alexis de tocqueville democracy in america five values 1. laissez-faire- government policy of...
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Alexis de TocquevilleDemocracy in America
Five Values1. Laissez-Faire- government policy of “hands off” economy
2. Individualism-free to flourish without regard to station in life
3. Populism-participation of common people
4. Egalitarianism- society of equals
5. Liberty-protection from tyranny, rule of law, religious faith
Founding Father’s Line-up1. Benjamin Rush-Father of American Medicine, signer of D of I
2. John Jay - Federalists Papers, first Chief Justice of Supreme Court, neg. US borders
3. John Peter Muhlenberg-clergymen recruited soldiers to fight British
4. Jonathan Trumball, Sr. – colonial governor sided with colonists against the British, helped supply Washington’s army
5. John Hancock-Pres. Second Continental Congress, signer of D of I
6. John Witherspoon-signer of D of I, Pres. Of New Jersey College (Princeton)
7. Charles Carroll- helped to finance the war with his own money, signer of D of I
8. John Locke- theory that governments were to protect natural God given rights
Charters of Freedom1. Dec. of Independence – “We Hold these truths to be self-
evident”
2. Constitution – Preamble-a. form a more perfect unionb. establish justicec. insure domestic tranquilityd. provide for the common defensee. promote the general welfare
3. Bill of Rights – first ten amendments 1. 2. 3.4.5. self-incrimination, double jeopardy, private property
taken without compensation
Principles of the US Constitution
Seven Principles1. Checks and Balances- prevents one branch from becoming too powerful. ie, presidential Veto
2. Federalism - powers divided between national and state governments, working together
3. Sep. of Powers- divide power between 3 branches; legislative, executive, judicial
4. Limited Government- powers of government are limited to those mentioned in the Constitution
5. Republicanism –democratic government of representatives elected by the people
6. Popular Sovereignty- powers of the government come from the consent of the governed
7. Individual Rights – rights guaranteed by the constitution
Bill of Rights1st TEN AMENDMENTS
I. – RAPPS- religion, assembly, petition, press speech
II. Right to bear arms -
III. Quartering of Troops-
IV Search and Seizure- protects against unreasonable searches and seizure
V. Criminal Proceedings;Due Process; Eminent Domain – -grand jury, double jeopardy, self-incrimination;eminent domain
VI. Speedy and Public Trial- impartial jury
VII. Civil Trials – jury trial in civil cases
VIII. Punishment for Crimes- protection against cruel and unusual punshishment
IX Unenumerated Rights- just because rights are not listed doesn’t mean you don’t have that right
X. Reserved Power Amendment- powers not granted to the federal government are reserved to the states
Westward Expansion
Klondike Gold Rush – “gold in ‘em ‘ ar hills” 1896 Alaska settlers poured into area
Manifest Destiny- US was destined to expand from coast to coast
Homestead Act- cheap land for farming, conflict with Indians
Cattle Boom-drive cattle across open plains to RR stations, sent cattle east to big cities
Railroads – transcontinental railroad, completed 1869 Utah –- national market- bring settlers west
Indian Wars-defeat indians, Wounded Knee; placed on reservations throughout the west; Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse
Dawes Act-attempt to assimilate Indians, gave families land to farm, Indian Schools taught trades
Farm Issues- crop failure, inflation, debt, natural disaster, lack of government help, - populist movement – address issues, silver
POLITICAL MACHINES
Who was the famous political boss of Tammany Hall, NYC?
Boss TweedCorruption
Bribery
BUSINESS
Free enterprise, laissez-faire government and abundant resources caused —
large scale economic growth
Led to growth of industry / corporations / trusts / monopolies
EntrepreneursAndrew W. Carnegie - Gospel of
Wealth (philanthropy)John Rockefeller – Standard Oil
List workplace abuses—
long hours, low wages, unsafe conditions
Why was this called the Gilded Age?Thin layer of prosperity
covering abuses by corps. What was Social Darwinism?
survival of the fittest, no govern.
intervention
IMMIGRATION
Push factors?
war, natural disasterPull factors?
