y – 12 y
400400
100229
240550
104.3239.0
26.159.7
Adolescents (13 -19 y)FemaleMale
450~575
335335
804804
211.6211.6
47.036.8
Adults20 – 59 y60 y +
550550
332248
797595
209.7156.6
38.128.5
Pregnant women 800 287 689 181.3 22.7Lactating women 900 342 820 215.8 24.0
30A. Osei and G. Barry, unpublished
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“Simulation of the Impact of Biofortification of Rice in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines”
Iowa State U, SEAMEO-RECFON, MoH/MoE –Indonesia, FNRI-Philippines, HarvestPlus
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Slide courtesy of F. Moura, HP
Indonesia− Children
Rice with beta carotene at 6ppm
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Slide courtesy of F. Moura, HP
“Simulation of the Impact of Biofortification of Rice in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines”
Iowa State U, SEAMEO-RECFON, MoH/MoE –Indonesia, FNRI-Philippines, HarvestPlus
Rice with Zinc at 25ppm
Nutritionally improved rice in confined field test (CFT), 2012 (IRRI)
Micronutrient concentration in popular indica rice IR64 with rice NAS and Soybean FER transgenes
• 12-15 ppm Iron• >50 ppm Zinc Inez Slamet-Loedin, IRRI
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Indonesia:children 1−3
Slide courtesy of F. Moura, HP
“Simulation of the Impact of Biofortification of Rice in Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines”
Iowa State U, SEAMEO-RECFON, MoH/MoE –Indonesia, FNRI-Philippines, HarvestPlus
Rice with Zinc at 50ppm
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Financial support
• Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation• Rockefeller Foundation• HarvestPlus• U.S. Agency for International Development• Department of Agriculture – Philippines• Ministry of Agriculture – Bangladesh• Ministry of Agriculture - Indonesia
– Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research and Development– Indonesian Center for Rice Research
Thank you!
www.irri.org/goldenrice
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