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AIRE, SPACE AND CULTURE(S)

REFLECTIONS ABOUT ‘TRAVELLING CONCEPTS’ ININTERCULTURALITY

DAMIEN EHRHARDT

SLAM, UNIVERSITÉ D’EVRY

‘TRAVELLING CONCEPTS’ (M. BAL)

cultures

between…

disciplines:anthropology, geography, history, geostrategy…

eras(time)

AIRE : WORD MEANINGS

a) Floor where grain is beatenb) Flat surface of the rock where the eagle make his

nestc) Delimited grounds reserved for a certain type of

activity (aire de jeu)d) Surface of a planar region, a solid or something else

and its measures in square unitse) Aire continentale : vast region of the Earth’s crust

which remains stable over geological time

ESPACE / SPACE: WORD MEANINGS

a) Indefinite extent that surrounds and contains allobjects, its representation

b) Math. Set of points (vectors), with a structure; threedimensional geometry (in space, as opposed to theplan)

c) Volume occupied by something, ce meuble occupepeu d’espace / this furniture occupies little space

d) Environment affected for a particular purpose,espace publicitaire / advertising space

e) Extent in which the stars move.

f) Imaginary spacesg) Space of time

h) Emptiness of space: Newton’s absolute space, thespace between two words

‘TRIPLICITÉ SPATIALE’ BY H. LEFEBVRE,La production de l’espace, 1974 :a) Spacial practice of a society,b) Representations of space: espace conçuc) Spaces of representation: espace vécu

IDEAL TYPES OF AIRE AND SPACE

AIRE ESPACE / SPACETwo-dimensional Three-dimensionnel or more

Definite, delimited Indefinite, infiniteUnited MultipleStable Variable

Close and confine Open

1. Intellectual-aesthetic culture (intellektuell-ästhetischer Kulturbegriff), related to Bildung andart. Derives from the traditional canon of greatartists and their works. Linked with an elitistconception of culture based on aesthetic, moraland ethical values, opposed to popular or massculture

2. Material or instrumental culture (materielleror instrumenteller Kulturbegriff), comes from theetymological sense of agricultura.

3. Cultural anthropology (anthropologischerKulturbegriff), all the collective representations,patterns of thought, and actions of a society.

Hans-Jürgen Lüsebrink, Interkulturelle Kommunikation, 2005

CULTURAL CONCEPTS BY H.-J. LÜSEBRINK

AIRE SPACE

materialculture

spiritual culture

Acultural spaces taking into account material

culture

Bcultural areas taking into account material

culture

Ccultural areas based almost exclusively on

spiritual culture

Dcultural spaces based almost exclusively on

spiritual culture

spiritual culture

materialculture

AIRE SPACE

materialculture

Kulturkreisdiffusionism: Frobenius,

Ratzel, Graebner

cultural landscapeBerkeley School Sauer

spiritual culture

AIRE SPACE

AIRE

materialculture


Ratzel, Graebner


Aires de civilisation

Mauss

spiritual culture

SPACE

MARCEL MAUSS« Les civilisations. Eléments et formes », Paris 1929

“a civilization is both an area and a form”toute civilisation a, à la fois, une aire et une forme

MARCEL MAUSS« Les civilisations. Eléments et formes », Paris 1929

a civilization has “always its breakpoints, its limits,its core and its periphery. The description anddefinition of these areas are a key work in thehistory […].”une civilisation a toujours ses points d’arrêt, seslimites, son noyau et sa périphérie. La description etla définition de ces aires sont un travail capital pourl’histoire […]

“a civilization is both an area and a form”toute civilisation a, à la fois, une aire et une forme

AIRE

materialculture


Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel

spiritual culture

SPACE

FERNAND BRAUDELGrammaire des civilisations, [1963]

AIRE

materialculture


Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel

Clash of civilizations

Huntington

spiritual culture

SPACE

HUNTINGTON’S CIVILIZATIONSThe Clash of Civilizations, 1996 (Foreign Affairs 1993)

YVES LACOSTE’S FIVE GROUPS

AIRE

materialculture

Kulturkreisdiffusionnism: Frobenius,

Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel


Huntington Lacoste

spiritual culture

SPACE

AIRE

materialculture


Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel


Huntington Lacoste

Third spaceBhabha

EthnoscapeAppadurai

spiritual culture

SPACE

ARJUN APPADURAIModernity At Large, 1996

“thus left-wing critics of area studies, much influenced bythe important work of Edward Said on orientalism, havebeen joined by free-marketeers and advocates ofliberalization, who are impatient with what they derideas the narrowness and history fetish of area-studiesexperts”.

HOMI K. BHABHAThe Location of Culture, 1994

existence of nation

alterity of other nationsBIPOLARITY

THIRD SPACE

DissemiNation, cleaved and hybrid Nation

Ethnoscapes

Mediascapes

TechnoscapesFinancescape

Ideoscapes



“By ethnoscape I mean the landscape of persons whoconstitute the shifting world in which we live: tourists,immigrants, refugees, exiles, guest workers, and othermoving groups and individuals constitute an essentialfeature of the world and appear to affect the politics of(and between) nations to a hitherto unprecedenteddegree. This is not to say that there are no relativelystable communities and networks of kinship, friendship,work, and leisure, as well as birth, residence, and otherfilial forms. But it is to say that the warp of thesestabilities is everywhere shot through with the woof ofhuman motion, as more persons and groups deal with therealities of having to move or the fantasies of wanting tomove.”


the area studies tradition:

o “a double-edged sword”




o “a tiny refuge for the serious study of foreignlanguages, alternatives worldviews, and large-scaleperspectives on sociocultural change outside Europeand the USA”




o “a tiny refuge for the serious study of foreignlanguages, alternatives worldviews, and large-scaleperspectives on sociocultural change outside Europeand the USA”

o “one of the few serious counterweights to the tirelesstendency to marginalize huge parts of the world in theAmerican academy and in American society moregenerally



o “probably too comfortable with its own maps of theworld, too secure in its own expert practices, and tooinsensitive to transnational processes both today andin the past. […] What does need to be recognized, ifthe area-studies tradition is to be revitalized, is thatlocality itself is a historical product and that thehistories through which location emerge are eventuallysubject to the dynamics of the global.”

AIRE

materialculture


Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel

Clash ofcivilizations

Huntington Lacoste

Third spaceBhabha

EthnoscapeAppadurai

spiritual culture

SPACE

AIRE

materialculture


Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel


Huntington Lacoste

Third spaceBhabha

EthnoscapeAppadurai

SPACE

spiritual culture

AIRE

materialculture


Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel


Huntington Lacoste

Third spaceBhabha

EthnoscapeAppadurai

spiritual culture

SPACE

AIRE

materialculture


Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel


Huntington Lacoste

Third spaceBhabha

EthnoscapeAppadurai

spiritual culture

SPACE

history

AIRE

materialculture


Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel


Huntington Lacoste

Third spaceBhabha

EthnoscapeAppadurai

spiritual culture

SPACE

history geopolitics, international strategy

AIRE

materialculture


Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel


Huntington Lacoste

Third spaceBhabha

EthnoscapeAppadurai

spiritual culture

SPACE

history Kulturwissenschaftgeopolitics, international strategy

SOME PERSPECTIVES…

o Rethink area studies

SOME PERSPECTIVES…

o Rethink area studies

o Beyond area studies. Crossing them with othertheories of interculturality (Empire, transfer studies,planetarism…)

AIRE


Ratzel, Graebner



Mauss

Braudel


Huntington Lacoste

Third spaceBhabha

EthnoscapeAppadurai

SPACE

spiritual culture

materialculture

THANK YOU!

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