Jobs, education, land, opportunityNew immigrants from southern/eastern
EuropeWhat was nativism?Favoring native born over immigs. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)—What
was the economic impact?
Wages increase, unemployment declinesSocial Gospel – Christian value that
motivated social reform efforts (ex. Salvation Army)
What was Americanization?
adopting American customs
URBANIZATION
Rural to urban-Why did people move?
Rapid growth brought problems:
OvercrowdingSanitation problemsTenementsInfrastructureCorruption
TECHNOLOGY
ElevatorTelephone/telegraphOil drillingBessemer ProcessElectricityHow did technology impact
business?
Expansion of businesses,
overproduction, need for markets
overseas
Progressive Era Reforms
Instructions: Trace the problems to the reform and then explain the impact.
Problem Muckraker Reform What impact did the reform have?
Economic
1. Monopolies/trusts2. Banks3. Laissez-faire government
Ida Tarbell = Standard OilTheodore Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson
Business regulation: o Interstate Commerce Acto Sherman Anti-Trust Acto Clayton Anti-Trust
prevent unfair business practices, restore competitive market place
Federal Reserve Act 1913
—Established the Federal Reserve System to help with economic issues, control the flow on money eliminate drastic fluctuation in economy
16th Amendment—o Income Tax
Social
1. Civil Rights
2. Suffrage
3. Working conditions
4. Living conditions5. Consumer safety
Ida B. Wells - lynching W.E.B. DuBois- founded NAACP Elizabeth Cady
Stanton – women’s rights Susan B. Anthony Jane Addams, Jacob Riis
Booker T. Washington- gradual equality Upton Sinclair wrote —The Jungle
NAACP
19th Amendment
Settlement houses Education
Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act
Protects consumers from harmful food and drugs
Labor Unions — AFL, Knights of Labor
Political
1. Government corruption
2. Amendments
Lincoln Steffens Robert LaFollette
Initiative— introduce bills & vote
Recall— remove elected official Referendum— directly on ballot Direct Primary—selection of
cand 17th Amendment—Senators Civil Service Reform—no spoils
system
gives citizens more control of government, more opportunities to
participate
Environment
1. Abuse of natural resources
Teddy Roosevelt John Muir
National Park Service Act National Park System
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American ImperialismFrom Isolationism to Expansionism
Why? Examples:
Militaryo Alfred T. Mahan argued for a strong navy in his book “Influence of Sea Power Upon History”o Protection of territorieso Refueling ports
Economic/Political
o Need for raw materials and markets.o Open Door Policy— U.S. declares continued
trade with _China_.o Boxer Rebelliono Dollar Diplomacy— Taft’s idea to give
_financial _ support to other countries.o Roosevelt Corollary— justified sending U.S.
troops to intervene in Central America. Social
o Spread of American institutionso Missionary zealo Christian Duty
Annexation of Hawaiio Sandford B. Dole – helped overthrow Queeno Missionarieso Military Port- fueling station
Commodore Perry opens Japan to trade Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt pushed for
expansionism— what is that? social gospel- white man’s burden Christian duty How was this different from previous U.S. foreign policy? -isolationism Panama Canal
o Huge undertaking that Theodore Roosevelt oversaw
o Improved trade and military movemento Malaria/challenges of geography
Think About It: How did these events move the U.S. into the position as a world power?
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When?1914-1918___
World War I—Why is this a Turning Point?
Technological Innovations?
submarines
machine guns
poison gas
tanks/planes
Effects of Technological Innovations
Western Front— hundreds of miles of battle front along eastern France
Trench warfare … led to a
Stalemate led to …
Massive casualties
Treaty of Versailles—
Germany reparations and accept war guilt
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points created League of _Nations_
Great Migration- African Amer. Move
north
U.S. returns to isolationism
International instabilityEspionage Act of 1917/Sedition Act
restricted freedom of speech_Selective Service Act – Drafted
Who?
