alcoholic beverage
DESCRIPTION
Presentation on manufacture of alcohol beveragesTRANSCRIPT
Introduction
• Alcoholic Beverage– is a drink which contains a substantial amount of the psychoactive drug ethanol
– It plays an important social role in most cultures.
Introduction
• Two Types of Alcoholic Beverages– Fermented Beverage (3 -18% Alcohol by Volume)– Distilled Beverage (15 -98% Alcohol by Volume)
Liqueur - is an alcoholic beverage made from a distilled spirit that has been flavored with fruit, cream, herbs, spices, flowers or nuts and bottled with added sugar or other sweetener
Process
Raw Materials
Raw Material
Preparation
Fermentation Distillation Product Ageing
Fermented Beverages
Distilled Beverages
Raw Materials Raw Material Preparation Fermentation Filtration Product Ageing
Raw MaterialsRaw Material Fermented Beverage Distilled Beverage
Apples Cider Applejack, calvados,
Pears Perry Pear Brandy, Eau-de-vie
Plum Plum wine Umeshu
Gouqi Gouqi jiu (China)
Pineapples Tepache, Pineapple wine
Ginger with sugar/raisins Ginger Beer
Pomace Pomace Wine Raki/Ouzo/Pastis/Sambuca
Cassava
Potato Potato Beer Vodka, horilka
Coconut Tuba Arrack
Milk Kumis, kefir, blaand Arkhi
• Crushing is the process when gently squeezing the berries/fruit and breaking the skins to start to liberate the contents of the berries.
Preparation of Raw Materials
Preparation of Raw Materials• Mashing - is the act of creating and extracting fermentable and non-fermentable sugars and flavor components from grain by steeping it in hot water, and then allowing it to rest at specific temperature ranges in order to activate naturally-occurring enzymes in the grain that convert the starches to sugars.
• (C6H10O5)n + H2O C6H12O6 (saccharification)
Starch Water Sugar
Preparation of Raw Materials
• Maceration is the winemaking process where the phenolic materials of the grape—tannins, coloring agents (anthocyanin) and flavor compounds—are leached from the grape skins, seeds and stems into the must. To macerate is to soften by soaking, and maceration is the process by which the red wine receives its red color, since 99% of all grape juice is clear-grayish in color.
Preparation of Raw Materials
• Chaptalization is the process of adding sugar to unfermented fruit ash in order to increase the alcohol content after fermentation.
• Few foods other than grapes have the balanced quantities of sugar, acid, tannin, nutritive salts for yeast feeding and water to naturally produce a stable, drinkable wine, so most country wines are adjusted in one or more respects at fermentation
Fermentation
• Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid. For example, yeast perform fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol.
Fermentation
• Saccharomyces Cerevisiae (Baker’s Yeast) – is a species of yeast. It is perhaps the most useful yeast, having been instrumental to winemaking, baking, and brewing since ancient times. The optimum temperature for growth of S. cerevisiae is 30–35°C
• C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
Sugar Ethanol Carbon dioxide
Fermentation
• Congeners - are substances other than alcohol produced during fermentation. Congeners are responsible for most of the taste and aroma of distilled alcoholic beverages, and contribute to the taste of non-distilled drinks
FermentationBy products of yeast• acetaldehyde (green apple aroma)• diacetyl (taste or aroma of buttery, butterscotch)• dimethyl sulfide (DMS) (taste or aroma of sweet corn, cooked veggies)• Organic acids (sour, salty taste)• Fatty Acids (soapy, fatty flavors)• ester (flavour and aroma of bananas, strawberries, apples, or other fruit)• phenolic (flavour and aroma of medicine, plastic, Band-Aids, smoke, or cloves)• Fusel Alcohols ( alcoholic or solvent-like aroma. )• Organic and Inorganic Sulfur Volatiles (reminiscent of rotten eggs or burnt
matches)
Distillation
• Distillation is a process of separating the component substances from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation.
• Two types of Distillation– Batch Distillation (Pot Still)– Column Distillation (Column Still)
Distillation
•A pot still is a type of still used in distilling spirits such as whisky or brandy. Heat is applied directly to the pot containing the wash (for whisky) or wine(for brandy). This is called a batch distillation.
•Usually made of copper to remove sulfur impurities
•Sulfur reacts with copper to form copper sulfate, which separates from the distillate, removing the sulfur aromas from the final product
Distillation
• A column still or continuous still can, as its name suggests, sustain a constant process of distillation. This, along with the ability to produce a higher concentration of alcohol in the final distillate, is its main advantage over a pot still, which can only work in batches.
Distillation
Difference of pot still from column still• pot stills - more flavor from the grain. • Column stills – less flavor
This is one reason the Column stills are exclusively used for making Vodka.
Whereas pot stills are popularly used for making whiskey and Cognac.
Ageing
• The process of aging alcoholic beverages is just as old as fermentation and distillation for the simple reason that the products needed to be stored and transported. Storing, be it in clay pots, barrels, or simply bottles, exposes the alcohol to both the air and the storage materials themselves for long periods of time, altering the chemical structure of the alcoholic products. This can change the colour, aroma and flavour in various and mostly beneficial ways.
Ageing
• Beverages aged in wooden barrels take on some of the compounds in the barrel, such as vanillin and wood tannins. The presence of these compounds depends on many factors, including the place of origin, how the staves were cut and dried, and the degree of "toast" applied during manufacture.
Ageing
• Some Asian beverages (e.g., Japanese sake) use Japanese cedar, which imparts an unusual, minty-piney flavor.
• In Peru and Chile, a grape distillate named pisco is either aged in oak or in earthenware, in which case the minerals from the fired clay leach into the liquor, giving it a unique flavor.
Ageing
Flavors provided by barrel aging
• volatile phenols containing vanillin• Furfural (sweet toasty aroma)• Oak Lactones (woody aroma)• Terpenes (tea and tobacco notes)• Tannins (relative astringency or mouth feel)
Ageing
• The temperature in the warehouse fluctuates day-by-day and during the changing seasons
• The resulting pressure change forces the whisky into the pores of the wood by way of the charred interior surface
• The whisky reacts with air/water and undergoes a chemical reaction that breaks down some of the organic compounds in the wood
• Some of the ethanol and water evaporates as part of the reaction and exposure to air causing the “Angel’s Share” to leave the barrel
• The wood constituents and whisky diffuse back into the barrel as the warehouse environment fluctuates
• Convection currents mix the contents of the barrel and the whisky turns darker brown as the cycle repeats
Ageing
• American oak tends to be more intensely flavored than French oak with more sweet and vanilla overtones due to the American oak having two to four times as many lactones.
French Oak - Different grains of French Oak Trees. Old growth trees have the tightest grains.
American Oak
Ageing
• Lighter char levels tend to show more fruit esters and spice notes. Darker char levels will extract more vanilla flavors and color into the spirit.
Char #1 Char #2 Char #3 Char #4
Ageing
• Solera is a process for aging alcoholic beverages by fractional blending in such a way that the finished product is a mixture of ages, with the average age gradually increasing as the process continues over many years.
• It produces alcoholic beverage of relatively consistent quality.