akbar hashemi rafsanjani

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Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Rafsanjani redirects here. For other persons with this

surname, seeRafsanjani (surname).

Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (Persian:

),[3] or Hashemi Bahramani (

), born 23 August 1934) is an influential Iranian

politician and writer, who was the fourth president of

Iran. He was the head of theAssembly of Expertsfrom

2007 until 2011 when he decided not to nominate him-

self for the post.[4][5] He is also the chairman of the

Expediency Discernment Councilof Iran.

During theIranIraq WarRafsanjani was the de facto

commander-in-chief of the Iranian military. Rafsanjani

was elected chairman of theIranian parliamentin 1980

and served until 1989. Rafsanjani also served as presi-

dent of Iran from 1989 to 1997. He played an important

role in the choice ofAli Khameneias Supreme Leader.[6]

In 2005 he ran for a third term in office, placing first in

the first round of elections but ultimately losing to rival

Mahmoud Ahmadinejadin the run-off round ofthe 2005

election.

Rafsanjani has been described as a pragmatic conserva-

tive, while The Economisthasdescribed himas a veteran

kingmaker.[7] He supports a free marketpositiondomes-

tically, favoringprivatizationof state-owned industries,

and a moderate position internationally, seeking to avoid

conflict with theUnited Statesandthe West.[8]

In 1997 during the Mykonos trial in Germany, it was

declared that Hashemi Rafsanjani (the then president

of Iran) alongside of Ayatollah Ali Khameni (supreme

leader), Ali-Akbar Velayati (the then foreign minister)

and Ali Fallahian (Intelligence Minister) has had role in

assassination of Irans opposition activists in Europe.[9]

He is considered to be the richest person in Iran. [10]

On 11 May 2013, Rafsanjani entered the race for theJune

2013 presidential election,[11] but on 21 May he was dis-

qualified by theGuardian Council.

1 Early life and education

Rafsanjani was born in thevillage of Ghahramannear the

city ofRafsanjaninKerman Provinceto a wealthy family

ofpistachiofarmers.[12][13] He has eight siblings.[14] His

mother, Hajie Khanom Mahbibi Hashemi, died at the ageof 90 on 21 December 1995.[15]

He studied theology in the city of Qom with Ayatollah

The young Rafsanjani in 1949

Khomeini, whose close follower he became.[16]

2 Speaker of the Parliament

Rafsanjani andHassan Rouhani,Karbala 5 Operation

Ayatollah Rafsanjani was the Speaker ofParliament of

Iranfor 9 years. He was elected as the speaker in 1980

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Basrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Rouhanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistachiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerman_Provincehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafsanjanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2013https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2013https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_presidential_campaign,_2013https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykonos_restaurant_assassinationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_markethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2005https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2005https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khameneihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_parliamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Expertshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollahhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafsanjani_(surname)


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2 3 PRESIDENCY

in the first season of Parliament after theIranian Revolu-

tion. He was also chairman in the second season. After

the death ofRuhollah Khomeini, founder of theIslamic

Republic, he joined the1989 presidential raceand be-

came thePresident, leaving Parliament.

3 Presidency

Rafsanjani adopted an economy-first policy, support-

ing a privatization policy against more state owned eco-

nomic tendencies in the Islamic Republic.[17] Another

source describes his administration as "economically lib-

eral, politicallyauthoritarian, and philosophically tradi-

tional which put him in confrontation with more radical

deputies in the majority in theMajles of Iran.[18]

As president, Rafsanjani was credited with spurring

Irans reconstruction following the 1980-88war withIraq.[19] Rafsanjani is known to be popular with theupper

and middle classes, partially due to his economic reforms

during his tenure and support for human rights (in com-

parison to the Khomeini years), which have been widely

perceived as successful for the most part. However, his

reconstruction efforts failed to reach the rural or war

zones where they needed them the most, leaving him un-

popular with the majority of the rural, veteran, and work-

ing class population. His reforms, despite attempting to

curb the powers of the ultra-conservatives, failed to do so

and theIranian Revolutionary Guardswould get increas-

ing powers from Khamenei during his presidency. He

was also accused of corruption by both conservatives[20]

and reformists,[21] and known for tough crackdowns on

dissent.

