alcohol poisoning
TRANSCRIPT
Alcohol poisoningBy: Imtiaz ur Rehman
4th Year MBBSKhyber Medical College Peshawar
Learning objectives• Types of alcohol• MOA and treatment of ethanol• ROA, Absorption, Distribution of alcohol• Effects of Acute and chronic alcohol poisoning on body• Treatment of acute and chronic alcohol poisoning• Postmortem findings of acute and chronic alcoholics deaths• Medicolegal significance
introduction• Alcohol belongs to inebriant group of neurotics class of poisons.• Inebriant poisons are those poisons which intoxicate and produce
symptoms of excitement and narcosis.
Beverages Alcohol%
rum 43%
Whiskey, brandy 43%
wines 8-15%
Beers 2-10%
Types of Alcohol1. Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol)
2. Methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol)
3. Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol)
4. Ethylene glycol
MECHANISM OF ACTION
FORMICACID
ACIDOSIS
TISSUEHYPOXIA
LACTIC ACIDPRODUCTION
CIRCULATORYFAILURE
INHIBITION OF MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION
CIRCULUSHYPOXICUS
METHANOL
FORMALDEHYDE
Symptoms of
general
toxicity
Ocular Toxicity
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Routes of administration• Topical
• Inhalation
• Intravenous injection
• Oral ingestion
Absorption and Distribution• Absorption of ethanol is by simple diffusion
• 25% of an ingested dose of ethanol is absorbed from the stomach
• 75% of an ingested dose of ethanol is absorbed from the small intestine
Factors effecting absorption• Concentration• Presence or absence of food in stomach• Condition of stomach • Rate of emptying of stomach• Rate and quantity of alcohol ingested• Tolerance
Distribution of Alcohol• Alcohol is hydrophilic and will distribute into fluids and tissues
according to their water content• Total body water (TBW) is dependent upon• Sex• Age • Body weight
Alcohol can cross placental and blood brain barrier
Fatal Dose• Logically there is no specific fatal dose.• It is the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) that Specifies the lethal
dose. (>350mg%)• Fatal dose vary from person to person.• Less in case of:
• Thin and lean person• Females• Mentally unstable subjects• Patients suffering from liver disease, epilepsy, cerebral trauma• Patients using barbiturates, anti histamines, tranquilizers, hypnotic
• More in case of tolerance
Fatal Period• Relatively more…• 12-24 hrs• May extend to 5-6 days.
Effects of Acute Alcohol poisoning on BodyCNS effects
GIT effects
Respiratory effects
Urinary effects Reproductive
Heart
Effects on CNSFrontal cortexCerebellumHippocampusHypothalamusMedulla
Stages of alcohol Intoxication
Stage of excitementInc talkativeness, inc self confidence, dec sensory perception, loss of fine motor skills, slowed information processing, inc sexual desires
Stage of incoordination• Incordination of thought, speech, impaired judgement, confusion, slurred speech,
staggering gait,• Nausea, vomiting• Dialted pupils.• Criminal offences aare commited,
Stage of narcosis• Deep sleep, rapid pulse, hypothermia, • labored breathing• Contracted pupils• MACEWAN,s sign present• Coma• Death
30-100mg%
100-300mg%
>300mg%
Laboratory tests for Diagnosisof Alcohol poisoning
• Blood test• Vitreous fluid• Urine
Effects of alcohol on Driving• Driving ability is effected by 50-60 mg%.• Faulty depth perception• Poor peripheral vision• Distorted color vision• Reduced night vision• Increased reaction time
diagnostic tests Finger nose
testStraight line Test Breathalyzer
Treatment of Acute alcohol poisoning
2 types of treatment1) First Aid2) Treatment in hospital
First Aid treatmentWhat to Do??? What NOT to DO???
Keep him awake Don’t let him sleep
Keep him in recovery position Don't let him lie straight
Give him water Don’t give him coffee
Keep him sitting up Don’t walk him around
Keep him warm Don’t put him under cold shower
Stay with him and monitor his symptoms Don’t let him drink any more alcohol
Treatment in hospital• Gastric lavage• Artificial breathing• Electrolytes• Urinary Catheter• IV hypertonic glucose solution• Fructose solution• Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Postmortem findings• Identity• Examination of clothes• External examination• Internal examination• Opening of cranial cavity• Opening of abdominal cavity• Opening of thoracic cavity
Effects of chronic alcohol poisoning on body
• Liver Cirrhosis• Physical, moral and mental deterioration• Chronic Gastroenteritis• Weight loss• Peripheral neuropathies• Impotence and sterility
Effects of Chronic Alcohol poisoning on BodyCNS effects
GIT effects
Respiratory effects
Urinary effects Reproductive
Heart
Gouty arthritis
Common clinical syndromes• Delirium tremens Korasakoff’s psychosis Attack of acute insanity Hallucinations Sleeplessness Disorientation Tremors Multiple neuritis Excitement Loss of memory for recent events Fear and hallucinations Acute hallucinosis
Auditory hallucinationsPt may become homicidal or suicidal
Treatment of chronic Alcohol poisoning
• Antabuse (Disulfram) …. OD dose of 0.5mg• Tab. Temposil (Citrated Calcium Carbamide) …. OD dose of 50mg• Psychotherapy
Postmortem findings of chronic alcohol poisoning
• Degenerative changes in liver, kidneys and brain• Atrophic gastritis• Liver cirrhosis• Cardiomyopathy
Cause of death in alcohol poisoning• RTA• Suicide• Liver diseases• Cancers• Depression of respiratory centers• Postural asphyxia
Medicolegal Significance• Road traffic accidents• Alcohol is related to crime and violence