President Wilson initially declared neutrality
Alliances:_Allies __ vs. _Central Powers__
American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) led by__John Pershing___
Argonne Forest one of the most famous battles (1918)because turning point; _ Allied victory_
Alvin York won the Medal of Honor
Another Turning Point!
Militarism: strong military
Alliances:linked together
Imperialism:compete for colonies
Nationalism: national pride
Assassination of Arch Duke
Ferdinand_1914__
When__1917__
Lusitania is sunk
Germany’s unrestricted
_submarine warfare__ warfare
Ties to Allies
Zimmerman_Telegram
Sussex Pledge- promise to warn passagengers before attack
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Spanish American WarReview this short war and its impact by filling in the blanks
When?
1898
___USS MAINE______ is sent to Cuba to protect U.S. interests
Explodes and seen as an attack on the U.S.- sabatage
Where?
Havana, _Cuba_____
San Juan Hill Victory of Rough Riders led by
Teddy Roosevelt
Philippines
How?
Media—Yellow journalism increases support
Land—U.S. fought Spain in Cuba and the Phillipines
Sea—U.S. defeats _Spain quickly
Significance
U.S. acquired territory from Spain—Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines
Platt Amendment— U.S. could intervene in Cuba
Why is this war considered a turning point?
US wins; now a world power
Turning
Point!
Who?
Yellow journalism—Pulitzer
and Hearst newspapers used this exaggerated form of journalism
U.S. vs. Spain
Why?
DéLome letter calls President
McKinley weak. Americans are ___Outraged_ and protest
USS Maine sinks and the U.S.
blames ___Spain_____
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“Business in the Front”
POLITICAL “Return to Normalcy” — President Harding’s reduced role of U.S. government / laissez-faire policiesHarding & Teapot Dome Scandal18TH Amendment—Prohibition of Alcohol19th Amendment— women’s right to vote21st Amendment—repeal prohibition ECONOMIC$Economic Boom—How did these impact the Economy?$Mass Production/Assembly Line- $Henry Ford $Laissez-Faire – “hands off”$Buying-on-Credit SOCIALo Red Scare/Sacco-Vanzetti— targets of navistso Growth of nativismo Immigration Quota/Citizenship Act of 1924o Eugenics- selective breedingo Great Migration influenced cultureo Social Darwinism-survival of the fittest applied to society and business
“Change in the Back”
SOCIAL—modernism v. traditionalismAdventure—
o Charles Lindbergh— first to cross Atlantic in planeo Glenn Curtiss — Aviation Pioneer that was 1st to
design seaplane that could take off and land on water
Changing Role of Women—o Flapperso Frances Willard — Temperance Movemento Women’s Rights Movement
Cultural Values—
o Prohibition Organized Crimeo Scopes “Monkey” Trial— clash between
traditionalism and modernism over teaching evolution.
Clarence Darrow – defense attorney William Jennings Bryan – prosecutor
Art, Music & Literature
o Jazz Age – birth of new musico Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes Marcus Garvey
o Tin Pan Alley—
o Lost Generation —F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great
Gatsby; Ernest Hemingway; Sinclair Lewis
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1920’s
Warning Signs— Overproduction Speculation and _buying____on margin Buying on credit Bad banking practices Federal trade policies
1929 What was Black Tuesday? Stock market crash
1930’s
Immediate reactions— People who invested in stock market couldn’t repay loans Bank runs/failures Reduced demand for goods/unemploymentHoover— Rugged __individualism____ Believed government involvement should be limited Reconstruction Finance Corp. Mexican Repatriation Act— Hoover passed act to send Mexican American immigrants to
their home country HoovervillesEffects of the Great Depression—no safety net at the time Widespread unemployment Business failures Foreclosures Homelessness – hobos Americans looked to government to solve economic problemsDust Bowl— Where? midwest Why? 10 yr drought Impact? Worst natural disaster in US history; millions left region Dorothea Lange—photographer who captured the difficulties
FDR is elected (1932)— Promised a New Deal- turning point in government involvement in the economy “Fireside Chats” reassured Americans Eleanor Roosevelt —political activist Frances Perkins – 1st female U.S. Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor
New Deal provided— Relief—bank holiday—CCC, PWA, WPA, (Alphabet Soup) programs Recovery —support production Reform—FDIC; Security Exchange Commission; Social Security Act
Opposition— A number of people were critical of FDR’s New Deal including constitutional challenges that the federal government
was overstepping its power
FDR’s Court-packing— FDR plan to add appointed justices to the Supreme Court to vote in favor of New Deal Viewed as challenge to separation of powers
New Monetary Policy— Moved from gold standard to fiat (paper) money to expand money supply and stimulate economy
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FDR’s NEW DEALInstructions: What is important about the following—
Relief(Short-term)
Is like — bandaide
Recovery(Stimulus)
Is like — cast
Reform(Systematic)
Is like —new limb
Bank Holiday: closed all banks until they were financially stable Emergency Mortgage Loans: Work Relief Programs: Civilian Conservation CorpsPublic Works ProgramWorks Progress Admin.