3.1 Domestic policy

Rafsanjani advocated a free market economy. With the

states coffers full, Rafsanjani pursued an economic lib-

eralisation policy.[22] Rafsanjanis support for a deal with

the United States over Irans nuclear program and his

free-market economic policies contrasted withMahmoud

Ahmadinejad and his allies, who advocate maintaininga hard line against Western intervention in the Middle

East while pursuing a policy of economic redistribution

to Irans poor.[23] By espousing World Bank inspired

structural adjustment policies, Rafsanjani desired a mod-

ern industrial-based economy integrated into the global

economy.[24]

Rafsanjani urged universities to cooperate with indus-

tries. Turning to the quick pace of developments in

todays world, he said that with the world constantly

changing, we should adjust ourselves to the conditions

of our lifetime and make decisions according to present

circumstances.[25] Among the projects he initiated are

Islamic Azad University.[26][27]

During his presidency, a period in which Rafsanjani is

described by western media sources as having been the

most powerful figure in Iran, people ordered executed by

thejudicial system of Iran included political dissidents,

drug offenders, Communists, Kurds, Bahais, and even Is-

lamic clerics.[28]

The IranianMojahedinwere recognized as a terrorist or-ganization by both the Iranian government as well as the

United States CIA. Regarding the Mojahedin, Rafsanjani

said (Ettela'at, 31 October 1981):

3.2 Foreign policy

Following years of deterioration in foreign relations under

Khomeini during the Iran-Iraq war, Rafsanjani sought to

rebuild ties with Arab states[29] as well as with countries

inCentral Asiaand the Caucasus, includingAzerbaijan,

Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.[30] However, relations

with European countries and the United States remained

poor, even though Rafsanjani had a track record of han-

dling difficult situations and defusing crises.[31]

He condemned both theUnited Statesand Iraqduring

thePersian Gulf Warin 1991. After the war he strove

to renew close ties with the West, although he refused to

liftKhomeini's fatwa against the British authorSalmanRushdie.[32]

Rafsanjani has said that Iran is ready to assist Iraq, ex-

pecting nothing in return. On theother hand, he has said

that peace and stability is a function of the evacuation

of the occupiers.[33]

Iran gave humanitarian help to the victims of the con-

flict. Iran sent truckloads of food and medicine to Iraq,

and thousands of Kuwaiti refugees were given shelter in

Iran.[34]

Rafsanjani voiced support to Prince Abdullahs peace ini-

tiative and to everything the Palestinians agree to. Healso stated that what he called Irans international inter-

ests must take precedence over those of Iranian allies in

SyriaandLebanon.[31]

Ayatollah Rafsanjani is a supporter of Irans nuclear pro-

gram. In 2007 Rafsanjani reiterated that the use of

weapons of mass destruction was not part of the Islamic

Republic culture. Rafsanjani said: You [US and allies]

are saying that you cannot trust Iran would not use its nu-

clear achievements in the military industries, but we are

ready to give you full assurances in this respect.[35] Ac-

cording toThe Economist, he is regarded by many Irani-

ans as the only person with the guile and clout to strike adeal with the West to end economic sanctions imposed

upon the country due to its nuclear program.[36]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdiehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdiehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khomeinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojahedin#Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Azad_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionary_Guardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majles_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_1989https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution


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3

Rafsanjani as the chairman of the parliament and Mohammad

Khatami

4 After presidency

Post-presidency, Rafsanjani delivereda sermon at Tehran

University in the summer of 1999 praising government

use of force to suppress student demonstrations.[28]

In 2000, in the first election after the end of his presi-

dency, Rafsanjani ran again for Parliament. In the Tehran

contest, Rafsanjani came in 30th, or last, place. Atfirst he

was not among the 30 representatives of Tehran elected,

as announced by theIranian Ministry of the Interior, but

theCouncil of Guardians then ruled numerous ballots

void, leading to accusations of ballot fraud in Rafsanjanisfavor.[28] Rafsanjani thus became aMajlisrepresentative,

but resigned before being sworn in. He explained that he

felt hewas able to serve the peoplebetter in other posts.

Rafsanjani is the current Chairman of theExpediency

Discernment Council, that resolves legislative issues be-

tween theMajlisand theCouncil of Guardians.

In December 2006, Rafsanjani was elected to the

Assembly of Experts representing Tehran with more than

1.5 million votes, which was more than any other can-

didate. Ahmadinejad opponents won majority of local

election seats. On 4 September 2007 he was elected

Chairman of theAssembly of Experts, the body that se-lects Irans supreme leader, in what was considered a blow

to the supporters ofMahmoud Ahmadinejad. He won

the chairmanship with 41 votes of the 76 cast. His ul-

traconservative opponent, Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, re-

ceived 31 votes.[37] He was running againstAhmad Jan-

nati. Rafsanjani was re-elected to the position on 10

March 2009, running against Mohammad Yazdi. He

received 51 votes compared to Yazdis 26.[38][39] On 8

March 2011 he withdrew from the election. AyatollahMohammadRezaMahdaviKani is thenew Chairman.[40]

