America’s History, 8th

Edition, Chapter 6 ReviewMaking War and Republican

Governments1776 – 1789

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Strengths and Weaknesses of Opposing Sides – Great Britain

Strengths Population (7.5 million to 2.5 million colonists) Monetary wealth Naval forces – strongest in the world Professional and experienced army armed with 6' muskets with bayonets attached

50,000 British 30,000 Hessians 30, 000 American Loyalists

Weaknesses Unrest in Ireland drew attention as well British government inept and confused, led by King George III and Lord North Lack of united British desire to crush American cousins. Whigs cheered American

victories. Military difficulties

Second-rate generals Brutal treatment of soldiers (one lashed 800 times for striking an officer) Inadequate, poor provisions (old, rancid, wormy). Undernourished Need for clear victory. A draw would be a colonial victory. Armies were 3000 miles from home. Orders took months to reach the front. Vast colonial territory (1000 by 600 miles) to subdue. No urban nerve center to conquer.

*** Note that these notes are NOT from your textbook ***

Strengths and Weaknesses of Opposing Sides – American Colonies

Strengths Outstanding leadership

Military--Washington Diplomatic--Franklin European imports--Lafayette, Kosciuzko, Von Steuben

Colonists fighting defensively Self-sustaining agricultural base Colonists were better marksmen (Americans accurate at 200 yds.) Moral advantage. Americans were supporting a just cause with a positive goal.

Weaknesses Colonies were badly organized, disunited for war. Continental Congress debated, but took little action and exercised less leadership

Could not agree on taxes so money for the military effort was unreliable No written constitution (Articles of Confederation) not adopted until 1781. Colonies were jealous of Congress, each other's region Economic difficulties

Little metallic currency available Fearful of taxation, Congress issued virtually worthless Continental currency Inflation led to increased prices, desertions from army.

Limited military supplies Inadequate firearms and powder Clothing and shoes scarce. At Valley Forge, 2800 men barefooted

American soldiers were numerous but unreliable Profiteers used greed and speculation to weaken morale and aid the British

*** Note that these notes are NOT from your textbook ***

The Trials of War, 1776 - 1778

War in the North: Britain’s military vastly outnumbered the Patriots Some Natives sided with the British

Victories at Saratoga 1777: The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point The Patriots won; as a result France sided with the rebellion and

provided aid to the US (financial and military) The Perils of War:

Women played an important role – created clothing, ran farms Some women hoped to gain more rights (Abigail Adams)

Financial Crisis: State currencies were highly inflated Robert Morris (Chief Treasury) secured valuable aid from Holland and

France Valley Forge:

Baron von Steuben – former Prussian military officer, helped train the American army, giving it a discipline it was lacking before

The Path to Victory, 1778 - 1783

The French Alliance: France and US made an unusual alliance (Catholic monarchy) France a constant enemy of Britain and usually ready to fight them Ben Franklin played an important role in the Treaty of Alliance▪ America and France would ensure the independence of the U.S.

War in the South: Spain fought against Britain in 1779 Britain’s Southern Strategy:▪ The South contributed fewer individuals to war effort – fear of leaving slaves

unattended▪ Philipsburg Proclamation – slaves that rebelled would gain protection and

freedom from Great Britain – backfired as slaveowners sided with Rebellion▪ 5,000 African Americans (free and slave) fought for Patriot Cause▪ The Marquis de Lafayette – instrumental in gaining French troops to America

Guerrilla Warfare in the Carolinas:▪ Battle of Yorktown(1781) – last major battle of the war, Cornwallis surrenders

The Path to Victory, 1778 – 1783 (Cont.)

The Patriot Advantage: French aid “Home-field advantage” Leadership – George Washington

Diplomatic Triumph: Treaty of Paris (1783)▪ Britain recognized US independence▪ US gained all land east of Mississippi River▪ US fishing rights off Newfoundland▪ Britain could pursue debts from individual Americans

Spain and France gained very little France becomes severely in debt (thanks France!)

Creating Republican Institutions (1776 – 1787)

The State Constitutions: How Much Democracy? Pennsylvania’s Controversial Constitution:▪ Unicameral legislature was created with total power (no governor)

Tempering Democracy:▪ Other states created bicameral legislatures▪ Most states were not truly democratic – only PA and VT

Women Seek a Public Voice: Abigail Adams’ “Remember the Ladies”▪ Hoped to end customs and laws that oppressed women (married women could

not own property, have contracts, etc.) Only white men were full citizens in new government This is one of many examples of women stepping up in U.S. history,

only to lose most of the gains made after crisis passes. Stay tuned… The War’s Losers: Loyalists, Native Americans, and Slaves:

Many loyalists suffered economically, others fled Native Americans were pushed further west off their lands Slaves did not gain freedom after the war

Don’t forget about us John….

Creating Republican Institutions (1776 – 1787)

The Articles of Confederation 1781-1787: Created a weak central government, states had a lot of power Each state had one equal vote in the national government In order to amend the Articles, unanimous approval was required The federal government could: make treaties, borrow money, ask for tax $

Continuing Fiscal Crisis: The US was in debt from war, began to sell off western land to individuals

The Northwest Ordinance (one of few achievements under AoC): Slavery was banned in the Northwest Territory $ from 1 out of 36 square miles that were sold would go towards

education Territories could apply for statehood when they reached 60,000 people

Shays’ Rebellion: MA state legislature increased taxes Many farms were foreclosed Former Rev. War vet, Daniel Shays led a rebellion▪ Demonstrated the weakness of the government under the Articles▪ Helped many recognize the need for a new government

The Constitution of 1787 The Rise of a Nationalist Faction:

Sectional differences emerged: northerners tended to favor tariffs, southerners did not

The Philadelphia Convention: 55 delegates, mostly wealthy and upper-class, all white, all male Thomas Jefferson and John Adams were NOT in attendance Representation – the VA and NJ Plans:

▪ VA Plan – proposed a bicameral legislature where representation in Congress was to be based on population

▪ NJ Plan – favored smaller states, representation would be equal for each state The Great Compromise – the CT Plan:

▪ Combined elements of both VA and NJ plans▪ Created bicameral legislature: lower house (Representatives) would be based on

population and elected by the people, upper house (Senate) would have 2 per state and elected by state legislatures

Negotiations over Slavery:▪ 3/5 Compromise – 60% of slaves would count towards population for representation in

Congress, advantage for the South▪ Also slave importation for 2o more years; would be ended by 1808.

National Authority:▪ Constitution is the “Supreme Law of the Land”▪ “Necessary and Proper” (Elastic) clause increases power of Congress

The Constitution of 1787 (Cont.)

The People Debate Ratification: Constitution would take effect when 9 out of 13 states ratified it Emergence of two groups: ▪ Federalists – favored ratification▪ Anti-federalists – weary of ratification

The Antifederalists:▪ Feared centralized power at states’ expense▪ Criticized the lack of a bill of rights

Federalists Respond:▪ The Federalist Papers (Jay, Madison, and Hamilton)▪ 85 essays written to promote the Constitution▪ Federalist 10 discussed factions

The Constitution Ratified:▪ Typically, people in the backcountry were Antifederalists, easterners

were Federalists▪ With the promise of the Bill of Rights, many Antifederalists ratified the

Constitution

Quick Recap

Battle of Saratoga – turning point Foreign assistance (Spain, Holland,

France) Women, Natives, and African-Americans

did not gain rights after the Rev. War Shays’ Rebellion Articles of Confederation - +’s and –’s Northwest Land Ordinance NJ and VA Plans, and the Great and 3/5

Compromises Federalists and Antifederalists