National Recovery Administration: set price and production controls and minimum wage Agricultural Adjustment Administration: paid farmers to plant less; gov’t bought farm surplus to control prices
Social Security Administration provides unemployment insurance, retirement pemsions – workers pay in contributions: Securities & Exchange Commission: watches stock market activity and prevent fraud Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.: insure bank deposits up to$ 250,00 Tennessee Valley Authority: created dams along the Tennessee River to provide electricity
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Decreased spending
Decreased wages
Unemployment
Increased spending
Increased employment
Increased wages
All of these are in effect
today!
Pacific Theatre
Hideki Tojo— emperor of Japan
Flying Tigers — Volunteers pilots help China against Japan
Bataan Death March—60 mile march through jungles of Philippines faced starvation and death
Island-Hopping— US pacific strategy
Navajo Code Talkers— used to send messages
Chester Nimitz—US Navy Admiral defeated Japanese at Battle of Midway
Douglas Macarthur— US Army Command. In Pacific
George Marshall— Chief of Staff “Organizer of Victory
Battle of Midway- US victory/ turning point
Atomic bombs dropped- Truman; Hiroshima/Nagasaki-save lives
American Home Front: Isolationism to
War
Neutrality Acts/Lend Lease Act—keep US out of
war/ allowed US to sell, lease or lend to Britain
Roosevelt— Pres. During most of WWII
Appeasement— giving in to
demands to avoid war
Pearl Harbor— surprise attack by Japan, US
declares war
Executive Order 9066 + Internment Camps—
Japanese Americans placed in camps
Office of War Information + Propaganda—
make public aware of how they could help
War bonds, rationing, victory gardens— ways
to support war effort Volunteering/patriotism
— Women- Afric.Amer. Enlist
— brought an end to Depression
Mobilization— prepare for war,
War Prod. Board
Vernon J. Baker— African-Amer. Medal of Honor
U.S. entry—
Adolf Hitler— leader of Germany
Benito Mussolini— leader of
Italy Joseph
Stalin— leader of USSR/ Allies
Dictatorship— single leader
total control
Aggression— Hitler’s move through Europe
Winston Churchill—
leader of Britain
Fascism—extreme nationalism
George Patton— US
Commander led army through Africa and
Italy Dwight
Eisenhower- Supreme US Comm. Led
invasion of France at Normandy
Omar Bradley-led first
army through France
D-Day Invasion & Normandy—
Tuskegee Airmen— Afric-Amer. Fighter pilot
unit led to integration of military
Holocaust— Hitler’s genocide
Liberation of
concentration camps— Allies realize the
extent of the Holocaust
June 6, 1944 D-Day Invasion
Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor
1942 MidwayAug. 1945 Atomic Bombs
A Battle of Ideology
United
Nations
a
Team Democracy
Team Communism
United States/ Western Europe
U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union)
Who was involved?