In more recent years, Rafsanjani has advocatedfreedom

of expression, toleranceandcivil society. In a speech

on 17 July 2009, Rafsanjani criticized restriction of me-

dia and suppression of activists, and put emphasis on

the role and vote of people in the Islamic Republic

constitution.[41][42][43] The event has been considered by

analysts as the most important and most turbulent Friday

prayer in thehistory of contemporary Iran.[44] Nearly1.5-

2.5 million people attended the speech in Tehran.[45]

5 Crisis following 2009 election

5.1 2009 election protests

Main articles: Iranian presidential election, 2009 and

2009 Iranian election protests

During the2009 Presidential election, Rafsanjanis for-

mer rival and incumbent president, Mahmoud Ah-

madinejad, won a (disputed) landslide victory over chal-

lengerMir-Hossein Mousavi. His daughter was arrestedon 21 June by plain clothes Basij during the subse-

quent protest[46] and later sentenced to six months in jail

on charges of spreading propaganda against the Islamic

Republic.[47]

Rafsanjani was chairman of theAssembly of Experts,

which is responsible for appointing or removing the

Supreme Leader, who has been rumored to not be in the

best of health.[48] After thedisputed resultsof theelection

were certified by the Supreme Leader, Rafsanjani was re-

ported to have called a meeting of the Assembly of Ex-

perts, but it is unknown what the outcome or disposition

of this meeting actually was.[49]

During this time Rafsan-jani relocated from Tehran toQom, where the countrys

religious leaders sit. However, for the most part, Rafsan-

jani was silent about the controversial 12 June election

and its aftermath.[50]

On 17 July 2009, Rafsanjani publicly addressed the elec-

tion crisis, mass arrests and the issue of freedom of ex-

pression duringFriday prayers. The prayers witnessed an

extremely large crowd that resembled the Friday prayers

early after the revolution. Supporters of both reformist

and conservative parties took part in the event. During

prayers, Rafsanjani argued the following:[51]

All of us the establishment, the security

forces, police, parliament and even protestors
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_prayershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Expertshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basijhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2009https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_election_protestshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2009https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_expressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Mahdavi_Kanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Yazdihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Jannatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Jannatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Expertshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Expertshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Guardianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Guardianshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Ministry_of_the_Interiorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Khatamihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami


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4 7 POLITICAL PARTIES

should move within the framework of law...

We should open the doors to debates. We

should not keep so many people in prison. We

should free them to take care of their fami-

lies. ... It is impossible to restore public con-

fidence overnight, but we have to let every-

one speak out. ... We should have logical andbrotherly discussions and our people will make

their judgments. ... We should let our media

write within the framework of the law and we

should not impose restrictions on them. ... We

should let our media even criticize us. Our se-

curity forces, our police and other organs have

to guarantee such a climate for criticism.[52]

5.2 Assembly of Experts election

On 8 March 2011 Rafsanjani lost his post as chair-

man of the powerfulAssembly of Experts, replaced by

AyatollahMohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani. Rafsanjani

stated that he withdrew from the election for chairman

to avoid division. The loss was said to be the result

of intensive lobbying in recent weeks by hardliners

and supporters of president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,

and part of Rafsanjanis gradual loss of power over the

years.[53] It was said that Rafsanjani would be dismissed

as head ofExpediency Discernment Councilbut he was

re-appointed for another five years term on 14 March

2012 byAli Khamenei.

5.3 2013 Presidential elections

Main article: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani presidential

campaign, 2013

On 11 May 2013 Rafsanjani registered for the 14 June

presidential election with just minutes to spare.[54] For-

mer reformist presidentMohammad Khatamiendorsed

him.[55] However, on 21 May 2013, Irans electoral

watchdog disqualified him from standing in the presiden-

tial election.[56] On 11 June 2013, Rafsanjani endorsed

moderateHassan Rouhaniin the elections for Irans pres-idency saying the candidate was more suitable than oth-

ers for presidency.[57]

6 Controversies

6.1 Accusations

Rafsanjani is currently sought by the Argentinian govern-

ment for ordering the1994 AMIA bombinginBuenos

Aires.[58] It is based on the allegation that senior Iranian

officials planned the attack in an August 1993 meeting,including Khamanei, the Supreme Leader,Mohammad

Hejazi, Khamaneis intelligence and security advisor,

The names of the victims appear in the commemorative plaque

in front of Mykonos restaurant inBerlin

Rafsanjani, then president, Ali Fallahian, then intelli-

gence minister, andAli Akbar Velayati, then foreign

minister.[59]

In 1997 during theMykonos trialin Germany, it was de-

clared that Rafsanjani, the then president of Iran, along-

side of Ayatollah Khamenei, Velayati and Fallahian had

role in assassination of Irans opposition activists in Eu-

rope.

