L-3Sources of Air Pollution

Air Pollution and ControlAir Pollution and Control

(Elective(Elective--I)I)

Contents of unit-II•• LL--3 3 Sources of Air Pollution : Natural Sources of Air Pollution : Natural and and

artificialartificial..

•• Classification Classification of of pollutantpollutant..

•• LL--44 Classification of pollutants, Classification of pollutants, Quantity Quantity and and composition of particulate composition of particulate & gaseous pollutant& gaseous pollutant..

•• UUnits nits of measurementof measurement..

•• LL5 5 Problems on unit (ppm to µg/mProblems on unit (ppm to µg/m33 and vice and vice versa) conversionversa) conversion

•• TESTTEST--1 on Unit1 on Unit--I and UnitI and Unit-- IIII

Fundamental Causes of Air Pollution

•• DuringDuring thethe lastlast couplecouple ofof centuriescenturies wewewitnessedwitnessed anan emergenceemergence ofof severalseveralfundamentalfundamental trendstrends thatthat becamebecame thethe majormajorforcesforces behindbehind thethe dramaticdramatic levelslevels ofof airairpollutionpollution worldwideworldwide..

•• IndustrializationIndustrialization setset inin motionmotion thethe widespreadwidespreaduseuse ofof fossilfossil fuelsfuels whichwhich areare nownow thethe mainmaindriversdrivers ofof pollutionpollution asas wewe knowknow itit..

•• Population growthPopulation growth causes the demand for causes the demand for food and other goods to go up, which is met food and other goods to go up, which is met by expanded production and use of natural by expanded production and use of natural resources. This then leads to higher levels of resources. This then leads to higher levels of atmospheric pollution. atmospheric pollution.

•• GlobalizationGlobalization has in a way become a has in a way become a facilitator of air pollution. Big industry takes facilitator of air pollution. Big industry takes advantage of lapses environmental controls advantage of lapses environmental controls in developing nations and moves its in developing nations and moves its manufacturing facilities to such “pollution manufacturing facilities to such “pollution havens” from where air pollution travels havens” from where air pollution travels around the world without any obstacles. around the world without any obstacles.

When we say air pollutants and sources, When we say air pollutants and sources, above picture comes to our mind above picture comes to our mind

Air Pollutants•• Any substance occurring in the Any substance occurring in the

atmosphere that may have adverse effects atmosphere that may have adverse effects on humans, animals, plant life, and/or on humans, animals, plant life, and/or inanimate materials. inanimate materials.

•• Air pollutants have known or suspected Air pollutants have known or suspected harmful effects on human health and harmful effects on human health and environment. environment.

•• A A source of air pollution source of air pollution is any is any activity that causes pollutants to activity that causes pollutants to be emitted into the air. be emitted into the air.

•• Natural sources of air pollution, Natural sources of air pollution, also known as also known as biogenic sourcesbiogenic sources. .

•• HumanHuman--generated pollutants or generated pollutants or anthropogenic sourcesanthropogenic sources..

Classification of sources of air pollutant sources- 1st way

1) Natural Sources

- forest fires (CO2, ash)

- volcanic eruptions (sulfur, mercury)

- Biological decay

- Disintegration of rocks

2) Artificial Sources

-- Vehicular pollutionVehicular pollution

-- cookingcooking

-- Industries etcIndustries etc

Natural Artificial

Stationary Mobile

Area sources

Eg:- 1. Domestic heating of coal

and gas2.Onsite

incineration

Line sources

Eg:- 1. Highway vehicles

2. Railways

Point

sourcesEg:- 1. Industrial

processing2. Power plants

3. Volcano

Area sources

Eg:- 1. Railway station

2. Bus stand3. Air ports

Total sources

Classification of sources of air pollutant sources-2nd way

Line source

Point source

Area source source

VolcanoVolcano

Open burning Open burning

Mobile sources•• "Mobile sources" is a term used to "Mobile sources" is a term used to

describe a wide variety of vehicles, describe a wide variety of vehicles, engines, and equipment that generate engines, and equipment that generate air pollution and that move, or can be air pollution and that move, or can be moved, from place to place. moved, from place to place.

•• Mobile sources are classified as Mobile sources are classified as OnOn--road and Nonroad and Non--road road sources. sources.

•• ""OnOn--roadroad" or highway sources include vehicles " or highway sources include vehicles used on roads for transportation of passengers or used on roads for transportation of passengers or freight. Onfreight. On--road sources include lightroad sources include light--duty vehicles duty vehicles (LDVs, also referred to as passenger cars), heavy(LDVs, also referred to as passenger cars), heavy--duty vehicles (HDVs), and motorcycles that are used duty vehicles (HDVs), and motorcycles that are used for transportation on the road. Onfor transportation on the road. On--road vehicles may road vehicles may be fuelled with gasoline, diesel fuel, or alternative be fuelled with gasoline, diesel fuel, or alternative fuels, such as alcohol or natural gas. fuels, such as alcohol or natural gas.

•• ""NonNon--roadroad" sources include gasoline and " sources include gasoline and diesel powered vehicles, engines, and diesel powered vehicles, engines, and equipment used for construction, agriculture, equipment used for construction, agriculture, transportation, recreation, and many other transportation, recreation, and many other purposes. These sources emit both criteria purposes. These sources emit both criteria pollutants and other hazardous air pollutants.pollutants and other hazardous air pollutants.

•• Mobile sources pollute the air through Mobile sources pollute the air through combustion and fuel evaporation. These combustion and fuel evaporation. These emissions contribute greatly to air pollution emissions contribute greatly to air pollution nationwide and are the primary causes of air nationwide and are the primary causes of air pollution in many urban areas. Combustion is pollution in many urban areas. Combustion is the process of burning. the process of burning.

