1.1 CASE FOR INNOVATIONAbout the AuthorDigital DesignArchitecture as a DiscourseComputing in ArchitectureParametric Modelling

1.1 Case for Innovation

My name is Sarah Skeels and I am studying a Bachelor of Environments, majoring in Architecture. I originally started off as an Arts student at The University of Melbourne, but after a year of study, decided to transfer out of the degree. Previous to that, I was a student at Camberwell Girls Grammar School, where I was able to go on exchange to Germany during the summer of 07/08. On that, as well as on subsequent trips to Europe, I fell in love with buildings, their facades and how they manipulated space within both the interior and exterior of the structure, and how this changed for architecture between countries and within regions of countries. After graduating next year, I hope to take some time off to return to Europe to immerse myself in the rich culture and beautiful city streets of one of my favourite cities, Paris.

My past experience with digital design is extremely limited. In semester 2, 2011 I completed the subject Virtual

Environments, where I used Rhino to create a design of a process found in nature that takes place over time. I found this to be an extremely frustrating experience, as my knowledge and ability on computers, let alone complicated programs such as Rhino, is not very good. However, as much as my ability was somewhat of an inhibitor to my designing, I found that using digital modeling to be extremely useful in many respects. What I found most advantageous was being able to see the model in 3D, and at numerous angles in the most up-to-date version of the design, something that I find my paper sketches could not do. And although I can’t say from experience, because for me changing my design in even the slightest way took hours of laboriously pouring over online tutorials to figure out which button or command I should use, I could see from my tutor’s proficient use of the program, that such things could be done almost effortlessly, swiftly and without the need for remaking models or redrawing sketches - saving both time and paper!

About the Author and Digital Design

Virtual Environments was the first (and only) insight I have been given into digital design but from it, I have been exposed to some incredible designs and buildings. The works by both Zaha Hadid and Frank Gehry are considered to be revolutionary in terms of architecture, for pushing the boundaries of what can be designed and built, with the aid of digital design techniques. I love the building Vitra Fire Station in Weil am Rhein in Germany by Zaha Hadid, with its use of linear lines, joining at irregular angles and this sense of movement captured within the building. It reminds me of an insect wanting to take off and fly away!

So too does the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao by Frank Gehry capture my attention but for different reasons. It is so curvaceous and unified; despite having numerous elements extruding from one another and for me also captures the notion of movement, looking like a boat resting on the water. It is buildings such as these that inspire and create discourse about digital architecture, its place in current society driven by seemingly the never ceasing developments made in technology at unprecedented rates, and the place digital technology holds in our future. Will architecture continue to develop as fast as the technology that can now make it, or will people revolt against living in this space age where nothing looks and acts like traditional notions of architecture?

Architecture as a DiscourseThe Parisian buildings that line the major boulevards of Paris with Mansard roofs, while not a specific building but rather a neo-classical style of building are to me one of the most attractive facades to a building. The street-wall facade of buildings seamlessly joined together and continuingly connected the length of the block with sandstone walls with slanted, rusted roofs and cute black iron balconies that run the length of the buildings overpower me with a sense of grandness, elegance and romanticism. I feel drawn in and captivated by the uniqueness of style, one that is very French and very Parisian.

One of the things I love about these buildings is the atmosphere these grand, elegant facades create on street level and how these buildings lend themselves to city life. With cafes and boutiques all along the street front, one is drawn to these social boulevards, captivated and enticed to stay, swept up in the French romanticism of the environs.

What I find most interesting about the project undertaken by Haussmann in the mid 19th century to restore the streets of Paris is that not only was the

project one of the first formal, large scale attempts at urban planning, but also that it was reinvigorating Paris life, how people interacted with each other and the city as a whole. When the project was undertaken, ideas of health, sanitation of air and water, and movement of traffic around the city were very different to what they are today, but I find it interesting that the same factors that drove the changes to the streets of Paris are still relevant today albeit in a more developed form. (We no longer fear the spread of miasma through a city but instead pollution from factories and car exhausts.) The notion of urban planning, developed heavily in the 20th century, particularly in the new and booming auto-cities of The United States of America, looked to these ideas of street width, the movement of cars through the city, places of green space for patrons of the city to enjoy and what was the optimal way to incorporate these and arrange them within a city landscape. This became a worldwide debate that continues to this day, with variations to theories made depending on the social issues of the time. Nowadays this tends to be driven by a desire to be environmentally friendly, public transport effective and produce as little pollution as possible.

The Westminster Abbey in London is to me one of the classic examples of Gothic architecture - and does everything that is associated with that movement - strike fear, awe and amazement in me. While quite an elegant and graceful building, with the great presence of symmetry seen in its facades and decorations, I am swept up in the history exuding from the building. I can imagine the stone masons, who worked tirelessly carving and building the structure, the congregation pouring in to admire its splendor, decoration and detail once it was completed, the nobles who have passed through its doors, walked down the aisle, or sat in the pews watching. I can imagine the fear of little children running past on a cold, rainy night to see the dark blurry shapes of gargoyles and the points of arches looming over them and the majesty of the building the next morning, once the rain has cleared and the sun is shining down. I am in love with the images and imaginings with which this building conjures up.