Political Characteristics:
- Communists party control
- One party leader
Economic characteristics:
- Command economy
- No economic freedoms
- No private property
- State ownership of business
Political Characteristics:
-multi-party system
- Freedom of expression, religion
Economic Characteristics:
-free market
-economic freedom
-private ownership of business
-supply and demand determine price
Truman Doctrine — aid to free countries resisting
communism
Containment Policy —prevent the spread of comm.
Marshall Plan — aid to
European countries to rebuild
NATO/Collective Security — US /Western Allies
Domino Theory — fear of spread
of Comm /Vietnam
Eisenhower Doctrine — Middle East/
Warsaw Pact— Soviet response to NATO
Satellite Nations — eastern European
countries part of USSR/ Poland
Iron Curtain —imaginary line btwn free and
communist/Churchill
Berlin
Wall —wall built to divide city between free & soviet
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Space Race— sputnik
Education Priorities— math/science
Moon-Landing—1969
Arms Race—atomic weapons
Red-Scare—fear of Comm.
HUAC—house of un-amer. Act. Comm
Joseph McCarthy— McCath
Rosenberg Trials— spys
Venona Papers—confirmed spys
Détente—relax tensions/nixon
Star Wars—Reagan/
Presidents’ Views?
Truman—containment
Eisenhower—domino theory
Kennedy—flexible response
Johnson—domino theory
Nixon—détente/normalization
Ford—détente
Carter—negotiation/human rights
Reagan—Regan Doctrine
Bush—End of the Cold War
Europe Marshall Plan
Berlin
Airlift aid to city
Berlin Wall
SOVIET UNION
Sputnik—1957 TURNING POINT! Ignites Space Race
Arms Race – a-bombs
Breakup of U.S.S.R.- 1990’s
China
Mao Zedong — What happened in 1949?
Korea
Korean War
Reasons: Outcomes:
China
Mao Zedong –communists
revolution
Korea- reasons- containment
Outcome- 39th parallel/ same as before the war
Korean War Reasons: Outcomes:
Vietnam—
Domino Theory— fear that ones goes more will follow
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution— blank check to LBJ
Escalation/combat— LBJ sends more soldiers
Roy Benavidez—Mex-Amer. Medal of Honor winner
Tet Offensive— major Vietcong Offensive/throughout VN
Anti-War Movement—protesting war
Vietnamization— Nixon’s plan to end war in VN
Fall of Saigon— communists takeover after US withdraw
War Powers Resolution—limits Pres. Actions in war
CUBA
Fidel Castro—Which form of
government? - communists
Bay of Pigs Invasion—Why? –
overthrow Castro/unsuccessful
Cuban Missile Crisis—What happened?
-russia placing missiles in Cuba/ Kennedy forces them out
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Baby Boom — increase in population
What was the impact? Housing, transportation, schools, hospitals
Transportation—
Interstate Highway Act- connected nation, IKE
Migration -suburbs
Business Growth —
Franchises (McDonalds)
Communication (TV) - ads
Science —
Polio & Measles vaccine- Jonas Salk
Advances in surgery
Pop Culture— rock & roll
Increased consumption/spending
Economic prosperity
More leisure time
Non-Conformist Ideas
GI Bill/Servicemen’s Readjustment Act provided—
Low cost mortgages
Money for college
What impact did this have?
need for housing, suburbs,
Religious resurgence—
”E Pluribus Unum” motto meaning—out of many comes one—became official in 1956
“In God We Trust” national motto adopted in 1956
Growth of churches
Fear of Communism
Beat Generation
Jack Kerouac
Rebelled against conformity
1950
Housing Boom
Growth of the
suburbs__
Levittown
Legislation/Landmark Court Cases
Civil War Amendments:
13th —abolish slavery
14th —citizenship
15th —voting for African-American Males
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) —separate is equal
Mendez v. Westminster (1947) —segregation of children of groups illegal
Executive Order 9981, (1948) — Truman integrates
military
Delgado v. Bastrop I.S.D. (1948) —
segregation of Mex-Amer. Children illegal
Sweatt v. Painter (1950) — UT Law school must admitt African-American
Legislation (cont.)