•• Motor vehicles and equipment typically burn Motor vehicles and equipment typically burn fuel in an engine to create power.fuel in an engine to create power.

•• Petrol, Gasoline and diesel fuels are mixtures Petrol, Gasoline and diesel fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons, which are compounds that of hydrocarbons, which are compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms. contain hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Difference between perfect combustion and typical engine combustion

•• Perfect CombustionPerfect CombustionFuel (hydrocarbons) + Air (oxygen and nitrogen) Fuel (hydrocarbons) + Air (oxygen and nitrogen) Carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) + Carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) + unaffected nitrogen unaffected nitrogen

•• Typical Engine CombustionTypical Engine CombustionFuel + Air Fuel + Air Unburned Hydrocarbons + Nitrogen Unburned Hydrocarbons + Nitrogen Oxides (Oxides (NOxNOx) + Carbon monoxide (CO) + ) + Carbon monoxide (CO) + Carbon dioxide + water Carbon dioxide + water

Particulate pollutant

Eg :- Fumes, mist, fog,

smoke, dust etc

Gaseous pollutants

Eg :- CO, NOx, SOx etc

Air pollutant

Classification of air pollutants:-Based on states of mater

Gaseous pollutants

•• GaseousGaseous pollutantspollutants areare thosethosepollutantspollutants whichwhich getsgets mixedmixed withwiththethe airair andand dodo notnot normallynormally settlesettleoutout..

Particulate pollutants

•• WhichWhich comprisecomprise ofof finelyfinely divideddividedsolidssolids oror liquidsliquids andand oftenoften existsexists inincolloidalcolloidal statestate asas aerosolsaerosols

Inorganic pollutantEg :- 1. Carbon compounds- CO, CO2

2. Nitrogen Compounds – NOx, NH3

3. Sulphur compounds- SOx, H2s,H2SO4

4.Oxidising afents – O3

5. Halogens- HF, HCl

Organic pollutantsEg :-1. Aldehydes,2. Ketones,3. Alcohols4. Hydrocarbons

Air pollutant

Classification of air pollutants:- Based on Chemical Composition

Organic and inorganic pollutants

•• Organic :Organic :-- Contains HContains H--C (hydrocarbons)C (hydrocarbons)

•• Inorganic :Inorganic :-- Do not contain hydrocarbonsDo not contain hydrocarbons

Secondarypollutant

Eg :- O3, PAN, Smog, PBN, Formaldehyde

Primarypollutants

Eg :- CO, NO2, SO2,SPM,Halogen compounds

Air pollutant

Classification of air pollutants:- Based on Origin

Primary pollutants

•• PrimaryPrimary airair pollutantspollutants areare thosethosewhichwhich areare emittedemitted fromfrom identifiableidentifiablesourcessources..

Secondary air pollutants

•• SecondarySecondary airair pollutantspollutants areare thosethosewhichwhich areare producedproduced inin thethe airair byby thetheinteractioninteraction amongamong twotwo oror moremoreprimaryprimary pollutantspollutants oror byby reactionreactionwithwith normalnormal atmosphericatmosphericconstituentsconstituents withwith oror withoutwithout photophotoactivationactivation

PrimaryPrimary PollutantsPollutants

SecondarySecondary PollutantsPollutants

SourcesSourcesNaturalNatural

StationaryStationary

COCO COCO22

SOSO22 NONO NONO22

Most hydrocarbonsMost hydrocarbons

Most suspendedMost suspendedparticlesparticles

SOSO33

HNOHNO33 HH22SOSO44

HH22OO22 OO33 PANsPANs

MostMost andand saltssaltsNONO33––

MobileMobile

SOSO4422––

Objective questionsQ1. Q1. _____________or ______________ sources _____________or ______________ sources

include vehicles used on roads for transportation of include vehicles used on roads for transportation of passengers or freight.passengers or freight.

Q2.Q2. ______________sources include gasoline and ______________sources include gasoline and diesel powered vehicles, engines, and equipment diesel powered vehicles, engines, and equipment used for construction, agriculture, transportation, used for construction, agriculture, transportation, recreation, and many other purposes. recreation, and many other purposes.

Q3. ________________ pollutants are emitted from Q3. ________________ pollutants are emitted from identifiable sources.identifiable sources.

Q4. Ozone is __________________ pollutant.Q4. Ozone is __________________ pollutant.

Q5. Secondary air pollutants need Q5. Secondary air pollutants need ___________________ for formation.___________________ for formation.

Q6. Q6. ___________ sources pollute the air through ___________ sources pollute the air through combustion and fuel evaporation. combustion and fuel evaporation.

Q7. Q7. Natural sources of air pollution, also known as Natural sources of air pollution, also known as ______________________________________________. .

Q8. HumanQ8. Human--generated pollutants are also known as generated pollutants are also known as __________________________.__________________________.

Q9. Air port can be categorized under Q9. Air port can be categorized under ______________ sources.______________ sources.

Q10. Domestic cooking is _________________ Q10. Domestic cooking is _________________ type of sourcetype of source

Theory questions

Q1. Explain classification of sources of air Q1. Explain classification of sources of air pollution with suitable examples.pollution with suitable examples.

Q2. Write detailed classification of air pollutants.Q2. Write detailed classification of air pollutants.

Q3. Define by giving examplesQ3. Define by giving examples

1.1. Primary air pollutantsPrimary air pollutants

2.2. Secondary air pollutantsSecondary air pollutants

3.3. OnOn--road sourcesroad sources

4.4. NonNon--road sourcesroad sources

AIR POLLUTION AND SOURCESVideo clip-1