alkynes. c n h 2n-2 c 2 h 2 h:c:::c:h h—c c—h sp => linear, 180 o acetylene ethyne c 3 h 4...
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Alkynes. CnH2n-2
C2H2 H:C:::C:H H—C C—H sp => linear, 180o
acetylene
ethyne
C3H4 CH3CCH methylacetylene
propyne
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nomenclature:
common names: “alkylacetylene”
IUPAC: parent chain = longest continuous carbon chain that contains the triple bond.
alkane drop –ane add -yne
prefix locant for the triple bond, etc.
CH3CH2CCCH3 2-pentyne
ethylmethylacetylene
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“terminal” alkynes have the triple bond at the end of the chain:
CH3
CH3CH2CCH HCCCHCH2CH3
1-butyne 3-methyl-1-pentyne
ethylacetylene sec-butylacetylene
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physical properties:
weakly or non-polar, no H-bonding
relatively low mp/bp
water insoluble
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Synthesis, alkynes:
1. dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides
H H H | | |— C — C — + KOH — C = C — + KX + H2O | | | X X X
H | — C = C — + NaNH2 — C C — + NaX + NH3
| X
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H H | | — C — C — + 2 KOH — C C — + KX + H2O | | heat X X
CH3CH2CHCH2 + KOH; then NaNH2 CH3CH2CCH Br Br
“ + 2 KOH, heat
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alkene vicinal dihalide alkyneX2 1. KOH
2. NaNH2
CH3CH=CH2 CH3CHCH2 CH3CCH
Br Br
Br2 1. KOH
2. NaNH2
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Synthesis of propyne from propane
CH3CH2CH3
Br2, heatCH3CH2CH2-Br + CH3CHCH3
Br
KOH(alc)
CH3CH=CH2Br2
CH3CHCH2
Br Br
KOH
CH3CH CH
Br
NaNH2CH3C CH
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2. coupling of metal acetylides with 1o/CH3 alkyl halides
R-CC-Na+ + R´X R-CC-R´ + NaX
a) SN2
b) R´X must be 1o or CH3X
CH3CC-Li+ + CH3CH2-Br CH3CCCH2CH3
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CH3C C Na + CH3CCH3
CH3
Br
CH3C CH
+
CH3C CH2
CH3
3o alkyl halide
E2 elimination!
note: R-X must be 1o or CH3 to get SN2!
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some
alkynes
acids
bases
metals
oxid.
reduct.
halogens
terminal only
terminal only
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Reactions, alkynes:
1. addition of H2 (reduction)
2. addition of X2
3. addition of HX
4. addition of H2O, H+
5. as acids
6. Ag+
7. oxidation
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1. Addition of H2
H H | |— C C — + 2 H2, Ni — C — C — | | H H
alkane
requires catalyst (Ni, Pt or Pd)
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HCCH + 2 H2, Pt CH3CH3
[ HCCH + one mole H2, Pt CH3CH3 + CH2=CH2 + HCCH ]
H \ /
Na or Li C = C anti- NH3(liq) / \
H— C C —
\ / H2, Pd-C C = C syn-
Lindlar catalyst / \ H H
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CH3 H
\ /Na or Li C = C anti-
NH3(liq) / \ H CH3
trans-2-buteneCH3CCCH3
H H \ /
H2, Pd-C C = C syn- Lindlar catalyst / \ CH3 CH3
cis-2-butene
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2. Addition of X2
X X X | | |— C C— + X2 — C = C — + X2 — C — C
— | | | X X X
Br Br BrCH3CCH + Br2 CH3C=CH + Br2 CH3-C-CH Br Br Br
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3. Addition of hydrogen halides:
H H X | | |— C C— + HX — C = C — + HX — C — C — | | | X H X
a) HX = HI, HBr, HClb) Markovnikov orientation
ClCH3CCH + HCl CH3C=CH2 + HCl CH3CCH3
Cl Cl
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4. Addition of water. Hydration.
O
— C C — + H2O, H+, HgO — CH2 — C—
H OH
— C = C —
“enol” keto-enol tautomerism
Markovnikov orientation.
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CH3CH2CCH + H2O, H2SO4, HgO
1-butyne
O
CH3CH2CCH3
2-butanone
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5. As acids. terminal alkynes only!
a) with active metals
CH3CCH + Na CH3CC-Na+ + ½ H2
b) with bases
CH3CCH + CH3MgBr CH4 + CH3C CMgBr
SA SB WA WB
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acid strength:
CH4 < NH3 < HCCH < ROH < H2O < HF
HC CH + NaOH NR ( H2O = stronger acid! )
CH3CH2CCH + LiNH2 NH3 + CH3CH2CC-Li+
SA WA
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6. Ag+ terminal alkynes only!
CH3CH2CCH + AgNO3 CH3CH2CC-Ag+
CH3CCCH3 + AgNO3 NR (not terminal)
formation of a precipitate is a test for terminal alkynes.
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7. Oxidation
KMnO4
R-CC-R´ hot KMnO4 RCOOH + HOOCR´
carboxylic acids
O3; then Zn, H2O
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CH3CH2CCCH3 + KMnO4
CH3CCH + hot KMnO4
CH3CCCH3 + O3; then Zn, H2O
CH3CH2COOH + HOOCCH3
CH3COOH + CO2
2 CH3COOH
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Alkynes
Nomenclature
Syntheses
1. dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalide
2. coupling of metal acetylides with 1o/CH3X
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Reactions, alkynes:
1. addition of H2 (reduction)
2. addition of X2
3. addition of HX
4. addition of H2O, H+
5. as acids
6. Ag+
7. oxidation