Hernandez v. Texas (1954) —Mex-Amer entitled to 14th amendment
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) —separate was not equal
Civil Rights Act of 1957 —Civil Rights Comm. –Federal Courts could register Afri-Amer to vote, Civil Rights Division of Justice Dept.
Civil Rights Act of 1964 —prohibited discrimination based on race, gender in public accommadations
24th Amendment — (prohibited poll taxes in federal elections) barriers to voting eliminated
1965 Voting Rights Act —eliminated literacy tests, led to increase in Afri-Amer voting
Affirmative Action (1965) —take positive steps to increase number of minorities in work place, colleges, recruit minority applicants
Edgewood v. Kirby – equal funding for all students in Texas, rich areas and poor areas
Founding of NAACP (1909)—W.E.B. DuBois —
National Assoc. for the Advancement of Colored People
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56)— 15 month long boycott led by MLK, Rosa Parks – successful
Little Rock Nine (1957) —Ike sent National guard to escort students to class
Sit-Ins (1960-61) —student led movement to integrate public facilities
Selma March- march to capital of Alabama for voting rights
Freedom Rides (1961)—intigrate interstate bus terminals, violent, many arrested
James Meredith (`1962)—Univ. of Miss student violence, JFK sent Nat. guard to restore order
Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)-famous MLK letter, explaining to many that the time for waiting was over
March on Washington (1963) —force the Fed. To take a stand at the national level, led to Civil Rights act of 64; famous “I Have a Dream “ speech
Civil Rights Movement
INSTRUCTIONS: Review the different approaches and leadership of various reform efforts by completing the organizer
African Americans Women Hispanic Americans American Indian
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Civil Disobedience — SCLC/SNCC disobey unjust laws Montgomery Bus Boycott March on WashingtonSelma MarchInfluenced by — Gandhi Gathered widespread support by — using non-violence Famous Quotes/Speeches ”I Have A Dream” Letter from Birmingham Turning Point —o Assassinated 1968-
Memphis, Tenn.
Malcolm X
Views — segregation of races, ’any means necessary’ Influenced by — MuslimNation of Islam
Assassinated 1965-Rival Nation of Islam members
Black Panthers Views —Militant
Black Power Community –based political organization— Leaders—Stocky CarmichaelHuey NewtonBobby Seale
Betty Friedan wrote — Feminine Mystique__ National Organization for Women (NOW) – chief voice of Women’s Movement Gloria Steinam —Ms Magazine Roe v. Wade (1973) legalized — abortion__ Equal Pay Act — women same pay as men for same job Title IX (1972) — banned sex discrimination in education
Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta led the United — Farm Workers_______(UFW)o Boycotts -target consumers Hector P. Garcia started GI Forum for — Latin-American____ rights. LULAC —League of United Latin American Citizens La Raza Unida — United Race Party MAYO-Mexican American Youth Organization Chicano Mural Movement —pride in Mex. Amer. Heritage, culture
American Indian Movement (AIM) — -temporarily occupied government buildings at; Alcatraz
Wounded Knee
Introduced term Native American and brought attention to discrimination and bias ****RED POWER*****
Domestic
Program
War on poverty
Programs created to
give economic opportunity
—Medicare/Medicaid helped the
elderly and poor access health care
—Head Start/Child Nutrition Act
Programs were costly/expanded role of government
Miranda v. Arizona Immigration Act of 1965
DOVES
H
AWKS
Credibility gap — lost faith in govern. reliability
Pentagon Papers —leaked to media proves
gov. lied about war
Draft —young men sent to fight , many
protested, Canada burn draft cards as protest
26t h Amendment — 18 years old could
vote “old enough to die old enough to vote”
Role of the media —watched war
on TV, including questionalbe things, influenced
opinion of the war
Silent Majority- Nixon claimed
most Americans were in favor of war
Some
adopted
attitude of
rebellion
Challenged materialism
and the “establishment”
Youth Culture
Led to — anti-war movement
New lifestyles — communes,
hippies
New fashion
Use of illegal drugs
Music
Anti-War
Movement
Great
Society
Brought renewed hope
Peace Corps “Ask not what your
_country_ can do for you, but what you can do for your ___country_.”