6.2 Tension with Ahmadinejad

After his loss at the presidential elections in 2005, agrowing tension between him and President Ahmadine-

jad arose. Rafsanjani has criticized Ahmadinejads ad-

ministration several times for conducting a purge of gov-

ernment officials,[60] slow move towardsprivatization[61]

and recentlyhostile foreign policy in particular the atomic

energy policy.[62] In return Ahmadinejad fought back that

Rafsanjani failed to differentiate privatization with the

corrupt takeover of government-owned companies and

of foreign policies which led tosanctions against Iranin

1995 and 1996.[63][64] He also implicitly denounced Raf-

sanjani and his followers by calling those who criticize

his nuclear program as traitors.[65]

During a debate withMirhossein Moussaviin2009 pres-

idential election, Ahmadinejad accused Hashemi of cor-

ruption. Hashemi released an open letter in which he

complained about what he called the presidents insults,

lies and falseallegations and asked the countrys supreme

leader, Ali Khamenei, to intervene.[66]

7 Political parties

Although Rafsanjani has been a member of the

pragmatic-conservative Combatant Clergy Association,he has a close bond to the reformist Kargozaranparty.

He has been seen as flip-flopping between conservative
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargozaranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Associationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2009https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2009https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirhossein_Moussavihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization_in_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykonos_restaurant_assassinationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Velayatihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Fallahianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hejazihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hejazihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_AMIA_bombinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Rouhanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Khatamihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_presidential_campaign,_2013https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_presidential_campaign,_2013https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khameneihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad-Reza_Mahdavi_Kanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts


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9.1 Family tree 5

and reformist camps since the election ofMohammad

Khatami, supporting reformers in that election, but go-

ing back to the conservative camp in the2000 parliamen-

tary electionsas a result of the reformist party severely

criticizing and refusing to accept him as their candidate.

Reformists, includingAkbar Ganji, accused him of in-

volvement in murdering dissidents and writers during hispresidency. In the end, the major differences between the

Kargozaran and the reformists party weakened both and

eventually resulted in their loss at the presidential elec-

tions in 2005. However, Rafsanjani has regained close

ties with the reformers since he lost the 2005 presidential

elections toMahmoud Ahmadinejad.[22]

8 Electoral history

Hashemi casting his vote in2013 presidential election

Main article: Electoral history of Akbar Hashemi

Rafsanjani

9 Personal life

Hashemi speaking as his wife,Effatlistening

From his marriage toEffat Mar'ashi in 1962, Rafsan-

jani has three sons:Mohsen,Mehdi, andYasser, as well

as two daughters, Fatemeh and Faezeh. OnlyFaezeh

Hashemichose a political life, which led to her becom-

ing aMajlisrepresentative and then the publisher of the

newspaperZan(woman), which was closed in February

1999.[67]

9.1 Family tree

[68][69]

10 Books

Memories

The Combat Era is the title of his book on theevents before the 1979 revolution. His devotion

to Rouhollah Khomeini, his sympathy with the

national movement includingMohammad Mosad-

degh and Mahdi Bazargan is seen in this book.

In this book, he even shows interest in western

democracy.[70]

Amir Kabir: the Hero of Fighting against Imperialism

(1968)[71]

Tafsir Rahnama[72]

Explicit Letters

In addition, the full text of hisFriday Prayersermons

and his congress keynote speeches are also published

separately.[73] Based on his diary, viewpoints, speeches

and interviews, several independent books have been

published so far.

11 See also

Government of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (198997)

12 References

[1] Sciolino, Elaine (19 April 1992). Rafsanjani Sketches

Vision of a Moderate, Modern Iran. New York Times.

Archivedfrom the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 9

June 2009.

[2] Poursafa, Mahdi (20 January 2014).

[From Aghdas to Fath": Medals restingon the chest of Iranian Serdars](in Persian). Fars News.