The romance, fear and excitement that I associate with the Gothic style are traits that have been captured by novelists and architects over centuries alike. While not a ‘current’ or ‘pertinent’ style of today’s discourse, the Gothic Abbeys and Cathedrals in England, France and across Western Europe were once at the forefront of technology, much the same way digital design is currently. Its pointed arched, largely spanned interior spaces

supported by exterior flying buttresses with highly decorated and large glass windows and highly decorated exteriors and interiors were such a dramatic change from the previous Romanesque style. Much like digital design, this new Gothic style almost polarized people, with those who were embracing the change, the technology and the newfound boundaries that had been crossed, while there were those who found the Gothic too eccentric and over the top.

The debate around the Gothic revived itself in the mid 18th century and well into the 19th century, but not for its technological advances in building techniques, as those had been surpassed, but instead for its intrinsic social, political and most importantly religious associations, which were a high focus of discourse amongst the learned community.

It is interesting to note that what made the Gothic so noteworthy, important and discussed at its time of initial development is completely different to what made it important during the Gothic revival. It is the opinions, views and issues of the society and culture at the time that incorporate elements of buildings, styles of buildings or positioning of building in cities into the discourse of the time, and what may have once have been a controversial element in previous discourse, is completely looked over for a new element of controversy.

“What, then, is the use of computers for the process of design, which requires both rational and creative abilities, if they lack one of the two key ingredients needed to

solve design problems?”

Computers in the Architectural Design ProcessThe use of computers in the architectural design is ever increasing. But in an ‘Age of Technology,’ where everything can be seen, read or heard digitally, through increasingly portable and ‘smart’ phones, cameras, and laptops, is it hardly surprising that design should go digital too? While Architecture may be following the social trends of the time, is it actually beneficial to the design process to do so?

The short answer is yes, but let me explain why. Architecture is intrinsically social. It is used to not only represent the Zeitgeist or the spirit, culture and society of the time in which it is designed, but also interacts socially with the people of the present and future time. This means that for modern day projects, to show the ‘spirit of the time,’ a design must interact with people on a technological level. This may be through creating amazing, mathematical creations inconceivable without the assistance of computers who “never make silly arithmetical mistakes” (pg 2 reading 1) such as Frank Gehry’s Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, or it may be in the often-unseen design and building process. It is in this latter designing and building process where digital architecture has marked a dramatic step forward from being merely a neat, precise and paper-saving way of drawing plans, sections and elevations.

With the creation of NURB modeling software, digital design has progressed from a representational tool to a designing tool where an architect can move from limiting design possibilities down through the implementation of site, brief or monetary restrictions, to imposing those restrictions through software programming and allowing the computer to generate seemingly endless possibilities with the manipulation of one or two factors. The architect has moved from the making of form to the finding of form. These computer-generated designs come uninhibited and unrestricted by the architect’s ideas, social or cultural beliefs or attitudes and can even defy the laws of physics!

The role of Metamorphosis in digital architecture has allowed Architects to further alter and transform geometric shapes to create new, interesting and boundary pushing designs. The simple acts of twisting and bending can lead to “unknown and impossible to preconceive or predict” outcomes. (pg 22) A simple twisting of a prism like in Gehry’s Ustra Office Building can create an elegant, unexpected form in the built landscape. So too can deformations such as in Eisenman’s Bibliotheque de L’Ihuei design process produce shapes and forms that may not readily come to an architect’s imagination. Sometimes however, the metamorphosis of buildings and objects can lead the general public confused and overwhelmed, unable to interpret and use the resulting product.

Parametric Modelling is a very recent addition to the design process of architects. As such, there is still a lot of disagreement as to the advantages or disadvantages of such technology and its use.

Some of the advantages of parametric modelling include:

- Public awe at the unconventional, spectacular and flamboyant buildings that can be created.- Architects are able to create and design buildings faster then ever before.- Designs are no longer confined to follow conventional shapes like squares, spheres or triangles, the use of NURBs allows for free lines, with shapes defined by the architect, not geometry.

Some of the disadvantages include:- Exponential costs involved in constructing such unconventional forms, which are rarely able to have elements mass-produced.- Due to these rising costs, and the Global Financial Crisis that we currently find ourselves within, the majority of these parametric designs are confined to the realm of paper architecture and are therefore rarely able to be observed or understood by the general public, whose main connection with architecture is not through academic discourse but the ability to see “style” or aesthetics. - It is argued by many, both within and from those outside of the architecture profession that this new parametric and digital architecture denigrated style as buildings have transformed from an expression of order and cohesiveness to blob-like forms that either transcend or ignore the rules of style, depending on one’s perspective.

Parametric Modelling

Two designs that celebrate the use of NURBs and free flowing lines and shapes are Coop Himmelb(l)au’s BMW Welt and Zaha Hadid’s Heydar Akiyev Centre. They capture the awe of the public and architects alike, but also portray one of the main problems that prohibit parametric modelling from becoming the new style, as argued by Schumacher. These new and flamboyant designs are restricted to those commissioners who are extremely wealthy, and are consequently restricted to the public sphere – these parametric designs do not cater for domestic dwellings, but instead consist of pavilions, art galleries, concert halls and museums. If parametric modelling is able to enter the domestic life, it will not be the fad that Mayer believes it will be, it will perhaps instead become a new movement, set to transform the 21st Century.