New FrontierSpace Race —U.S. on Moon
Promoted space program Improved lives as a result
—Advances in technology —Communication
—New products —GPS
Report Card on the 1970s Presidents
President Describe the topic or event Give them a Grade
Example:Nixon-R
Détente
Nixon’s foreign policy to relax Cold War tension with the Soviet Union and China through diplomacy A
Nixon Normalization in Relations with China 1st president to visit china after revolution of 1948;increase trade
Nixon First Amendment RightsTinker v. Des Monies (1968) —students allowed to wear arm bands as a protest of war
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) —freedom of religion, amish children not required to attend public school after 8th grade
Nixon Environmental Protection Act (EPA) & Endangered Species ActProtection of the environment
Nixon Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Phyllis Schlafly – conservative opposed ERA, reduce rights of women; failed to pass, extended, failed
Nixon War Powers ActLimit the power of the President in any conflict without a formal declaration of war
Nixon Fall of Saigon communists took control of South Vietnam, reunifying all of Vietnam under communists control
Nixon Watergate Scandal President Nixon was found to be involved in covering up for members of his staff for criminal activity; led to
impeachment vote, resignation of Nixon
Ford-R Pardon of NixonRaised tremendous controversy when President Ford granted Nixon a full and complete pardon
Carter-D Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – imposed embargo on US, led to energy crisis, prices skyrocketed - stagflation
Department of Energy - Cabinet level position created by Carter in response to the energy crisis
Carter Community Reinvestment ActRequire banks to make credit available in poor communities
Carter Panama Canal TreatyTurn over control of the canal to Panama by the end of the century
Carter Camp David Accords peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, ending 30 yrs of fighting
Carter Iran Hostage CrisisIranian students seized US embassy and held them hostage for over a year
22
Republican (1981-1989)
Supported by social conservatives —Phyllis Schlafly, led opposition to ERA
Won using conservative ideas (remember Goldwater 1964) and optimism
What was Reaganomics?
supply-side economics
cut taxes to business, wealth
What was “Peace through Strength”?
-Star wars – “Let he who desires peace prepare for war” How was the U.S. involved in the Iran-Contra Affair?
sold weapons to Iran for release of Hostages. Money sent to rebels in Nicaragua
• Why were U.S. Marines in Lebanon?
International peace-keeping force, attacked by suicide bomber 241 American Marines killed
Appointed Sandra Day O’Connor first woman to U.S. Supreme Court (1981)
Ronald Reagan George BushRepublican (1989-1993)
What is significant about the Americans with Disabilities Act?
prohibited discrimination of people with disabilities in employment
What signifies the end of the Cold War?
eastern European countries moved away from Communism, Berlin Wall comes down,
o When? 1991
Why did the U.S. get involved in the Persian Gulf War?
Iraq invaded Kuwait, greatest foreign policy achievement
People moving from Rust Belt region to the Sunbelt region
People moved from industrial Mid-west to Southwest for jobs
Moral Majority
Conservative lobby group
Formed by television evangelist Jerry Falwell
Opposed ERA
Heritage Foundation
Conservative think tank
Promoted free enterprise, civil rights, limited government and strong national defense
National Rifle Association
After assassinations in the 1960s the Gun Control Act of 1968
NRA became more active and was a conservative political group supporting 2nd Amendment Rights
mendment rights.