Retrieved 21 October 2014.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_Newshttp://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13921029000489http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13921029000489http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13921029000489http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13921029000489http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13921029000489https://web.archive.org/web/20090621053311/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/19/world/rafsanjani-sketches-vision-of-a-moderate-modern-iran.html?pagewanted=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/19/world/rafsanjani-sketches-vision-of-a-moderate-modern-iran.html?pagewanted=1http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/19/world/rafsanjani-sketches-vision-of-a-moderate-modern-iran.html?pagewanted=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_(1989%E2%80%9397)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani_(1989%E2%80%9397)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_Prayerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_Rahnamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi_Bazarganhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddeghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddeghhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouhollah_Khomeinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_of_daily_memos_of_Hashemi_Rafsanjanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zan_(newspaper)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_of_Iranhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faezeh_Hashemihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faezeh_Hashemihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faezeh_Hashemi_Rafsanjanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Hashemi_Rafsanjanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Hashemi_Rafsanjanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohsen_Hashemi_Rafsanjanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effat_Mar%2527ashihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effat_Marashihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2013https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2005https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_presidential_election,_2005https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Ganjihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_parliamentary_elections,_2000https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_parliamentary_elections,_2000https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Khatamihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami


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6 12 REFERENCES

[3] Transliteration: Akbar Hshem Rafsanjn

pronunciation

[4] In Rafsanjanis election to key post, Iran moderates see

victoryIndian Express, 6 September 2007

[5] Irans RafsanjaniLoses KeyPost On AssemblyOf Experts

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 8 March 2011

[6] Ian Black.Iran election: Rafsanjani defends decision to

stand as his 'national duty'". The Guardian.

[7] Iranian politics after the nuclear deal. The Economist.

28 May 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.

[8] RK Ramazani Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Re-

sponse in the Middle East', The Johns Hopkins University

Press, 1987.

[9] Murder at Mykonos: Anatomy of a Political Assassination

Iran Human Rights Documentation Center, 2009

[10] BBC News Profile: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, 19 June

2009

[11] Irans Rafsanjani Registers for presidential race. AP.

Retrieved 11 May 2013.

[12] Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani from Radio Free

Europe

[13] Iran Report: May 9, 2005. RadioFreeEu-

rope/RadioLiberty.

[14] Rafsanjanis possible return creates a buzz in Tehran.

Financial Times.

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[18] Brumberg, Daniel, Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for

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[21] It is a quirk of history that Mr. Rafsanjani, the ultimate

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[29] Mafinezam, Alidad and Aria Mehrabi,Iran and its Place

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Christin Marschall

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Back in Spotlightin Iran, as He Wins Leadershipof Coun-

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[48] Iran Sources Dismiss Buzz Over Khamenei Health

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ject Ahmadinejads alleged victoryJulian Borger and IanBlack, The Guardian, 14 June 2009

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Persian ).fararu.com. Retrieved 28 March 2015.

") [69] "in Persian ).shafaf.ir.

Retrieved 28 March 2015.

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[71] :

,

". [72] " .

noormags.com.

[73] : - "-

."BBC News.

13 Further reading

Pesaran, Evaleila,Irans Struggle for Economic Inde-

pendence: Reform and Counter-Reform in the Post-

Revolutionary Era, Editor:Taylor & Francis

Amir Arjomand, Said, After Khomeini: Iran Under

His Successors, Editor:Oxford University Press

Moin, Baqer, (1999) Khomeini: Life of the Ayatol-

lah, Editor: I.B.Tauris

Nabavi, Negin,Iran: From Theocracy to the Green

Movement, Editor:Palgrave Macmillan

14 External links

Official

Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjanis Official Website

Other

All News About Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Iranian Economy in Six Snapshots

Rafsanjanis response to some allegations(ISNA, in

Persian)

ISNA interview with Mohsen Hashemi Rafsanjani

about the Rafsanjani family(in Persian)

Friday Sermon at Tehran University: We Will Soon

Join The Nuclear Club For Peaceful Purposes

(video clip from 3 December 2004)

Video Archive of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

The U.S. and Iran by George Church Arms for Hostage Deals
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8 15 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

15 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

15.1 Text

Akbar Hashemi RafsanjaniSource:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani?oldid=725374848Contributors:JeLuF,

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mali, Saadi2000, Jujutacular, Jauhienij, TobeBot, Cyrus-green, M3a1xx, Lotje, Amir.Hossein.7055, Farhikht, Saltyman1, Rjwilmsi-

Bot, DASHBot, EmausBot, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Koroosh1986, Np0804, Gfoley4, GoingBatty, GMIAMIR.2010, ZxxZxxZ,GMIAMIR.20102010, ZroBot, FreedomforIran, WikiReformist, Alivemakess, Sduty, Alborzagros, Mahshidnadimi, DemocraticIranWe-

need, 19thPharaoh, Verysomenotes, Nimatehran2010, Mehdi, CharlieEchoTango, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Kazemita1, Jamo58, Alimarashi,

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15.3 Content license 9

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