air pollution chemistry introduction
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AIR POLLUTION
CHEMISTRY
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ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE
Pure air is described as a mixture of
the following gases:7!"# $%& %"!'# O%& "!(# Ar& "!")#
*O%& "!""%# $e& "!""+# He ,lus
other gases! Such ,ure air does notexist but it ser-es as a reference forclean air!
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Atmospheric pressure (millibars! "!! #!! $!! %!! &'!!!
&"!
&&!
&!!
!
%!
)!
$!
*!
#!
+!
"!
&!
!
(SeaLe,el -%! -#! ! #! %! &"!
Pressure . &'!!!
millibars at/rou01 le,elTemperature (2C
Altitu1e(3ilo
meters
Altitu1e(m
iles
)*
$*
**
#*
+*
"*
&*
*
Thermosphere
Heati0/ ,ia o4o0e
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
O4o0e 5la6er7Heati0/ 8rom the earth
Troposphere
Temperature
Pressure
Hi/hli/hts9
Pressure decreases
with altitude until itreaches .ero
Tro,os,here is thela/er we li-e in0mostl/ $ and O0weather0 colder as/ou go u,
Stratos,here: has theo.one la/er0 warmeras /ou go u,
En-ironmental science
focuses mostl/ onthose two la/ers
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Stratospheric o4o0e absorbs (+#of 12 radiation
)O% 3 12 % O)
Tropospheric o4o0e is harmful to,lants& animals& and humans!
Tro,os,heric o.one is made when air
,ollutants undergo chemicalreactions because of 12 ex,osure!
ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE
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The ox/gen atom generated from theinitial reaction reacts withatmos,heric& diatomic ox/gen& toform o.one!
This ,olluting o.one of thelithos,here& tra,s heat andcontributes to thermal in-ersion!
2 3O O O+
ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE
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Smog
Photochemical94brown air smog5
*aused b/ 12 reacting withchemicals 6$Ox& 2O*s in theatmos,here 8ound in modern cities&es,eciall/ in warm& sunn/ areas!
I01ustrial smo/94gra/ air smog5*aused b/ burning of fossil fuels&adds sulfur to air! Rare in de-elo,ed
countries now as soot is remo-ed b/
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$itrogen oxide is an essentialingredient of photochemical smo/that is ,roduced during the high
tem,eratures associated withcombustion of -ehicles engines!
PHOTO*HEM;*A< SMO=PHOTO*HEM;*A< SMO=
2 2 2N O Energy NO+ +
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How is it that toxins& fromthousands of miles awa/can enter an ecos/stem
that ,re-iousl/ had no traceof these ,ollutants>
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Recent studies show that ;nuits
ha-e some of the worldshighest le-els of toxic chemicalsin their bodies! The disco-er/ of
toxic ,ollutants in the foodsu,,l/ has ,ut '++&""" ;nuitson the brin? of a ,ublic health
disaster!
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4=rassho,,er E@ect5
;n a ,henomenonscientists call thegrassho,,er e@ect&toxic ,ollutants
released thousands ofmiles to the southe-a,orate in the
warm climate! The/then ride the windsuntil the/ reach thecold air of the Arctic&
where the/
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2 2 2 3
3 2 2 4
2 2 3 22
SO H O H SO
SO H O H SO
NO H O HNO HNO
+
+
+ +
A*; RA;$
The ,H of rainwater is normall/slightl/ acidic& at about +!B& duemainl/ to reaction of carbon dioxidewith water to form carbonic acid!
2 2 2 3CO H O H CO+
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:i01
Tra0s8ormatio0 tosul8uric aci1 (H"SO#a01 0itric aci1 (HNO+
Nitric o;i1e (NO
Aci1 8o/
Ocea0
Sul8ur 1io;i1e (SO"a01 NO
:i01bor0e ammo0ia /asa01 particles o8 culti,ate1 soilpartiall6 0eutrali4e aci1s a01
8orm 1r6 sul8ate a01 0itrate salts
ere1
La3es i0 shallo?soil lo? i0limesto0ebecomeaci1ic
:et aci1 1epositio0(1roplets o8 H"SO#a01HNO+1issol,e1 i0 rai0a01 s0o?
Acid Rain formation
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:i01
Ocea0
=arm
Chich location does sulfuric
D nitric acids transform>
Y@
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:i01
Ocea0
=arm
;dentif/ the t/,e of acid
de,osition at ,oint
Y@
Tra0s8ormatio0 tosul8uric aci1 (H"SO#a01 0itric aci1 (HNO+
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:i01
Ocea0
=arm
;dentif/ the t/,e of acid
de,osition at ,oint F
@
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:i01
Ocea0
=arm
PRE*;P;TAT;O$G
Y
:et aci1 1epositio0
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:armer air
I0,ersio0 la6er
Cool la6er
Mou0taiMou0tai0
Balle6
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I0,ersio0 la6er
Mou0tai0ra0/e
Sea bree4e
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A;R PO
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A;R PO
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;denti9cation Methods;denti9cation Methods
'! Sensor/ RecognitionL Strong unusual odorsL Reduction in -isibilit/
L E/e irritationL Acid taste in the mouthL 8eel of grit under foot
2er/ subIecti-e and -ar/from indi-idual to indi-idual
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;denti9cation Methods;denti9cation Methods
%! Ph/sical MeasurementL testingN detection of trace
uantities of man/ airLborne toxic
substances)! E@ects on Plants& uildings&
AnimalsL obser-ation on the growth of ,lants
and health of animalsL deleterious e@ects on buildings
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H A H P
C R I L
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NOT
D A H P U T
C Y I L R
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< A R P A
S N T