Bill Clinton1993-2001
George W. Bush2001-2009
Barack Obama2009-2017
Economic
Issues
Attempted health care reform with Hillary Clinton leading task force – did not pass Congress
Supported welfare reform, lower taxes, and stricter crime prevention measures
GATT — Changed to World Trade
Organization NAFTA— impacted trade in_N. America_
Financial Crisis of 2008 led to—
Home foreclosures
Fear of financial failures
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act (2008) gave billions of dollars to prevent banks and businesses from failing
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 gave economic stimulus – create new jobs, 700 billion, save auto industry
Banking and credit reform – regulate credit cards, banks
Political
Issues
Ross Perot —3rd party candidates can impact elections
Contract with America was supported by
__Republicans___ proposed by Newt Gengrich, Republican Speaker of the House
Balkan Crisis
2000 Election — what was unique? Gore won pop. Vote – lost election – Supreme Court ruled no recount- Bush wins
2001 Terrorist Attack — Turning Point 9/11 - Homeland Security, TSA
U.S. Patriot Act created to— conduct sweeping searches, monitor activity—Iraq – Remove Saddam Hussein —Afghanistan- search for bin Laden
2008 Election Turning Point – First African American President – social media, grassroots ,
Affordable Care Act – health care for all, attempted by every Democratic Pres. Since 1940’s
Appointed _Sonia Sotomayor_ 1st Hispanic American to U.S. Supreme Court
Social
Issues
Scandal led to impeachment (formal accusation) by the House of
Representatives__________
____Senate__ vote did not remove the president
No Child Left Behind was created to —Make schools accountable for teaching all students
Hurricane Katrina caused by natural disaster and human factors (levee failure, delayed rescue) – Bush criticized for delayed reaction, led to many people deaths
Appointed— Hillary Clinton _as Secretary of State
Influence of Oprah Winfrey – star power, $$$$$$$$,
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TCB TCBTAKIN’ CARE OF BUSINESS
Technological Innovation
How have these improved business and American’s standard of living?
Satellites— orbit the earth send signals –space junk, pictures
Cell phones— instant info and connection, issues? ------
Personal computers— manage info, save info, reduce work load,
Robotics— aid in manufacturing, reduce employment
Just-in-time inventory management— parts arrive at the precise time in the manufacturing process
Information technology— increase in production, high tech jobs
Genetic engineering— thousands of diseases such as cancer may be cured
Time-Study Analysis- how long to perform a task, help manage workers and production
Business Marketplace
How does free enterprise impact the creation of discoveries in the U.S.?
powerful incentive to meet consumer demands, free to produce and choose products
What contribution have these entrepreneurs made to the United States?
Bill Gates— Microsoft
Sam Walton— Wal-Mart
Esteé Lauder— cosmetics
Lionel Sosa—Hispanic owned ad
agency
Robert Johnson— BETOprah Winfrey— influence
public opinion, philanthropy
25
Globalization
How have these encouraged globalization?
Internet— world wide linking of computers,
e-commerce, doing business on computer
Growth of multi-national corporations—
multi-national corps. Can move production to other places to avoid taxes and regs.
Energy needs—rising population has led to greater need for energy, nuclear, solar, hydro,
Dangers of explosions, storms, leaks, global warming acid rain, ozone layer
American culture— energy conservation, environmental issues
Gilded AgeIndustrialization/Child Labor
Urbanization/How the other half lives
Immigration/NativismWestward Expansion/Manifest Destiny Americanization/
Assimilation
Imperialism/Panama Canal/TR 20’s/Flappers Stock Market Crash/ Depression
Spanish American WarWW I Progressive Era
Depression 30’s New Deal/ 3R’s WW II
Arms Race/Cold WarBaby Boom/ Suburbs Rosa Parks/Montgomery
Bus Boycott
Space Race/1969 Sputnik 1957 MLK/Assassinated 1968
Cesar ChavezUnited Farm Workers
Anti-War Movement 70’s Watergate/Lack of Confidence in Gov’t
1991 – Fall of Communism9/11/2001
Election 2008
Practice EOC99 – 1 68-2297-2 66-2396-3 65-2494-4 63-2593-5 62-2691-6 60-2790-7 59-2888-8 57-2987-9 56-3085-1084-1182-1281-1379-1478-1576-1675-1774-1872-1971-2069-21